Social studies review flash cards

Social studies review flash cardsEmily McDonald1607Year in which representatives of the Virginia Company of London established the first permanent English settlement in North America at Jamestown, Virginia.

Fundamental Orders of ConnecticutFirst written constitution in the colonies; document that people had the right to elect governors, judges, and a legislature. Was written by the people; the fact that it was written down gave the document credibility.

Mayflower CompactWritten in 1620 by male Pilgrims on the Mayflower. Created government where none had existed based on majority rule. A social contract where all agreed to abide by these rules in the colonies.

MercantilismEconomic theory in which a nations wealth is based on the amount of revenue is generated from its colonies. The more gold and silver a nation has determine its wealth.

Slave TradeThe buying and selling of millions of Africans to North America.

Triangular Trade RouteTrade route from:EuropeAfricaAfricaWest IndiesWest IndiesEurope

Plantation SystemSystem of agricultural production based on large scale landownership; depended upon slave labor; Assisted in the development of an agrarian society in the South

House of BurgessesFirst elected body of representatives in the American colonies; met in Williamsburg, Virginia. Based on Parliament.

New England ColoniesAlong the Atlantic Coast Subsistence farming Poor soil Cold climate Forests Economic factors: raw materials, logging, fishing shipbuilding. Political factors: town meetings, representative government. Social factors: small coastal towns (Boston only large city). Religious factors: Puritans, Pilgrims

Middle ColoniesRich soil, Broad, deep rivers, More natural ports, River valleys, Mild winters, Raw materials, Economic factors: large farms, logging, fishing, shipbuilding, Political factors: more tolerance; diversity, Social factors small coastal towns (Philadelphia, Baltimore, New York were large cities), Religious factors: Quakers, Catholics

Southern ColoniesAppalachian Mountains, Navigable rivers, Richer soil, Warm climate, Raw materials, Economic factors: plantations, cash crops, tobacco, rice, cotton, Political factors: more slaves, penis, more class-based society, Social factors and small coastal towns (Savannah, Charleston were large cities), Religious factors: Church of England, Catholics (Maryland), more diverse

Effects of Physical and Human Geographic Factors on Major Historical and Contemporary EventsPhysical geographic factors proximity to Atlantic coastline determined where settlements/colonies were createdThe NewEngland Middle colonies had access to waterways that resulted in high population and larger urban areas.Southern colonies had an abundant amount of fertile soil that resulted in an agricultural societyHuman geographic factors removal of the Native Americans, disease and conflict (ex. Georgia as a buffer between the other British colonies and Spanish Florida)

Great AwakeningReligious movement in the 1730s and 1740s.Preached personal salvation as opposed to the Puritan beliefs of pre-destination.JONATHAN EDWARDS one of the best known preachers of the time his sermon, Sinners in the Hands of an Angry God urged believers to develop a personal relationship with God.This movement revitalized American religion by adding emotion. The Abolitionist Movement began in response to the Great Awakening.

Benjamin FranklinInventor, Scientist, Founding Father1706 1790Published Poor Richards Almanack; sayings in his book helped shape the American character, such as early to bed, early to rise, makes a man healthy, wealthy, and wise.Founded the first public library in the colonies, supported education; Post Master General for all the coloniesScientist: Enlightenment: believed that through study and knowledge a person could improve his position in lifeMember of the committee that wrote the Declaration of IndependenceCreated the Albany Plan of Union the first attempt to unite the colonies during the French and Indian WarConsidered to be the first civilized AmericanInvented the lightening rod, bifocal glasses, and the Franklin stoveWilliam PennWilliam Penn established a colony in North America as a refuge for Quakers. The land grant from the King was called Pennsylvania or Penns Woods. Supported toleration of the Native Americans, freedom of worship, welcomed immigrants, and did not require citizens to serve in the militia.Believed that each person was equal and allowed them to elect their own government officials.

Explain the reasons for the development of representative government in Colonial AmericaRepresentative governments often develop to meet the political, economic, and social needs of the people who hold similar beliefs.Major Eras and Events in U.S. History Colonial AmericaExploration and ColonizationEstablishment of the 13 coloniesRepresentative DemocracyMercantilismReligious FreedomWhat are some reasons for European Exploration Reasons for Exploration:ReligionWealthFameNational prideCuriosityFaster, cheaper trade routes to AsiaWhat are some reasons for European colonization of North AmericaReasons for Colonization:Religious freedomPolitical freedomEconomic opportunity (mercantilism)Social mobilityA better way of lifePolitical reasons for establishing the 13 English ColoniesPolitical Reasons for establishing the 13 English Colonies:PoliticalCompetition with Spain and France who already had many colonies in North AmericaIncrease trade and markets for English exports (mercantilism)Source of raw materialsReligious reasons for establishing the 13 English ColoniesReligious reasons for establishing the 13 English Colonies:Seeking religious freedomFreedom from persecution for religious beliefs

Social reasons for establishingthe 13 English Colonies:Social reasons for establishing the 13 English Colonies:Opportunity for adventure and a better way of lifeEngland was overcrowded and settlers desired their own land

Reasons for Growth of Representative Government and Institutions During the Colonial PeriodDistance from England created a need for colonists to make their own laws and keep peace and orderColonists were accustomed to English traditions and structures (Parliament)Most colonies were self-governing, electing members of their community to a general assembly, which made their lawsHow did Religion and Virtue Contribute to the Growth of Representative Government in the American Colonies

Religious freedom was a cause for the establishment of the American colonies.Religious groups: Quakers, Pilgrims, Puritans, and others) creating communities that were self-governed.Penn colony (Pennsylvania) was an experiment in the possibility of equality and citizens involved in the government.Effects of Political, Economic, and Social Factors on Slaves During the Colonial PeriodSlaves During the Colonial Period:Political no political voice; no rightsEconomic labor of the Plantation System; considered property; children considered property and sold with no regard to parentsSocial viewed as property; viewed as outside the American identity

Effects of Political, Economic, and Social Factors on Free Blacks During the Colonial PeriodFree Blacks During the Colonial Period:Political no political voice; limited / restricted rightsEconomic low wage earnersSocial lowest social class; limited access to education; socially isolated

Physical and Human Geographic Factors on Colonization:Proximity to the Atlantic coastline determined where settlements/colonies were createdHuman geographic factors removal of the Native Americans, disease and conflict; for example, Georgia was a buffer between the other British colonies and Spanish Florida

American Revolution Era, 1775 - 1783Taxation without RepresentationBoston MassacreBoston Tea PartyUnalienable RightsBattles of Lexington and Concord, Saratoga, and YorktownDeclaration of IndependenceArticles of Confederation

1776Adoption of the Declaration of Independence*Main Author: Thomas Jefferson*Committee Included: Ben Franklin, John Adams, Roger Livingston

*Common SenseWritten by: Thomas Paine

Causes of the American RevolutionProclamation of 1763Stamp ActIntolerable ActsMercantilismLack of representation in CongressBritish economic policies following the French and Indian WarProclamation of 1763British Parliament law; colonists were forbidden to settle west of the Appalachian Mountains, *Britain wanted a buffer zone between the colonists and the Native Americans, but the colonists wanted to settle the fertile Ohio River Valley

Stamp Act, 1765Required all legal documents and papers have an official stamp showing that a tax had been paid. British used this to generate revenue to help cover the cost of the French and Indian War; colonists reacted by rioting through groups such as the Sons of Liberty;Stamp Act Congress meets in October, 1765, to take action and ask Parliament to repeal the act

Coercive / Intolerable Acts, 1774British reaction to the Boston Tea PartyClosed the port of Boston until tea was paid forRestructured Massachusetts government by taking away local controlTroops were quartered in Boston and British officials accused of crimes were sent to England or Canada for trialColonists reacted by boycotting British goods First Continental Congress is formed, September, 1774

MercantilismA system by which a nation increases its wealth and power by obtaining from its colonies gold, silver, and other raw materials.It includes a favorable balance of trade. The colonies became a source of raw materials for the mother country (England.) The colonies are expected to be the purchasers of manufactured goods from the mother country.Belief that a colony exists for the economic benefit of the mother country.

Taxation without RepresentationSince the formation of the colonies, the colonists had set up their own legislative assemblies.Colonists were unhappy about Britains insistence on the supremacy of Parliament (taxation).The debate turned into one regarding representation in Britains law-making body (Parliament). Britain argued that the colonies had virtual representation.

Abigail AdamsWife of John AdamsServed as John Adams confidant and support while he served in the Continental Congress, when John and others were considering a declaration of independence.Abigail reminded him to remember the ladies; take care of the women who could not hold themselves bound by laws in which they had no voice.Advocate for womens rights.

John AdamsLawyer and politicianDefended the British soldiers after the Boston MassacreA member of the Continental Congress (representing Massachusetts)Strong supporter of independenceMember of the committee that wrote the Declaration of Independence

Wentworth CheswellAfrican American PatriotLike Paul Revere, he made an all-night ride back from Boston to warn his community tof the impending British invasionServed in the Continental ArmyFought at the Battle of Saratoga

Sam AdamsAmerican PatriotPlayed a role in many of the events which contributed to the Revolution Including: Sons of Liberty, organized opposition to the Stamp Act and the Boston MassacreMember of the Continental Congress (representing Massachusetts)Cousin to John Adams

Mercy Otis WarrenWife of a Massachusetts PatriotAnonymously wrote several propaganda pieces supporting the Patriot cause

James Armistead*Slave in Virginia*Marquis de Lafayette recruited him as a spy for the Continental Army.*Posed as a double agent, forger and servant at British headquarters.*He moved freely between the lines with vital information on British troop movements for Lafayette*Contributed to the American victory at Yorktown.

Benjamin Franklin*A member of the committee that wrote the Declaration of Independence.*Spent most of the time during the American Revolution in France.*He represented the colonies as the American envoy starting in 1776 and returned in 1785.*He negotiated the alliance with France for support after the victory at Saratoga.*Member of the committee that negotiated the terms for the Treaty of Paris in 1783 that ended the war.

Bernardo de Galvez*Spanish nobleman*Became governor of the Spanish province of Louisiana (January 1777)*protected American ships in the port of New Orleans*helped transport war supplies*took up arms to fight the British and protect Louisiana

Crispus AttucksAfrican American maleUnemployed dockworker in Boston, MABecame the first casualty (first to die) of the American Revolution Shot and killed in what became known as the Boston Massacre, March 5, 1770

King George III*King of England during the Revolutionary Era*Feared the loss of one group of colonies would lead to the loss of others and the eventual decline of the empire.*To prevent this, the Crown maintained an aggressive policy against colonial resistance.George III struggled to enforce royal authority throughout his reign.

Haym SolomonPolish-born Jewish immigrant to AmericaPlayed an important role in financing the American RevolutionArrested by the British as a spyUsed by the British as an interpreter with their German troopsHelped British prisoners escape and encouraged German soldiers to desert the British ArmyBecame a broker to the French consul and paymaster to French troops in the American Revolution

Patrick HenryMember of the Virginia House of BurgessesSpoke against the Stamp ActFamous quote, Give me liberty, or give me death!During the American Revolution he served in the Continental Army

Thomas JeffersonVirginianEarly leader in the American RevolutionDelegate to the Constinental Congress in Philadelphia in 1776Member of the committee that wrote the Declaration of IndependenceChief author of the Declaration of Independence

Marquis de Lafayette*French aristocrat who joined Washington and his troops at Valley Forge, PA*Played a leading role in both the American and French Revolutions*Respected the concepts of liberty and freedom and a constitutional government*Commanded forces under George Washington as a major-general in the Continental Army

Thomas PainePropagandistJournalistIn January, 1776, published a pamphlet, Common SensePersuaded many Americans to join the Patriot cause.

George Washington*Virginian*surveyor, planter*a soldier in the French and Indian War*a delegate to the First and Second Continental Congresses*commander-in-chief of the Continental Army during the American Revolution

Issues Surrounding Important Events of the American RevolutionDeclaring Independence Writing the Articles of ConfederationBattles of Lexington and ConcordBattle of SaratogaBattle of YorktownEnduring the winter at Valley ForgeSigning the Treaty of Paris 1783

Declaration of IndependenceReaction to King George IIIs refusal to acknowledge the colonial requests/demands, dissolve the political bands with Britain, provided philosophy for the establishment of the new nationall men are created equal and endowed by their creator with unalienable rights, that among these are life, liberty, and pursuit of happinessListed grievances against the King of EnglandWritten by Thomas JeffersonJuly 4, 1776Second Continental Congress; Philadelphia

Writing of the Articles of ConfederationOccurred at the Second Continental CongressCreated a new form of government for the independent coloniesIncluded one branch a CongressEach state had one voteCreated a very weak government with no executive

Major Battles of the American RevolutionLexington and Concord: Shot heard round the world; first battles of the American Revolution; April 19, 1775Saratoga: turning point of the war; France joined the colonists after this victory, tipping the scales in their favorYorktown: surrender of Cornwallis to the British

CSYEnduring the Winter at Valley ForgeWinter, 1777After suffering several defeats, Washington took his army to Valley Forge for the winter of 1777Outbreak of small poxMartha Washington came to help care for the menThe men were trained by Frederick von Steuben to become a more professional army rather than militiasThomas Paine wrote American Crisis to encourage the men to stay the course and follow through with the revolution to the end

Treaty of Paris, 17831783Peace treaty that ended the American Revolutionary War and recognized American independenceGreat Britain gave up almost all of its land claims in North AmericaBoundaries extended to Canada in the north, the Mississippi River in the west, and Florida in the South

Colonial Grievances listed in the Declaration of Independence and how those grievances were addressed in the U.S. ConstitutionGrievance in Declaration of Independence Constitution Taxation without representation All states have representation in Congress, which sets taxes King has absolute power Congress has the power to override Presidential veto Colonists not allowed to speak out against the King 1st Amendment Freedom of Speech Quartering Act forced colonists to house troops 3rd Amendment No quartering of Troops allowed homes to be searched without warrants 4th Amendment No unwarranted search & seizure No trial by jury of peers 6th amendmentSpeedy and public trial, by an impartial jury 7th amendmentRight of trial by jury

Unalienable RightsFundamental rights, or natural rights, guaranteed to people naturally instead of by the law.In the Declaration of Independence, Thomas Jefferson said these are the right to life, liberty, and the pursuit of happiness.

Civil Disobedience*The concept of refusing to follow laws within a community or ignoring the policies and government of a state or a nation when a person considers the laws unjust.*Refusing to follow laws considered to be unlawful and/or unconstitutional.*Examples include boycotts, protests, refusal to pay taxes*Boston Tea Party is an example of civil disobedience.

Different Points of View of Interest Groups During the American RevolutionLoyalists these were colonists who remained loyal to the British monarchy and did not feel taxation was a reason to declare independence or break away from the mother country.

Different Points of View of Interest Groups During the American RevolutionPatriots were colonists who favored breaking away from Great Britain and becoming an independent country

John Paul JonesFounder of the United States NavyLed raids on British vessels during the American RevolutionDuring a fight with a British vessel he was told to surrender. Instead, Jones said, I have not yet begun to fight and was able to defeat the attacking British ship.

French and Indian WarEngraving of the Boston Massacre by Paul RevereMarch 5, 1770Event in which British soldiers fired into a crowd of unarmed citizens of BostonKilled fiveThis engraving was used as propaganda to encourage patriotic sympathies and support for American IndependencePaul Rever, a silversmith and engraver, was also a member of the Boston Sons of Liberty

Yankee Doodle*Song sung by British military to mock the unorganized colonial Yankees who served in the French and Indian War with British soldiers.*The meaning of the song implies that the Americans are so simple they think simply sticking a feather in a cap would make them fashion leaders.