APPENDICES

Indira Gandhi married to Feroze Gandhi

Sirimavo Bandamaike married to S.W.R.D. Bandamaike

APPENDIX - I

Parentage

Father J.L. Nehru

Father Barnes Ratwatte

Mother Kamala Nehru

Mother Rosemund M. Ratwatte

Children - Chandrika, Anuradha, Sunethra.

Benazir Bhutto Father Mother married to Z.A. Bhutto Nusrat Bhutto Asif Ali Zardari

Chandrika Kumaratunga Father Mother married to S.W.R.D. Sirimavo VJjaya Kumaratunga Bandamaike Bandamaike

Khaleda Zia Father Mother married to Iskander Majumdar Taiyaba Majumdar Zia Ur Rahman

Sheikh Hasina Father Mother married to Mujibur Rahman Fazilatunesa Dr. Wajed

(i)

APPENDIX- ll

Country Percentage of women holding Parliamentary seats (1993)

Bangladesh 10.3

India 7.3

Pakistan 0. 9

Srilanka 4. 9

Source Inter Parliamentary Union, Reports and Documents,

Geneva, 1993.

(ii)

APPENDIX - III

Some reflections of the Constitutions

Constitution of Pakistan (Islamic Republic of Pakistan)

Article 25 (1) All citizens are equal before law and are entitled to equal

protection of law.

(2) There shall be no discrimination on the basis of sex alone.

Article 32 of the Basic Principles of State Policy guarantees reservation

of seats for women in the Local Bodies.

Article 35 - The state shall protect the marriage, the family, the mother

and the child.

Chapter I - Article 2 - Islam shall be the State religion of Pakistan.

Constitution of India

India is a Sovereign, Secular, Socialist, Democratic, Republic.

Article 15 guarantees prohibition of discrimination on grounds of religion,

race, caste, sex or place of birth.

Article 16 - Equality of opportunity in matters of public employment.

Article 23 - Prohibition of traffic in human beings and forced labours.

(iii)

Constitution of Srilanka (Democratic Socialist Republic of Srilanka) :

The Constitution contains a statement of fundamental rights and freedoms

- Equality before law - There must be no discrimination however on grounds

solely of race, caste, religion, sex or place of birth. Such distinction if based

on an unreasonable classification would amount to a denial of the equal

protection of the law provided for in the Constitution, Right to life, liberty

and security of person, Right to personal liberty, Right to freedom of thought,

conscience and religion, Right to freedom of peaceful assembly and association,

Right to freedom of speech and expression, Freedom from discrimination in

the public service, Right to freedom of movement and of choice of residence.

The title of Chapter Il of the Constitution is "Buddhism". "The Republic

of Srilanka shall give to Buddhism the foremost place and accordingly it shall

be the duty of the state to foster Buddhism while assuring to all religions the

rights granted by section 18( 1 )(d).

Constitution of Bangladesh (People's Republic of Bangladesh)

Fundamental Principles of State Policy constitute of the principles of

absolute trust and faith in the Almighty Allah, nationalism, democracy and

socialism meaning economic and social justice.

Fundamental Rights :

No discrimination against any citizen on grounds of religion, race, caste,

sex or place of birth.

Freedom of movement, assembly, association, thought and conscience and

of speech, profession and occupation and religion.

(iv)

Party Seats won

APPENDIX - IV

Election Results

SRI LANKA

1960 Election

Party

SLFP 75 + Appointed 6 = 81 UNP

Party

UNP

Federal Party

Srilanka FrOOdom Socialist Party

Tamil Congress

Mahajana Eksath PeramlUla

Jathika Vimukthi Peramuna

Independents

Appointed members

Federal Parry

Lanka Sarna Samaj party

Ceylon communist Party

Mahajana Eksath Peramuna

Tamil congress

Independents

1965 Election

Seats won

66

66

5

3

1

3

6

99

(v)

Party

SLFP

Lanka Sarna Samaj party

Ceylon Communist Party

Independents

Seats won

30

16

12

4

2

1

6

73

Seats w~n

41

10

4

3

58

SRI LANKA

1970 Election

Party Seats won

SLFP 91

Lanka Sarna Samaj party 19

Ceylon Communist Party 6

Appointed members 6

Independents 1

123

1994 Election

Party

SLFP

SLMC (Srilanka Muslim Congress)

Up-Country People's Front

Eelam People's Democratic Party

TULF

People's Liberation Organization of Tamil Eelam

UNP.

(vi)

Party Seats won

UNP 17

Federal Party 13

Tamil Congress 3

Independents 1

34

Seats won

105

7

1

9

5

3

94

PAKISTAN

1988 Election 1993 Election

Party Seats won Party Seats won

PPP 92 ppp 86

m 54 PML (N) 73

MQM 13 PML (J) 6

JUI/FG 7 IJM 4

PAl 3 ANP 3

ANP 3 PIF 3

JUI/DG BNM (H)

BNA 2 BNM (M) 1

NPD/KG 2 JWP 2

PDP MDM 2

IND 26 NDA

203 NPP 1

Election for 2 Seats was not held PKMAP 3

and results for one held up by the PKQP 1

CEC on charges of .mal practices IND 15

and irregularities. 202

(vii)

INDIA

· (Party votes in Percentage)

Year INC/ NCO/ CPI CPM soc PSP/ SSP S\VA BJS JNP JNPS/ Other In de-INCI INCU BJP SJP LD/ Parties pendent

·INCJ DMKP/ INCS LKDP

1967 40.8 5.0 4.4 3.1 4.9 8.7 9.4 10.1 13.7

1971 43.7 10.4 4.7 5.1 1.0 2.4 3.1 7.4 13.8 8.4

1977 34.5 1.7 2.8 4.3 41.3 9.8 5.5

- 1980 42.7 5.3 2.6 6.1 19.0 9.4 8.5 6.4 < == ...

INC Indian National Congress SSP Samyukha Socialist Party -INCI - Indian National Congress (Indira) SWA Swatantra party

NCO - Indian National Congress (Organisation) BJS Bharatiya Jan Sangha

INCU - Indian National Congress (Urs) BJP Bharatiya Janata Party

INCJ - Indian National Congress (Jagjivan Ram) JNP Janata Party

INCS - Indian National Congress (Socialist) SJP Samajwadi Janata Party

CPI Communist Party of India JNPS Janata Party (Secular)

CPM - Communist Party of India (Marxist) LD Lok Dal

soc Socialist Party PMKP Dalit Mazdoor Kisan party

PSP Praja Socialist Party LKDP Lok Dal (B)

KMPP- Kisan Mazdoor Praja Party

Party

BANGLADESH

1991 Election

Seats won

BNP 170 (including the 28 women's seats

it won due to its alliance with the

Jamaat-i-Islami)

Awami League and

BAKSAL (which later

92

merged with the AL)

Jatiyo Party 35

Communist Party of 5

Bangladesh

Bangladesh Workers' Party 1

Ganatantri Party 1

Islami Oyyoko Jote 1

Jatiyo Samajtantrik Dal 1

(JSD Shahjahan Siraj)

National Democratic Party 1

National Awarni Party(M) 1

Independent 1

June 1996 elections

Party

Awarni League

BNP

Jatiyo Party.

Seats won

146

116

29

(ix)

APPENDIX- V

. The proportion of women legislators in different countries as on 1997.

Countries in descending order of the percentage of women in the lower or Single House

Country Lower or Single Women Percentage House Seats of women

Sweden 349 141 40.0 Norway 165 65 39.4 Finland 200 57 33.5 Denmark 179 59 33.0 Netherlands 150 47 31.3 New Zealand 120 35 29.2 Seychelles 33 9 27.3 Austria 83 49 26.8 Germany 672 176 26.2 Iceland 64 16 25.4 Argentina 257 65 25.3 Mozambique 250 63 25.2 South Africa 400 100 25.0 Spain 350 86 24.6 Cuba 589 134 22.7 China 2978 626 21.0 Eritrea 105 22 21.0 Switzerland 200 42 21.0

Demo. People's Republic of Korea 687 138 20.1 Grenada 15 3 20.0 Guyana 65 13 20.0 Luxemburg 60 12 20.0 Vietnam 395 73 18.5 Nambia 72 13 18.1 Uganda 276 50 18.0 Canada 295 53 18.0 Turkmenistan 50 9 18.0 Lithuania 137 24 17.5

United Rep. of Tanzania 275 48 17.5

(x)

Country Lower or Single Women Percentage House Seats of women

Chad 52 9 17.3 Rwanda 70 12 17.1 Costa Rica 57 9 15.8 Surinan 51 8 15.7 Australia 148 23 15.5 Czech Republic 200 30 15.0 Slovakia 150 22 14.7 Zimbabwe 150 22 14.7 Mexico 500 71 14.2 Ireland 166 23 13.9 Kazakstan 67 9 13.4 Bulgaria 240 32 13.3 St. Kitts & Nevis 15 2 13.3 Poland 460 60 13.0 Portugal 230 30 13.0 Estonia 101 13 12.9 Indonesia 500 63 12.6 Guatemala 80 10 12.5 Cameroon 180 22 12.2 Albania 140 17 12.1 Azerbaijan 125 15 12.0 Belgium 150 18 12.0 Colombia 163 19 11.7 Dominican Rep. 120 14 11.7 Jamaica 60 7 11.7 San Marino 60 7 11.7 Senegal 120 14 11.7 U.S.A 435 51 11.7 Russian Fed. 450 46 10.2 U.K. 651 62 9.5 Bangladesh 330 30 9.1 Latvia 100 9 9.0 Equatorial Guinea 80 7 8.8 Botswana 47 4 8.5 Cote d'Ivoire 168 14 9.3 Bahamas 49 4 8.2 Croatia 127 10 7.9 Mongolia 76 6 7.9

(xi)

Country Lower or Single Women Percentage House Seats of women

Hondurus 128 10 7.8 Malay asia 192 15 7.8 Mauritius 66 5 7.6 Chile 120 ' 9 7.5 Israel 120 9 7.5 India 545 39 7.2 Uruguay 99 7 7.1 Romania 328 23 7.0 Algeria 183 12 6.6 Brazil 513 34 6.6 France 577 37 6.4 Greece 300 19 6.3 Maldives 48

,.., 6.3 .)

Venezuala 203 12 5.9 Cambodia 120 7 5.8 Thailand 398 22 5.6 Srilanka 225 12 5.3 Sudan 400 21 5.3 Japan 500 23 4.6 Iran 248 10 4.0 Nepal 205 7 3.4 Singapore 81 2 2.5 Turkey 550 13 2.4 Bhutan 150

,.., 2.0 .)

Egypt 454 9 2.0 Ethiopia 550 11 2.0 Jordon 80 1 1.3 Kuwait 50 0 0.0

U.A.E 40 0 0.0

Source Monthly Public Opinion Surveys Vol-XLII No-ll, Aug, 1997, New

Delhi, Pg. 36-38.

(xii)

APPENDIX - VI

Women in Parliamentary Elections in Srilanka 1947-1970

Year of Election No. of women No. of seats No. of seats contesting contested won

1947 3 3 1

1952 9 7 2

1960 (March) 12 11 3

1960 (July) 5 4 2

1965 8 8 4

1970 13 12 6

Source Results of Parliamentary General Elections m Ceylon,

1947-70, Colombo, 1971.

Bangladesh

1972 Constitution - 15 seats in the Parliament for women.

1979 Constitution - 30 seats in the Parliament for women.

This provision lapsed in 1987 and for. the next three years there were

no reserved seats. The provision again revived in 1990 with 1Oth Amendment

for a period of 10 years.

1973 election - Women were elected directly.

1979 election - 17 contested. No one won Two elected through by

election.

1991 election - 36 women contested for the direct seats in Parliament.

4 were elected to 8 seats 1 more elected through by

election.

(xiii)

APPENDIX - VII

Her Father/Her Husband

Jawaharlal Nehru - First Prime Minister of India. Ruled for 17 years.

Lawyer, Member of the age-old Congress Party. Imprisoned several times during

pre-independence days. Had a natural death.

Zulfikar Ali Bhutto - President and Chief Law Administrator of Pakistan

after Indo-Pak War in 1971. With the adoption of the new Constitution became

the Prime Minister in 1973. Lawyer, Ruled for 6 years, Formed Pakistan People's

Party in 1961. Previously Pakistan's Commerce Minister (1958), Foreign

Minister (1963). Executed. Known as Quaid-e-Awam.

S. W.R.D Bandarnaike - Prime Minister of Ceylon (Srilanka) Ruled for

3 years, Lawyer, Member of UNP later on resigned and formed a new party

SLFP in 1951. Assassinated.

Sheikh Mujibur Rahman - Prime Minister of Bangladesh. In 1975,

Constitution was amended and he became the President of Bangladesh. Founder

member of Awami League also formed BAKSAL. Commerce and Industry

Minister in Ataur Rahman's ministry 1956. Imprisoned in 1968. Took part in

Bhasha Andolan. Ruled for 3 years. Assassinated.

Zia Ur Rahman - President I Chief Law Administrator of Bangladesh.

Ruled for 6 years. Assumed power as a result of a coup, took active part in

struggle for independence. Formed BNP. Assassinated.

(xiv)

APPENDIX - VIII

The Treaty Between India and Bangladesh

The followig is the text of the Treaty of Friendship, Cooperation and Peace

between Bangladesh and India signed by Prime Minister Sheikh Mujibur Rahman

and Prime Minister Indira Gandhi.

Inspired by common ideals of peace, secularism, democracy, socialism and

nationalism.

Having struggled together for the realisation of these ideals and cemented

ties of friendship through blood and sacrifices which led to the trimphant

emergence of a free, sovereign and independent Bangladesh.

Determind to maintain fratenal and good neighbourly relations and

transform their border into a border of eternal peace and friendship.

Adhering firmly to the basic tenets of non-alignment, peaceful co­

existence, mutual co-operation, non-interference in internal affairs and respect

for territorial integrity and sovereignty.

Determined to safeguard peace stability and secrity and to promote

progress of their respective countries through all possible avenues of mutual

co-operation.

Determind further to expand and strengthen the existing relations of

friendship between them.

(xv)

Convinced that the further development of friendship and cooperation

meets the national interest of both states as well as the interests of lasting peace

in Asia and the world.

Resolved to contribute to strengthening world peace and security and to

make efforts to bring about a relaxation of international tension and the final

elimination of vestiges of colonialism, racialism and imperialism.

Convinced that in the present day world international problems can be

solved only thro.ugh cooperation and not through conflict or confrontation.

The Tamil Language (Special Provisions)

Act, No. 28 of 1958*

An Act to make provision for the use of the Tamil language and to provide

for matters connected therewith or incidental thereto.

(Date of Assent : September 4, 1958)

Whereas the Sinhala language has been declared by the Official Language Act,

No. 33 of 1956, to be the one official language of Ceylon :

And whereas it is expedient to make provision for the use of the Tamil

language without conflicting with the provisions of the aforesaid Act :

Be it enacted by the Queen's Most Excellent Majesty, by and with the

advice and consent of the Senate and the House of Representatives of Ceylon

in this present Parliament assembled, and by the authority of the same, as

follows :-

Short Title ·

I. This Act may be cited as the Tamil language (Special Provisions)

Act, No. 28 of 1958.

(xvi)

Tamil language as a medium of instruction :

2. (I) A Tamil ·pupil in a Government school or an Assisted school shall be

entitled to be instructed through the medium of the Tamil language in

accordance with such regulations under the Education Ordinance, No.

31 of 1939, relating to the medium of instrucion as are in force or

may hereafter be brought into force.

(2) When the Sinhala language is made a medium of instruction in the

University of Ceylon, the Tamil language shall, in accordance with the

provisions of the Ceylon University Ordinance, No. 20 of 1942, and

of the Statutes, Acts and Regulations made thereunder, be made a

medium of instruction in such University for students who, prior to their

admission to such University, have been educated through the medium

of the Tamil language.

Tamil language as a medium of examination (or admission to the Public

Service :

3. A person educated through the medium of the Tamil language shall be

entitled to be exrunined through such medium at any examination for

the admission of persons to the Public Service, subject to the condition

that he shall, according to regulations made under this Act in that behalf

may reqwre-

(a) have a sufficient knowledge of the official language of Ceylon, or

(b) acquire such knowledge within a specified time after admission to

the Public Service :

Provided that, when the Government is satisfied that there are sufficient

facilities for the teaching of the Sinhala language in schools in which the Tamil

(xvii)

language is a medium of instruction and that the annulment of clause (b) of

the preceding provisions of this section will not cause undue hardship, provision

may be made by regulation made under this Act that such clause shall cease

to be in force.

Use of the Tamil language (or correspondence :

4. Correspondence between persons, other than officials in their official

capacity, educated through the medium of the Tamil language and any

official in his official capacity or between any local authority in the

Northern or Eastern Province and any official in his official capacity

may, as presciil5ed, be in the Tamil language.

Use of the Tamil language (or prescribed administrative purposes in the

Northern and Eastern Provhtces :

5. In the Northern and Eastern Provinces the Tamil language may be used

for prescribed administrative purposes, in addition to the purposes for

which that language may be used in accordance with the other provisions

of this Act, without prejudice to the use of the official language of

Ceylon in respect of those prescribed administrative purposes.

Regulations :

6. (I) The Minister may make regulations to give effect to the principles

and provisions of this Act.

(IT) No regulation made under sub-section (I) shall have effect until it

is approved by the Senate and the House of Representatives and

notification of such approval is pubhlished in the Gazette.

(xvili)

This Act to be subject to measures adopted or to be adopted under the provision

to section 2 of Act No. 33 of 1956 :

7. This Act shall have effect subject to such measures as may have been

or may be adopted under the provision to section 2 of the Official

Language Act, No. 33, of 1956, during the period ending on the thirty­

first day· of December, 1960.

Interpretation :

8. In this Act unless the context otherwise requires -

"Assisted school" and "Goverrnment school" shall have the same

meaning as in the Education Ordinance, No. 31 of 1939;

"local authority" means any Municipal Council, Urban Council, Town

Council or Village Committee;

"official" means the Governor-General, or any Minister, Parliamentary

Secretary or officer of the Public Service; and

"prescribed" means prescribed by regulation made under this Act.

Tamil· Language {Special Provisions)

Regulations, 1966*

1. These regulations may be cited as Tamil Language (Special Provisions)

Regulations, 1966.

2. Without prejudice to the operation of the Official Language Act No.

33 of 1956, which declared the Sinhala language to be the one official

language of Ceylon, the Tamil language shall also be used -

(a) In the Northern and Eastern Provinces for the transaction of all

Government and public business and the maintenance of public

(xix)

records whether such business is conducted in or by a department

or institution of the Government [,] a public corporation or a statutory

institution; and

(b) for all correspondence between persons other than officials in their

official capacity, educated through the medium of the Tamil language

and any official in his official capacity, or between any local authority

in the Northern and Eastern Provinces which conducts its business

in the· Tamil language and any official in his official capacity.

3. For the purpose of giving full force and effect to the principles and

provisions of the Tamil Language (Special Provisions) Act, No. 28

of 1958, and these regulations all Ordinances and Acts, and all Orders,

Proclammation [s], rules, by-laws, regulations and notifications made

or issued under any written law, the Government Gazette and all other

official publications, circulars and forms issued or used by the

Government, public corporations or statutory institutions, shall be

transhited and published in the Tamil language also.

The Simla Agreement

The Government of India and the Government of Pakistan are resolved

that the two countries put an end to the conflict and confrontation that have

hitherto marred their relations and work for the promotion of a friendly and

harmonious relationship and the establishment of durable peace in the subcon­

tinent, so that both countries may henceforth devote their resources and energies

to the pressing task of advancing the welfare of their people.

(xx)

In order to achieve this objective, the Government of India and the

Government of Pakistan have agreed as follows :

(i) That the principles and purposes of the Charter of the United Nations

shall govern the relations between the two countries;

(ii) That the two countries are resolved to settle their differences by

peaceful means through bilateral negotiations or by any other peaceful

means mutually agreed upon between them. Pending the final

settlement of any of the problems between the two countries, neither

side shall unilaterally alter the situation and both shall prevent the

organization, assistance or encouragement of any acts detrimental to

the maintenance of peaceful and harmonious relations;

(iii) That the prerequisite for reconciliation, good neighbourlines and

durable peace between them is a commitment by both the countries

to peaceful co-existence, respect for each other's territorial integrity

and sovereignty and non-interference in each other's internal affairs,

on the basis of equality and mutual benefit;

(iv) That the basic issues and causes of conflict which have bedevilled

the relations between the two countries for the last 25 years shall

be resolved by peaceful means;

(v) That they shall always respect each other's national unity, territorial

integrity, political independence and sovereign equality;

(vi) That in accordance with the Charter of the United nations they will

refrain from the threat or use of force against the territorial integrity

or political independence of each other.

(xxi)

Both Governments will take all steps within their power to prevent hostile

propaganda directed against each other. Both countries will encourage the

dissemination of such information as would promote the development of friendly

relations between them.

In order progressively to restore and normalize relations between the two

countries step by step, it was agreed that :

(i) Steps shall be taken to resume communications, postal, telegraphic,

sea, land including border posts and air links including overflights.

(ii) Appropriate steps shall be taken to promote travel facilities for the

nationals of the other country.

(iii) Trade and co~.operation in economic and other agreed fields will be

resumed as far as possible.

(iv) Exchange in the fields of science and culture will be promoted.

In this connection delegations from the two countries will meet from time

to time to work out the necessary details.

In order to initiate the process of the establishment of durable peace, both

the Governments agree that :

(i) Indian and Pakistani forces shall be withdrawn to their side of the

international border.

(ii) In Jammu and Kashmir, the line of control resulting from the cease­

fire-of December 17, 1971 shall be respected by both sides without

(xxii)

prejudice to the recognized position of either side. Neither side shall

seek to alter it unilaterally, irrespective of mutual differences and

legal interpretations. Both sides further undertake to refrain from the

threat or the use of force in violation of this line.

(iii) The withdrawals shall commence upon entry into force of this

agreement and shall be completed within a period of 30 days thereof.

This agreement will be subject to ratification by both countries m

accordance with their respective constitutiOnal procedures, and will come into

force with effect from the date on which the instruments of ratification are

exchanged.

Both Governments agree that their respective heads will meet again at a

mutually convenient time in the future and that, in the meanwhile, the

representatives of the two sides will meet to discuss further the modalities and

arrangements for the establishment of durable peace and normalization of

relations, including the questions of repatriation of prisoners of war, a final

settlement of Jammu·and Kashmir and the resumption of diplomatic relations.

*

*

Text from Ceylon, Department of Information, The Official language and

the Reasonable Use of Tamil (Colombo : Government Press, n.dd.), p. 41-44.

Text from the Department of Information publication SriLanka, Feb. 1, 1966, p.4.

(xxili)

No. 446/PM0/64

Your Excellency,

INDO-CEYLON AGREEMENT

Prime Minister of India,

New Delhi, 30th October, 1964

I have the honour to acknowledge receipt of your letter No.CITIIC 8/62

of date, which reads as follows :

"I have the honour to refer to the discussions which we had from the

24th to the 30th October 1964 regarding the status and future of persons of

Indian origin in Ceylon and to refer to the main heads of agreement between

us which are as follows :-

1. The declared objective of this agreement is that all Persons of Indian Origin

in Ceylon who have not been recognized either as citizens of Ceylon or

as citizens of India should become citizens either of Ceylon or of India.

2. The number of such persons is approximately 975,000 as of date. This

figure does not include illicit inunigrants and Indian passport holders.

3. 300,000 of these persons together with the natural increase in that number

will be granted Ceylon Citizenship by the Government of Ceylon; the

Government of India will accept repatriation to India of 525,000 of these

persons together with the natural increase in that number. The Government

of India will confer citizenship on these persons.

4. The status and future of the remaining 150,000 of these persons will be

the subject matter of a separate agreement between the two Governments.

5. The Government of India will accept repatriation of the persons to be

repatriated within a period of 15 years from the date of this agreement

according to a programme as evenly phased as possible.

(xxiv)

6. The grant of Ceylon Citizenship under paragraph 3 and the process of

repatriation under paragraph 5 shall both be phased over the period of

15 years and shall, as far as possible, keep pace with each other in

proportion to the relative numbers to be granted citizenship and to be

repatriated respectively.

7. The Government of Ceylon will grant to the persons to be repatriated to

India during the period of this residence in Ceylon the same facilities as

are enjoyed by citizens of other States (except facilities for remittance

and normal facilities for the continued residence, including free visas). The

Government of Ceylon agrees that such of these persons as are gainfully

employed on the date of this agreement shall continue in their employment

until the date of their repatriation in accordance with the requirements

of the 193 M of EA-1 0 phased programme or until they attain the age

of 55 years, whichever is earlier.

8. Subject to the Exchange Control Regulations for the time being in force

which will .not be discriminatory against the persons to be repatriated to

India, the Government of Ceylon agrees to permit these persons to

repatriate, at the time of their final departure for India, all their assets

including their Provident Fund and gratuity amounts. The Government of

Ceylon agrees that the maximum amount of assets which any family shall

be pennitted to repatriate shall not be reduced to less than Rs. 4,000.

9. Two registers will be prepared as early as possible, one containing the

names of persons who will be granted Ceylon Citizenship, the other

containing the names of persons to be repatriated to India. The completion

of these registers, however, is not a condition precedent to the commence­

ment of the grant of Ceylon Citizenship and the process of repatriation.

(xxv)

10. This Agreement shall come into force with effect from the date hereof

and the two Governments shall proceed with all despatch to implement

this Agreement and, to that end, the officials of the two Governments shall

meet as soon as possible to establish joint machinery and to formulate

the appropriate procedures for -the implementation of this agreement.

I have to honour to propose that the above sets out correctly the Agreement

reached between us. My letter and your reply thereto shall constitute an

Agreement between the Government of India and the Government of Ceylon.

Accept your Excellency the assurances of my highest consideration."

I have the honour to confirm that the above correctly sets out the Agreement

reached between us. Your letter and my reply thereto shall constitute an

Agreement between the Government of India and the Government of Ceylon.

Accept your Excellency, the assurances of my highest consideration.

Her Excellency Sirimavo RD. Bandarnaike, Prime Minister of Ceylon, New Delhi.

(xxvi)

Yours sincerely

Lal Bahadur Shastri Prime Minister of India.

APPENDIX - IX

Indira Gandhi

Events Strategies

1967 elections being mauled badly.

saw the Congress The reverses that the Congress suf-

Indira Gandhi went in for nationali-zation of banks. Privy purses were also sought to be abolished.

The C.W.C proposed the name of Sanjeeva Reddy for the Presidentship after the death of Zakir Hussain.

Mid term poll.

1971 Indo-Pak war.

The economic condition ofthe coun­try however took a turn for the worse. A students' movement against corruption was encouraged by J.P.Narayan, the SaiVodaya leader. The Allahabad High Court judge found Mrs. Gandhi guilty of corrupt prac­tices in election in response to election petition field against her by Raj Narayan.

For 19 months the nation smarted under the weight of authoritarianism and the 1977 election result was catastrophic

for her.

fered in the 1967 election proved to Mrs. Gandhi that old guards were not enjoying mass public support. So she set out to impose her will over the Congress.

She ignored Moratji Desai's objec­tions and divested him of his :finance portfolio and he left the Cabinet.

First Indira seemed to go along with it but later she chose to support an independent candidate V. V. Giri. This resulted in the split ·in the Congress.

Sensing public support for her poli­cies Indira went in for mid term poll after dissolving Parliament and her party won handsomely.

Helped in the formation of independ­ent Bangladesh which found Mrs. Gandhi at the height of glory.

Sensing that things were going out of her control she decided to took drastic measUres Internal emergency was declired and the leaders of the Opposition were locked up. Censorship was imposed.

She faced the problems that beset a defeated leader. She was censured by her own party nien. Splitting the congress once again in 1978. She formed a new party the Congress I which came back to power in 1980 elections.

(xxvii)

Benazir Bhutto

lst phase

Events

Feb 1989.

The caretaker regime on its last

day in office signed a controversial

argument with the IMF for a paltry

$ 830 million over 3 years in ex­

change for promising to carry out

structural reforms in the economy.

Planning to scrap 8th Constitu­

tional amendment.

Benazir's Government took steps

to retire about 40 senior army of­

ficers.

March 1989.

Benazir's Government released

1000 political prisoners who were

languishing in Zia-Ul Haq's jails for

long periods without trial.

Banning of Salman Rushdie's

book

Try to overthrow I J I govern­

ment in Punjab.

May 1989.

Removal of Chief of Inter Serv­

Ices Intelligence, Lt. Gen. Hamid

Gul.

Strategies

Benazir Bhutto Government be­

gan with the ambiguous statement

that it would accept the agreement as

it is but later renegotiate some of the

more unbearable conditions.

Because that would enable the

President to dismiss the P.M. the

Cabinet and Parliament.

(a) Because they were Zia's close

allies who kept them beyond super

annuation age.

(b) In accordance with the time

honoured Kautilyan maxin not to let

the grass grow under one's feet.

It benefited mostly the workers

of Benazir's own PPP.

Govternment thought it the right

thing to do in the interests oflaw and

order.

Punjab being Pakistan's biggest

province and Punjab-Centre confron­

tation is the surest way to destabilise

Pakistan.

To assert Benazir's authority over

the Army.

(xxviii)

Second phase

Mir Murtaza Bhutto pushed

behind bars facing charges of terror­

ism and anti Pakistan activities.

No Confidence motion against

NWFP Chief Minister Shabir Shah.

30 June 1994.

Declared on iron-fisted policy

against MQM.

Oct. 1996.

Introduction of sweeping anti­

corruption laws

(xxix)

Benazir preferred to take law its

own turn while her mother demanded

that charges be dropped against

Murtaza.

Ushered in an open eye to eye

confrontation With her main rival.

Because MQM withdrew sup­

port in the initial phase and she

termed Altaf Hussain as terrorist

leader.

As Benazir's government is

hounded by charges of corruption to

get a clean image she offered herself

up for investigation.

Kbaleda Zia

Events

19th Feb 1993.

In the diplomatic field apart

from the postponement of the SAARC

Summit, the government had to ac­

cept the demand of the UN. High

Commission for Refugees (UNHCR)

to allow it to interview all the

Rohingya refugees before their repa­

triation to Myanmar to ascertain

whether they were being forced to go

back.

28th May 1993.

BNP's policy to strengthen the

Muslim fundamentalist groups includ­

ing the Jamaat-i-Islami by sharing

state power with them.

7th Oct. 1993.

Bangladesh's full fledging

democracy ·had come under severe

strain as the 30 month old govern­

ment of P.M. Khaleda Zia faced the

twin challenges of a united opposition

stir and a widening rift within the

ruling Party.

Shift from preseidential to parliamen­

tary system of government.

(xxx)

Strategies

To pressurise the government

and this had tarnished the image of

the BNP government of Begum Zia.

BNP had been persistently count­

ing the fundamentalists to checkmate

the secular nationalist and patriotic

forces.

Begum Khaleda Zia silenced two

critics within the party by inducting

them into the Cabinet.

This is in order to give the hard

won democracy a permanent mean­

ingful and institutional shape.

26th Sept. 1994.

Awami League led by Sheikh

Hasina boycotted the Parliament

(Jatiya Sansad). It demanded the

resignation of Begum Khaleda Zia.

Khaleda Zia's government sought

to make new friends to consolidate

relations with ·the world's major

powers and to attend actively to

regional relations.

Begum Khaleda Zia tried to

internationalise the sharing of the

Ganga water issue.

Opposition resigned from legis­

lature on bloc demanding dissolution

of Parliament holding of a general

election and installation of an impar­

tial caretaker government in the

interim period.

Begum Zia sacked her trusted

ally Information Minister Nazmul

Huda in Nov 1994 for proposing a

compromise with an opposition seek­

ing early elections under a caretaker

administration.

The government sought to

reorient and refine its foreign policy

following the dissolution of Soviet

Union. Bangladesh sought to forge

close bilateral links with the newly

independent republics of the former

Soviet Union.

Through her speeches Begum

Khaleda Zia sought to tell interna­

tional leaders about the plight Bang­

ladesh was faced with because of the

stoppage of Ganga water but interna­

tional support had however not been

forth corning.

Begum Zia strongly criticised

the opposition for resorting to 'anti

people' activities. She said some of

the oppoosition political parties were

hindering the process of development

by resorting to hartal, indiscipline and

anarchy when the people wanted

development through united effort in

a stable and congenial atmosphere.

(xxxi)

Sheikh Hasina

Events

Removal of professionals from

their posts and transferring, recalling

of ambassadors on contract. The first

such political casualties were

Col.(retd.) Farook Rehman, Col.(retd)

Shaluyar and Maj. (retd.) Khairuz

zaman.

All government offices were

ordered to hang the portrait of the

father of the nation and Aug. 15 was

declared a national mourning day.

In Dec. 1996 India and Bang­

ladesh signed a 30 year agreement

regarding the sharing of the Ganga

water.

19th April, 1998.

Begum Zia Opposition leader

observed 'protest day' to bring an end

to the ruling Awami League.

In Nov. 1998 the Dhaka court

verdict sentenced 15 former army

officers to death for murder of Sheikh

Mujibar Rahman and 25 of his family

members. Following which B.N.P led

opposition called a 48 hour continu­

ous country wide hartal a day after

the court verdict.

Strategies

F arook Rehman and Shaluyar

were directly involved in the 1975

coup which led to the assassination

of Mujibur Rahman and his family.

Hasina tried to indemnify the assas­

sins of Sheikh Mujib.

To uplift the Image of

Bangabandhu and project him as the

idol of the nation and glorifying

family's contribution

Pledged to solve the bilateral

problems as soon as possible.

Sheikh Hasina condemned the

behaviour saying they are trying to

kill democracy.

It took courage on the part of

the Hasina government to put Mujib's

killers on trial. Hasina has not only

re-established the rule of law but also

driven home the point that all those

involved in major killings-including

four senior Awami League leaders in

Dhaka jail will not go unpunished.

Now her strategy will be to ensure

that the judicial process is not influ­

enced by partisan political considera­

tions.

(xxxii)

Chandrika Kumaratunga

Events

Jan. 1995.

Chandrika and Prabhakaran

signed a formal document providing

for a 'cessation ·of hostilities'.

Chandrika continued with the

policy of engaging the Tamil groups

principally the LTTE in a dialogue.

3Oth April 1995.

The LTTE had plunged Srilankan

security forces into a war which

resulted in the breakdown of the

peace talks.

30th June, 1995.

The latest clash between the

Srilankan troops and the LTTE for the

control of Mudaitivu off the Jaffna

peninsula which had claimed over

125 lives represented further inten­

sification of the ethnic conflict in

Sri lanka.

5th Aug. 1995.

Package of reforms to set up

Regional Councils in place of present

Provincial Councils, Regional Gover­

nors will be appointed by the Presi­

dent with the concurrence of the C.M.

of the region.

Strategies

A formal ceasefire to prepare

the way for negotiations to end 12

years of civil war with Tamil separtion.

To resolve their outstanding

problem and she stressed on the 1958

pact between S.W.R.D and

Chelvanayagan rather than 1987 agree­

ment for the resolution of the conflict.

Chandrika's peace policy some say much against the advice of the military had two aims. 1st by persistantly talking about peace with the LTTE. She sought to isolate the LTTE internationally and the govternment gradually hoped to win back the support and confidence of the people of Jaffna which had been

the main support base of the Tigers.

Chandrika is aware of the dan­

gers of such a situation. She has been

constantly reminding the anny top

brass to make sure that Tamil civil­

ians are not made targets.

Won wide spread admiration

for · her courageous move to an­

nounce a federal style devolution of

power to end the country's '12 year

old bloody ethnic conflict

(xxxiii)

tion.

13 Nov. 1995

'Operation Sunshine'

Chandrika's offer for negotia-

Nov. 1996.

Chandrika launched an acceler­

ated food programme known as 'Vaga

Sangramaya'.

13 Aug. 1998.

The P.A government declared

emergency island wide.

Chandrika was willing to allow

a third party 'facilitator' to start

negotiations with the Tamil Tigers.

28th Jan. 1998.

The government outlawed the

LTTE a day after the group was

accused of bombing Buddhism's ho­

liest shrine in the central hill resort

of Kandy and killing 16 people.

To create pressure on LTTE.

Chandrika was sure that there could

be no peace as long as the LTTE was

militarily active.

to lay down arms and offered

them an amnesty guaranteeing their

(LTTE) safety'.

The programme was devised in

such a manner that by the end of

2005 agriculture in Srilanka will be

a new agriculture, creating an economy

of rural agricultural diversification,

market-oriented modernization and

profitable agro-based industries.

The move was severely criti­

cised by the Opposition. The govern­

ment justified the emergency as in­

evitable given the disruptive acts

reported from several areas.

This pointed to the flexibility

which Chandrika now seems to enjoy.

It is Chandrika's ploy to placate

powerful Buddhist clergy.

(xxxiv)

Sirimavo Bandarnaike

Events

In late 1960-early 1961 most of the

schools were nationalised despite

Roman Catholic opposition Ceylonese

owned Bank of Ceylon, the biggest

commercial bank in the island was

nationalised.

The Assisted Schools and Training

Colleges (Special Provisions) Act No.5

of 1960 and the Assisted Schools and

' Training Colleges (Supplementary

Provisions) Act No.8, 1961 provided

for the transfer of the ownership and

administration of all schools and train­

ing colleges to the state except for a

few which opted to continue as non­

fee levying institutions.

In 1970 a portfolio of employment

was specially created and taken over

by Mrs. Bandamaike. A national

apprenticeship scheme designed to

absorb unemployed graduates who

would be trained at administrative

and managerial levels in the public sector, in industry and trade and in

the cooperative movement was suc­cessfully got under way.

Mrs. Bandamaike's government was

expected to take steps to implement

the more important proposals con­

tained in Ten year plan.

Strate2ies

It was proposed to get this bank to

assist local enterprise in a more lib­

eral way than it had done in the past.

The legislation was bitterly opposed

by the Roman Catholics which con­

tributed to at;1 abortive coup. d' et.al

in 1962. The SLFP government ex­

ploited this abortive coup to its po­

litical advantage for the suspects were

all christians.

Government tried to take steps to­

wards improving the unemployment

situation.

This had to be done following the

steep decline in the country's external

assets.

(xxxv)

Events

In 1967 the rupve was devalued by

20%.

In 1968 import liberalisation and a

dual exchange rate were adopted.

The new Republican constitution was

adopted in May 1972. Under this

constitution the state power of the

republic was vested in the national

state assembly (a unicameral legisla­

ture). The opposition parties were

antagonised by two issues stemming from its adoption. First the ruling

coalition gave itself an extended term

of two years (to May 1977) beyond

the five years for which it was elected

in May 1970 using its 2/3 majority

in Parliament and second in the light

of current breakdown in relations

between the Sinhalese and Tamil

minority, the deliberations of the Constituent Assembly and the Con­

stitution that emerged from those

deliberations gave rise to a new phase

of communal antagonism in the island.

(xxxvi)

Strategies

This was done to stimulate exports.

This is because the government tried

to steer the country back towards an

open economy.

The by-product of the increasing

alienation of the Tamils was the

conversion of a large section of the Tamils of the north of the island to

a separatist programme.