social toothbrush: fostering family nudging around tooth brushing habits

Ana Caraban

Social Toothbrush: Fostering Family Nudging around Tooth Brushing Habits.

Caraban, A., Ferreira, M. J., Gouveia, R., Karapanos, E. (2015) Social Toothbrush: Fostering Family Nudging around Tooth Brushing Habits. In adjunct proceedings of Ubicomp’15

Problem statement

1. Individuals often fail to adopt a healthy tooth brushing habit 2. 50% of the European union’s population suffers from an oral disease

3. Tooth decay, bad breath, gum disease stand out among the

common oral diseases. However, can have detrimental effects to chronic conditions 4. Oral diseases are the fourth most expensive disease to treat 5. Resources needed to prevent are much lower than treatment

Frequency

PROBLEM STATEMENT: TOOTH BRUSHING BEHAVIORS

PROPER ORAL HEALTH BEHAVIORS

Duration Performance

Literature review

Behavior change theories, Research efforts

Motivation to achieve the

goal

Ability to perform it

Trigger to initiate the

behavior

3 properties that must converge at the same moment for a behavior to occur

LITERATURE REVIEW: BEHAVIOR CHANGE THEORIES AND CONTRIBUTIONS

FOGG’S BEHAVIOR MODEL

Motivation to achieve the

goal

Ability to perform it

Trigger to initiate the

behavior


FOGG’S BEHAVIOR MODEL

3 properties that must converge at the same moment for a behavior to occur

Spinbrush

Tooth tunes

Beam brush

Squeaky clean teeth

Oral-b smartseries 5000

Molarcropolis

Plaque attack

Aquafresh brush time

TECNOLOGICAL SOLUTIONS


Colorful toothbrushes Tasteful toothpastes

COMERCIAL SOLUTIONS


When an individual is committed to perform a behavior and sets complex and

specific goals, he is more likely to achieve the task


GOAL SETTING THEORY

Vision-based motion tracker in the bathroom that provides real-time visualizations about the children’s performance

Interactive game aims to induce the children to complete the task of cleaning a virtual group of teeth


PLAYFUL TOOTHBRUSH

LITERATURE REVIEW: PERSUASIVE TECHNOLOGIES

THESE TECHNOLOGIES ONLY FOCUS ON ONE INDIVIDUAL

It’s the role of the technology to persuade the individual

WHAT IF WE PUSH RESPONSABILITIES TO FAMILY MEMBERS?

We now think of technologies as Social Translucent rather than persuasive. Their role is to make behaviors visible and support family members in establishing norms around their behaviors

LITERATURE REVIEW: PERSUASIVE TECHNOLOGIES

1. Visibility

Presenting socially significant information to others

LITERATURE REVIEW: THEORETICAL GROUNDING

THE SOCIAL TRANSLUCENCE THEORY

1. Visibility 2. Mutual Awareness


One’s realizations that her actions are being shared and that others are aware of her behaviors (“I know that you know”)



1. Visibility 2. Mutual Awareness 3. Accountability


One’s realizations that her actions are being shared and that others are aware of her behaviors (“I know that you know”)

Individuals now feel accountable about their behavior and will act in a manner to gain or maintain others approval



Survey

Understanding user’s needs and

practices

47 individuals

Interviews

11 families, 49 individuals

Self reported behaviors

2 or more times a day 97%

Reported brushing for 2 min (~2.37 min) 59%

UNDERSTANDING USER’S NEEDS AND PRACTICES

SURVEY

Self reported behaviors

2 or more times a day 97% Increase the frequency by 1 time/day 43%

2 or more times/day 18%

61% Reported brushing for 2 min (~2.37 min) 59%

SURVEY

Self reported goals


39%

21% 17%

12%

Lack of motivation Unattractiveness of the task

Time constrains Frenetic lifestyles, Rotating schedules

Missing Routines

Lack of Information

Barriers against healthy tooth brushing practices

SURVEY


Intra-family awareness

59% Aware of other family members’ tooth brushing practices

16% Common routines

9% As attempt to remind each other

SURVEY


Intra-family influence

90% Often attempt to influence others’ tooth brushing habits

SURVEY

71% Of children are influenced by their parents


“[P6] I turn the radio on every morning and only turn it off when I am leaving home. I think it motivates me to perform my daily practices and I end up leaving home in a good mood”

Parents reported several strategies to help children engage with the task:

INTERVIEWS


Three main features for an effective social system:

A playful and appealing system

(visually and functionally)

1

Increases transparency of tooth brushing

behaviors

2

Enhances positive communication among family

members’

3

IMPLICATIONS FOR DESIGN


Smartholder is a usual toothbrush holder that senses tooth brushing behaviors and provide feedback accordingly

A semitransparent ring that provides information about the user tooth brushing frequency surrounds each hole

On the front side of the holder four led lights per user provide instance awareness of tooth brushing duration

SMARTHOLDER: SENSING FREQUENCY AND DURATION

Music and micro-learning audio-clips are played throughout tooth

brushing, according to users’ preferences and time of the day

Arduino mega board, leds, infrared pair, low power audio amplifier, speaker, resistors, MP3 music player and 3D

printed case

The holder senses when each toothbrush is (or not) present in the holder through

infrared technology placed in the bottom

Material needed Arrangement Light feedback Audio feedback

Feedback is displayed in the top and front

sides

SMARTHOLDER: DESIGN AND DEVELOPMENT

SOCIAL TOOTHBRUSH: SENSING FREQUENCY, DURATION AND PERFORMANCE

Microcontroller

Motion sensor

Bluetooth module

SD card module

RTC clock

RGB led

Battery + electronics for the inductive charging

3D printed case

SOCIAL TOOTHBRUSH (EXTENSION): SENSING FREQUENCY, DURATION AND PERFORMANCE

Data acquisition

We analyze the angle in which the toothbrush

bristles are against the fixed coordinate frame

Patterns classification

We displayed the waveforms of sensor readings and based on

given thresholds, we obtained and identified position patterns

Validation of the approach

We asked 8 individuals to perform two tooth brushing activities

during a week, using the sensing platform, in a laboratory

environment

Areas recognized

Preliminary results revealed high accuracy for the

detection of six areas yet, certain ambiguity was present

in the inner regions

SOCIAL TOOTHBRUSH (EXTENSION): SENSING FREQUENCY, DURATION AND PERFORMANCE

SOCIAL TOOTHBRUSH (EXTENSION): FEEDBACK

Good behavior Poor behavior Lack of behavior

SOCIAL TOOTHBRUSH (MOBILE APP): FEEDBACK

Messages that provides practical advices

Family member’s behaviors

Weekly or real-time mode

Visual representation of mouth areas and respective brushing stage

Current tooth brushing duration

Motivational messages

Brushing frequency

FINAL NOTES

Literature reviews showed a lack of systems that support users attaining a proper frequency, duration and performance (at once) The domain currently lacks an understanding of the effectiveness of different approaches in motivating tooth brushing behaviors through the role of family With this work we were able to:

- Understand that frequency, duration and performance of tooth brushing behaviors could be measured using appropriate technology

- Create two systems that could be embedded in a normal household - Provide means to families to coordinate tooth brushing practices by raising family member’s awareness of each

other’s behaviors

CONCLUSION

SmartHolder: sensing and raising families' awareness of tooth brushing habits. Caraban, A., Ferreira, M. J., Belim, V., Lyra, O., & Karapanos, E. (2014, June). In Proceedings of the 2014 conference on Interaction design and children (pp. 341-344). ACM. Social Toothbrush: Fostering Family Nudging around Tooth Brushing Habits. Caraban, A., Ferreira, M. J., Gouveia, R., Karapanos, E. (2015) In adjunct proceedings of Ubicomp’15

CONTRIBUTIONS

FINAL NOTES

Conduct a longitudinal field study of the Social Toothbrush:

•  Understand the effectiveness of Social Toothbrush as a Socially Translucent technology •  Understand how Social Toothbrush can affect family communication and coordination practices

around tooth brushing •  Understand if Social Toothbrush can sustain users’ engagement over time

FUTURE WORK

FINAL NOTES

THANK YOU

social toothbrush: fostering family nudging around tooth brushing habits

Technology