Social Structure and Social InteractionCopyright © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.

This multimedia product and its contents are protected under copyright law. The following are prohibited by law:

any public performance or display, including transmission of any image over a network; preparation of any derivative work, including the extraction, in whole or in part, of any images; any rental, lease, or lending of the program

1

Essentials of Essentials of

SociologySociology

9th Edition

Chapter 4: Social Structure Chapter 4: Social Structure and Social Interactionand Social Interaction

Social Structure and Social InteractionCopyright © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.

Two Levels of Sociological Analysis

Components of the Macrosociological Perspective

Societies and their Transformation

What Holds Society Together?

Components of the Microsociological Perspective

2

Chapter OverviewChapter Overview

Social Structure and Social InteractionCopyright © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.

M

acrosociology Large-Scale Features of Social Life

M

icrosociology Focus on Social Interaction

3

Two Levels of Two Levels of Sociological AnalysisSociological Analysis

Social Structure and Social InteractionCopyright © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.

Sociological Significance of Social Structure Guides Our Behavior Behavior Decided by Location in Social

StructureC

ulture Group’s Language, Beliefs, Values,

Behaviors, Gestures Material Objects

4

The Macrosociological PerspectiveThe Macrosociological Perspective

Social Structure and Social InteractionCopyright © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.

S

ocial Class Divides People by…

1. Income

2. Education

3. Occupational Prestige

5

The Macrosociological PerspectiveThe Macrosociological Perspective

Social Structure and Social InteractionCopyright © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.

S

ocial Status – Position a person occupies

Ascribed –a status one is born with

Achieved –a status one earns

Master Status-cuts across all other statuses one

holds

Status Set-all of the statuses one holds

6

The Macrosociological PerspectiveThe Macrosociological Perspective

Social Structure and Social InteractionCopyright © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.

R

oles – Behaviors associated with ones status

You Occupy a Status

You Play a Role

Ones role will change as ones status changes

7

The Macrosociological PerspectiveThe Macrosociological Perspective

Social Structure and Social InteractionCopyright © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.

G

roups – People Who Regularly and Consciously Interact and

think of themselves as belonging together

S

ocial Institutions – Means Developed by Societies to Meet

Basic Needs

•T

he more industrialized the society the more formal the institution

8

The Macrosociological PerspectiveThe Macrosociological Perspective

Social Structure and Social InteractionCopyright © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.

Hunting and Gathering Societies-few social divisions and little inequality. Today, only about 300 hunter-gathering groups exist today

Pastoral and Horticultural Societies-based on the pasturing of animals, division of labor developed as well as social inequality

9

Societies and Their TransformationSocieties and Their Transformation

Social Structure and Social InteractionCopyright © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.

Agricultural Societies-people developed cities and what is known as culture; sometimes referred to as the “dawn of civilization”.

Industrial Societies-people flocked to the cities and the pattern of growing inequality was reversed

Postindustrial Societies-basic components are information and services

10

Societies and Their TransformationSocieties and Their Transformation

Social Structure and Social InteractionCopyright © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.

Durkheim

Early on, people were connected by Mechanical solidarity

Organic solidarity is present today

Tonnies

Gemeinschaft (close-knit, personal) societies once existed

Today, we live in a Gesellschaft (impersonal) society

11

What Holds Society Together?What Holds Society Together?

Social Structure and Social InteractionCopyright © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. 12

Microsociological Microsociological Perspective: Perspective:

Social Interaction in Everyday Social Interaction in Everyday LifeLife

Microsociological Microsociological Perspective: Perspective:

Social Interaction in Everyday Social Interaction in Everyday LifeLife

Social Structure and Social InteractionCopyright © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.

S

tereotypes –

Assumptions about the

characteristics of certain

individuals which leads

to generalizations

13

The Microsociological The Microsociological PerspectivePerspective

Figure 4.5 How Self-Fulfilling Stereotypes WorkSource: By the author.

Social Structure and Social InteractionCopyright © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.

Personal Space (Edward Hall) – a invisible bubble by which we surround ourselves

4 Levels:

Intimate Personal Social Public

14

The Microsociological PerspectiveThe Microsociological Perspective

Social Structure and Social InteractionCopyright © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.

E

rving Goffman

Dramaturgy – Life is like a play

Impression Management – Face Saving

Behavior

Front and Back Stages

15

The Microsociological PerspectiveThe Microsociological Perspective

Social Structure and Social InteractionCopyright © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.

Role Conflict – a conflict between two separate roles

The more roles you play, the more conflict you may experience

Role Strain – a strain within the same role

Dramaturgy (Role Conflict and Role Strain)

16

Dramaturgy Dramaturgy (Role (Role Conflict and Role Strain)Conflict and Role Strain)

Social Structure and Social InteractionCopyright © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. 17

Figure 4.6 Role Strain and Role ConflictSource: By the author.

Social Structure and Social InteractionCopyright © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.

E

thnomethodology - The study of how

people use background assumptions to

get through everyday life

H

arold Garfinkle’s Experiments

18

The Microsociological Perspective The Microsociological Perspective

Social Structure and Social InteractionCopyright © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.

T

homas Theorem – W.I. Thomas

O

ur behavior depends not on the objective but on

the subjective interpretation of reality.

W

e behave according to the way we perceive the

world19

The Microsociological Perspective The Microsociological Perspective