Feb. 20 th

Pg. 336 Quest

What is the point of view of the cartoonist regarding present world population figures? Is the cartoonist a neo-Malthusian or not?

- The cartoonist believes that the world is overpopulated and like a boat it will sink eventually because it can only hold or sustain so many people. He is a neo-Malthusian because he seems to share the same beliefs as most other neo-Malthusians. From the cartoon we see that the cartoonist is hinting that disaster will soon follow if the boat, which resembles the Earth, overflows.

Pg. 337 #1-2

1. Explain the concept of Carrying Capacity.

- Carrying capacity is the idea that land can only produce so much in the way of food or goods given the technology of the time. As the human populations continues to rise it eventually outstrips the food supplies, where it gets reduced by checks such as famine and disease until it stabilizes close to the land’s carrying capacity.

2. Briefly summarise the viewpoint of each of the following on trends of world population: Malthus, Brown, Rees and Wackernagel, Ehrilch, and Cockburn. Which do you find most credible? Why?

- Malthus believed that the population of Britain which was 7 million at the time would rise exponentially and eventually be checked by plagues and famines because the amount of people would outstrip the food supply. Brown similarly believed that millions of people would die while the population in the developing world tries to return a balance with the environments ability to provide food. William Rees and Mathias Wackernagel have pointed out that if everyone were to live at the North American standard of living, the resources of three Earths would be required. Ehrlich argued that an exploding population would plunge large parts of the world into famine as early as the 1970’s, although none of his predictions came true. Alexander Cockburn, accuses neo-Malthusians of holding out no hope that the third world (developing countries) is incapable of reform and improvement, and efforts to assist it are useless. I find that, although there is evidence that populations are rising and the food supplies in some countries are not sufficient, the world should be able to adapt and reform to meet the rising need for food. I believe that I would agree with Cockburn.

Pg. 338 #1-3

1. Compare the typical shapes of population pyramids for developing nations and developed nations. Describe the differing dependency problems for these nations.

- The developing countries share very low amounts of elderly people but have very high amounts of youths. This could cause jobs to become more strained and the population will only continue to rise which could lead to many other problems. On the other hand, the Developed countries have a high concentration of middle aged people but not enough youths to support them.

2. Using countries from different regions of the world as examples, explain how population density figures for countries can often be deceiving.

- Population density figures can be crude as they are calculated by dividing the population of a country by its area. These figures do not take into account the wide variations that exist within larger countries. For example Canadians and Chinese live at far higher densities than those indicated for Canada and China on the map. Rural and urban densities also differ dramatically in most countries.

3.

Pg. 345 #1-5

1. What is the purpose of the Human Development Index? How efficient is it at highlighting the differences between the rich and poor countries?

- The purpose of the Human Development Index is to rank its member countries according to three measures: adult literacy, life expectancy and the per-capita GDP. The index shows a huge gap between the rich and poor, like in Canada where the adult literacy rate is 99% as opposed to Niger’s meager 14% or the United States per-capita which is at $29, 010 compared to the $410 of Sierra Leone.

2. List a number of characteristics, apart from those used in the Human Development Index that would be common with the top ten countries.

- Good healthcare- Better overall living standard- Wealthier governments- Much better education

3. What are the limitations of measuring development in a country by GDP? What are the advantages?

- Measuring development with the GDP has its limitations because there will always be unrecorded transfers of money that cannot be included in the GDP.

- The advantages are that you still get a good picture of the country’s economy at the time of the survey.

4. (a) How is poverty defined in Canada?

- You are considered as living in poverty if you are spending more than 56% of your or your family’s income on the necessities of life, such as food, shelter and clothing.

4. (b) What difficulties are there in comparing poverty in Canada with poverty in developing countries?

- The people who are considered to be living in poverty in Canada still have a much higher standard than those in developing countries because certain privileges are offered to those living in poverty that people in developing countries couldn’t even dream of. Poverty levels are different between different countries. In Canada if you were considered as living in poverty, in another developing country you might be above the poverty line as there would be many people below you living in far worse conditions.

5. How useful do you think the terms developed and developing are in describing the differences in standards of living between countries?

- I believe that the terms are not very useful as they do not show, to a full extent, how far poverty goes in some “developing” countries. The terms are too broad because they divide all of the countries into only two groups. The poorest country would be considered the same as a country that can almost be considered a developed country but is currently still a developing country.

Pg. 347 Poverty Trap

Pg. 351 #1-3

1. How has the debt burden in developing countries prevented governments from looking after the basic needs of the people?

- The governments are hard pressed to pay for services that could improve the standard of living for their people because of their debt burdens. Most countries send extremely large sums of money on their debt repayments and are not left with much for basic things such as healthcare or education. Disasters such as floods or civil wars as seen throughout Africa impact the county’s ability to help the people.

2. How is the HIPC program meant to help the poorest developing countries?

- They abolish debts, allowing countries to put more money towards poverty reduction as opposed to debt servicing.

3. In a two column chart, list the reasons for and against completely forgiving the debt of developing countries with the highest debt loads.

For- Decreased or eliminated debt could mean

putting more money to things that are better for the country such as healthcare or poverty reduction programs.

- Could allow indebted countries to invest in environmental and sustainable development projects in their own countries.

Against- If the government is corrupt or is led by

corrupt people there is no guarantee that the money saved will be spent on the people.

Pg. 357 #1-3

1. Explain why women and children are more likely than men to face hardships in developing countries.

- It is harder for women and children in developing countries to find work as most jobs demand strong men to work long hours for little pay. Women and children will not be hired for these jobs as they are not considered to be fit for that line of work.

2. (a) What is the relationship between female literacy and reduced birth rates?

- Studies have shown that as women are better educated they will have less children or will wait until they are married to have their children therefore reducing birth rates.

2. (b) Give three reasons why the literacy rate for women in developing countries is often lower than that of men.

- Many developing countries have male-dominated societies where females and children have no legal rights, where education is a luxury restricted to males only.

- Most families will keep girls at home to look after younger children and to do chores until they are married and move away.

- People in developing countries often feel that education is wasted on women as the men are the ones with the important jobs.

3. (a) Choose 5 abuses of children in the developing world. Match them against the list of argued rights guaranteed by the U.N. Convention on the Rights of the Child. (Pg. 309-310)

- The convention document states that children should not be separated from their parents, unless this is deemed to be in the child’s best interests, yet we see so many homeless and orphaned children in developing countries.

- The document also states that every child has a right to the highest attainable standard of health yet so many in developing countries are below the poverty line.

- It is also stated that children have the right to education yet you see girls and women who cannot even read because they were denied their education.

- The convention also states that no child under fifteen years of age should have direct part in hostilities and that no child below fifteen is recruited into the armed forces, yet we see child soldiers actively engaged in armed conflicts around the world.

- It is also included in the convention that children have the right to be protected from economic exploitation and work that threatens their health, education, or development, yet we see children that are forced into prostitution for money to support themselves or their families. We see children working long hours for very little pay.

3. (b) How effective do you think the Convention on the Rights of the Child will be in dealing with some of these abuses?

- I personally do not think it would be very effective because it falls into the hands of the government in charge of the country to follow through with the new standards yet since these governments are mostly in deep debt and have other problems to deal with, the conventions will probably not be acted upon to its full extent.

Pg. 360 Major Determinants of Health in Developing countries

Pg. 360 #1-4

1. Describe three difficulties in providing basic health care in developing countries.

- Contaminated water supplies are a constant threat to developing countries as they are a source for drinking water as well as for washing and disposal of wastes. These are perfect conditions for diseases to grow and to get passed along from one person to another.

- Many incurable diseases and Sexually Transmitted Infections can be found in developing countries such as Africa.

- Few developing countries can afford expensive medicines required for the treatment of certain diseases that plague that country. For example Most Sub-Saharan African countries cannot afford the necessary large-scale programs for the treatment of AIDs.

2. Why should people in the developed world be concerned about the health of people in the developing worlds?

- It is a question or morale because we live in healthy, wealthy and prosperous neighbourhoods while people in Africa, for example, live in poverty. We are also affected by any immigrants from certain affected countries that can bring over new diseases that could infect other previously healthy countries.

3. Research one of the diseases caused by contaminated water. Write a short passage explaining what causes the disease, its effects and how safer water supplies might contain its spread.

- Cholera is an infection of the small intestine caused by the bacterium Vibrio cholerae. This may result in dehydration and in severe cases grayish-bluish skin. Transmission occurs primarily by drinking water or eating food that has been contaminated by the feces of an infected person, including one with no apparent symptoms. If the water supplies were safer and cleaner the chances of the disease being passed on from one person to another would be greatly decreased.

4. Predict how the loss of productive workers from HIV/AIDS pandemic will affect the future of countries like Botswana.

- The loss of productive workers would mean less of an already small workforce making it even harder for the already starving and sick people to survive.

Pg. 363 # 1-3, 5

1. List the reasons for and against giving aid to countries where the government is a dictatorship.

For

- If the government is known to be fair aid should be given.

- If there is a guarantee that the aid will be given to those in need it should be provided.

- People’s cultures should be respected, they should be allowed to follow their own culture’s teachings with regard to rights and toleration and aid should be provided to those in need.

Against

- If there have been human rights violations then aid should be denied.

- If there is no guarantee that the aid will go to those in need aid should be denied.

2. Which side of the debate do you support?

- I believe that the government, if it is a dictatorship, should still have a chance in receiving support. The government should be evaluated and if no violations of human rights are found and the government has a guarantee that the aid will go to the people support should be given.

3. Do you agree with Ignatieff’s list of basic human rights that could be accepted by all cultures? Name other rights that could be added to the list.

- I agree with Ignatieff because racism, sexism and anti-Semitism should be viewed by all countries as an unjust and unfair treatment of others that breaches their rights as people. Things that could be added to that list for example people’s appearances as well as any religion they believe in not just the Jewish religion.

5. What is your reaction to the suggestion that Western countries should not impose standards for human rights on developing countries until all human rights claims against themselves have been dealt with?

- I believe that of course the Western countries should take a look at and fix their own human rights problems but people in other developing countries are suffering because people with more power are abusing their rights as there is no one to make sure that this does not happen, that ensures peoples safety and their rights.

Feb. 25 th Pg. 364 # 1-3

1. List the types of aid Canada sends to developing countries and comment on the pros and cons of each type of aid.

- Canada sends:o People to assist the people in developing countries to develop the tools for them to meet their

own needs eventually. The benefits of this are that the people learn how to support themselves and will therefore not need to rely on others for their needs. The cons are that it does not help immediately and does not provide the people the tools and resources they need to get started.

o Canada funds NGOs ( non-government organisations) in their projects which tend to be more effective than the large scale multilateral and bilateral government projects as the aid goes directly to the people in need. The benefits of this are that the people in developing countries receive immediate and direct support from the NGOs.

o Canada assists in multilateral aids along with other governments, often involving large-scale programs like dam building. The benefits of these large scale programs are that Canada is working alongside other countries to create, for example, sustainable sources of power or other long lasting projects that benefit the people. The cons of this are these projects do not directly give aid to the people but instead give them something they could use to better their lives overall.

2. Make a list of the top three priorities Canada should follow in distributing aid to the developing word.

- Making sure that the people have proper shelter and clothing so that they can be protected from the elements and to have a safe place to sleep.

- Making sure people have an ample amount of food or tools to help them harvest and grow their own food so that they could avoid starvation.

- Finding ways to overall raise the living standards of that place by introducing electricity, clean and safe water supplies or schools to aid people in their education.

3. Make a list of reasons for and against a proposal to increase the amount of aid Canada gives to developing countries.

For- More money being sent to developing

countries would mean better aid which in turn would help the people in need much more as it could provide better education, more food, and better overall living standards.

- In some ways Canada could benefit from their aid as they might get something in return from the countries they help.

Against- Sending more money to developing

countries would mean taking away money that was previously set aside to be used for healthcare, maintenance of cities and other things that the government funds.

Pg. 365 Develop your understanding # 1, 2

1. Compare and contrast the life of a child in a developing country suffering from civil war with that of a child you know in Canada.

Poor Child- Little or no food.- Constant fear of the next day.- Plays with whatever he/she can find.- Weak and or sick most of the time due to lack of proper medicine.- Strict rules to live by or risk getting killed.

Similarities- Friends to keep you busy.- “Sports”- Shelter*

Privileged child- Full fridge, store 1 block away.- Safe place to sleep.- Access to new equipment.- Internet.- Technology.- Healthy access to almost all medicine he/she needs.- Freedom.

2. Review the five factors measured by UNICEF’s Child-Risk Index. Rank them in order of importance.

- 1. Under 5 Mortality Rate – as children are dying at such a young age it is necessary to help in every way possible to decrease this rate which is a lot higher than in developed countries

- 2. Working Children – this should be addressed because children are basically forced to work harsh long hours often in places that negatively affect their health as they need the money to support their families.

- 3. Pandemics – Although a large chunk of the deaths in developing worlds are caused by malnutrition, diseases, especially widespread pandemics are another leading cause of deaths. It is important that we help with these pandemics because we have most of the medicines that the people need.

Pg. 365 Explore the Issues # 5

5. What steps do you think should be taken to cut in half extreme poverty in the world by 2015 by:

5. (a) The world financial institutions:- These institutions should divide the money they wish to put towards reducing poverty into sections such

as: food, shelter, clean water, education and so on. Once the money is divided they should locate the places that need the most aid and find NGO’s to work with to build certain things such as wells schools or new houses for the people.

5. (b) The developing countries:- The governments of these developing countries should put any money that they receive to sustainability

projects that could get them going in terms of producing resources and bringing in income.

5. (c) Canada:- Canada should partake in these projects and aid them as they go, through either volunteers or sending

money. We as Canadians should make it our duty to raise awareness in the rest of our country of these people that are barely surviving and raise money to be sent to NGOs to further aid the development of these countries in need.

Pg. 367 World population diagram.

Pg. 368 # 2

2. Calculate the percentage of the world’s population living in urban areas in 2000. Predict, giving your reasons, whether this percentage will rise or fall by 2020.

- 3008/6054 x100% = 47.9%. I believe that the percentage will continue to increase as it has gone up from 41.3% in 1980 to almost 48% in 20 years.

Pg. 369 # 1-3

1. Which continent had the largest number of cities with over 5 million people?

- Asia is the continent with most cities with over 5 million people.

2. Which two countries had the largest number of “millionaire cities (with over 1 million inhabitants)?

- According to the map the two countries with the most cities with over 1 million inhabitants are China and the United States of America.

3. How would you explain the pattern you have identified?

- I see that Asia is very heavily populated as both China and India have very large population, but I also see Europe with quite a few cities with over 1 million people. As for countries the United States as well as China and India have very large populations.

Pg. 369 # 1-3

1. Which five cities listed in 2000 were not listed in 1950?

- Mexico City, Sao Paulo, Bombay, Beijing and Jakarta were not listed in 1950.

2. From What You Know how would you explain their rapid growth?

- The education in those countries may not be very good as they may not have learned about contraception or people may strongly believe in having more children to work in the family business.

3. How would you account for London and Paris disappearing from the list by 1980?

- They have most likely disappeared from the list because they have undergone industrialization and people are better educated, therefore there is a decline in the rate at which the population raises, as well as the fact that other country’s populations are increasing exponentially.

Pg. 371 # 1-3

1. Explain how the statistic about people per room is useful in showing crowding in urban areas.

- It shows how crowded people’s homes are and depending on how many homes there are in the city, you will have a picture of just how crowded the cities really are.

2. What are some problems in using these statistics? Which continents have the most crowded cities?

- Like all statistics it is an average therefore not 100% accurate, second there is always people who do not have a home or their home is not recorded therefore they will not be a part of the statistic. Continents like Europe, Asia and North America have the most crowded cities.

3. Suggest reasons for this pattern.

- As some countries that are poor such as those in Africa people share homes with many others because it is more affordable. It could also mean that there is not enough housing for the entire population of that city so people may be taking advantage of this and renting out parts of their houses or simply taking people in and sheltering them.

Pg. 372 # 1-4

1. The percentage of population living in urban areas in Canada has stabilized at 76 percent. Suggest two reasons that might explain why this rate has not gone much higher.

- More jobs are available in rural areas because there are not very many that live there, therefore people move from the cities to rural areas as they can find work that better fits them and does not have very much competition.

- Cities are often more expensive to live in than rural areas and people are sometimes forced to move out of the cities because they cannot afford the price of living there.

2. Outline reasons to explain why each of the three factors that are listed on pg. 367 were important to encouraging urbanization.

- Mechanisation, the use of machinery replaced many workers causing them to look for jobs elsewhere.- Industrialisation, led people to the cities as the factories and manufacturing plants were close to or inside

the cities.- Fuel Sources, the change in fuel sources being used meant that supplies could be transported to the cities

much easier than before.

3. Canada has street children living in its big cities, though not in the same numbers as in the cities of developing countries. From what you have learned, speculate on four reasons why the problem is less prevalent in Canada.

- There are less children on the street in Canada mostly because unlike in developing countries people have enough money to support their children and are not forced to abandon them.

- Canada has certain programs available to help people on the street with no homes and from those programs some might be able to recover from homelessness.

- Canada’s economy is much better than that of developing countries so there are more jobs available and people can support themselves better than in the developing countries.

- The education system is much better in Canada and teaches children about drugs and other things as well as their consequences and the chances of them being kicked out by their parents are therefore lower.

4. What solutions would you propose to deal with the issue of street children in?4. (a) The developing world.

- Like the NGO’s that are working hard to help solve poverty, we should fund projects that involve the construction of shelters for these street children and to pay for their education so that they might have a chance to recover and get a job.

4. (b) Canada.

- In Canada there are already programs that are meant to take children off of the streets, but there is not enough money put towards these programs and therefore they are not as effective as they could be. If we made teaching children about drugs and other harmful things that could get them on the streets mandatory it would also decrease the chances of the children becoming homeless.

Pg. 374 # 2

2. How can you tell which area is downtown?

- Downtown is the busy and crowded area as it is the center of the city, it is easily recognisable because of the many skyscrapers and visible street patterns.

Feb. 27 th

Pg. 375 # 1-3

1. Identify three push factors and three pull factors that encouraged the movement of rural people to urban areas.

- Push factors that encouraged people to move to urban areas can be that they simply found their rural areas lacking in things like adequate food, jobs, education, or healthcare. Certain pull factors may include the illusion that cities are seen as places of opportunity where dreams come true, although true in some cases it is not so for everyone, People might move to cities because there is an abundance of jobs in a certain category such as the fisheries or manufacturing in hopes of finding a job.

2. Explain how the following technological innovations might affect the urban functions of a city:

2. (a) Air travel becomes fast, efficient, and cheap.o If air travel were developed to a point where it is fast, cheap, and efficient it would allow the

city to become a center of import and export if the location allowed for it.

2. (b) Telecommunications connect most people using wireless technology.o It would allow the city to become a business city where everyone is connected and information

travels quickly.

2. (c) Monorails are built for public transport, much improving comfort and speed.o This could allow cities to have a business and factories section separated from the living

sections as people could travel to work much easier.

3. Suppose you were asked by your city council to analyse the location of your own community.

3. (a) Describe the Site and Situation of your community.o The site for my community would include the Fraser River and its delta, natural harbours at the

Burrard Inlet and False Creek, the mountains and valleys to the North and East, and the Strait of Georgia.

o The Situation for my community would include its access to the interior of the province via the river valley, the proximity to the Canada - U.S. border, and transportation connections to the Pacific Region.

3. (b) Identify one aspect of the location that has been the most important in encouraging the growth of the community.

o My community’s location puts it closer to raw materials than its surrounding communities, and it has a large harbour as well as land-based transportations systems.

3. (c) Identify one aspect of the location that has been most detrimental to the growth and development of the community.

o The price for living in my community is very high and sometimes unaffordable this can force some people to leave as they can no longer afford to live in this area.

Notes on City Forms pg. 377-378

- The interaction of function, site and situation gives cities different shapes and appearances.- There are generally five patterns in city forms.

- Political and Religious Cities o Purpose is to serve political or religious functions by being the capital of

the city or religious center.o City is usually centered with an important building, monument or temple

that is connected to a grand boulevards that are very structured and organized according to plans.

- Organic Cities o Evolve naturally with landscape.o Urban function blend together (homes blend with shops and workplaces).

- Planned Cities o Designed to keep urban functions apart (homes and shops are kept apart).

Connected with transportation.- Transit Cities

o Made of sub centers linked to a city core by transportation.o Urban function arrange themselves along transit lines for long distances.

- Automobile cities o Expand outward in all directions from city center.o Roadways link the urban functions into zones.o Sprawl out for many kilometers, adding suburbs to city.

Pg. 378 # 1-4

Which city form is best for:

1. Developing a strong sense of community?- The Organic city or the planned City are both viable as forms that involve interaction between people and

can develop a strong sense of community.

2. Encouraging industrial Growth?- The Planned city is a great example of a city form that encourages industrial growth as it divides the city

into industrial areas and residential areas which means e that it is easier to navigate.

3. Accommodating recreational activities.- The Organic City is a fine example of a city form that accommodates recreational activities as it has large

open spaces where people can exercise freely.

4. Adapting to life in the twenty-first century?- The Automobile City or the Transit City are great examples of Cities that allow people to move around

quickly and get to places as the cities are ever expanding to accommodate the growing populations.

Pg. 379 # 1-2

1. Make a list summarising the benefits and disadvantages of the automobile in urban areas.

Benefits- Allows for quick transportation within cities

that are not very crowded and busy.- Allows people to go farther than they would

if they had to walk or bike.

Disadvantages- Cars create emissions which could make

cities dirty and polluted.- Often hard to find parking in busy areas or

being forces to pay large sums for parking lots.

- Traffic Jams are common in large and busy cities and can often cause people to be late.

-

2. What options do people have for traveling and commuting to work in your region? What other options could be explored?

- My region offers different methods of transportation such as bikes, cars, taxis, busses and the sky train. Other options that can be considered are development of more sky train routes within the city as well as promoting more eco-friendly option such as bikes.

Pg. 381 # 1-2

1. Identify the three groups who are likely to oppose suburban development. Who is likely to support the expansion of suburbs?

- Farmers, Environmentalists as well as wildlife activists are likely to oppose the expansion as they are the ones who are affected by the loss of land. Farmers are often forced or threatened into selling their land and animal habitats are often destroyed in the process of expansion so the wildlife activists are also affected, then there is the pollution and paving over rivers that causes environmentalists to take a stand. Business owners, people looking for homes as cities are full or too expensive to afford living in and the government. Businesses will make money as the new areas have to be built and the materials have to come from somewhere so many companies will be involved, the government will also make profit from expansion as there will be more people to pay taxes and other fees.

2. Often, as many as six municipalities control the land use of areas surrounding a city. How could this situation contribute to further urban sprawl?

- Competition between these municipalities could lead to more urban sprawl through their goals to become better than their neighbours. To be better, your economy would need to be ample and to increase your economy you would need to expand.

Pg. 382 Land Uses Diagram

Pg. 389 Sustainable Cities Models

Pg. 389 # 1-3

1. Which of the three elements plays the largest role in decision making in the traditional model.

- Most governments consider economy above all because that is the only way that they will be able to progress. A good economy means lots of income, lots of income means more money to spend, more money is good.

2. What is different about the sustainable model?

- The sustainable model takes into account all three of the factors and combines them, taking a bit from each category. This creates a sustainable city because it has all of the factors that contribute to the success of a city.

3. What are the advantages of the sustainable model? What obstacles stand in the way of achieving this model?

- The advantages of the sustainable model are that it shows us that we cannot have a sustainable city and account for all three of the categories fully. It shows that we must sacrifice some of one category to achieve more in another. Obstacles that stand in its way are that sometimes if we sacrifice too much of one category in order to have enough of another people will protest without fully understanding why for example there aren’t very many parks in the city but the economy thrives because the spaces are being used by businesses that are bringing in profits for the community.

March 3 rd Pg. 396 Sectors of an economy Diagram

Classification of Economic Activities Notes pg. 397

- Money economy is divided into three industries: Primary, Secondary and Tertiary.- Primary industries are ones that extract natural resources (materials from the natural environment,

mineral, water, lumber).- Secondary is production and manufacturing.- Tertiary is the distribution of goods to both businesses and individuals.

Disadvantaged Periphery Notes pg. 400

- Core and periphery patterns mean that economic opportunities are not evenly spread. - Leads to economic disparities.- Can be identified geographically, term used is regional disparities.- Periphery of a region is usually because of geography, often causing disparities.

o Land not suitable for large regions (mountainous, inconvenient, etc.). o This is why prairies of Canada and US aren’t big centers and core cities.o Regions don’t offer infrastructure necessary for business (manpower, facilities, power etc.).

- Industries in the periphery tend to attract less capital investment.- Resource industries predominate in the periphery in Canada and BC as Canada is full of raw materials. - Peripheral regions sometimes do attract employers and governments that give money for costs of roads

and infrastructure.- Many people in in developing countries, leave peripheral regions to go to core cities as there are more

opportunities, this is called out immigration, when people who have skills and education leave to a better place with more opportunity.

- Loss of talent is called ‘brain drain’ over time it is harder for periphery to leave economic growth.- Canada has been brain drain to US for many years, people in BC move to Washington to work because of

big companies and corporations.

Pg. 411 # 1-3

1. Give some examples of other questions that a planner could answer by combining the kinds of data listed in the last paragraph.

- A planner could answer questions like what types of crops would grow best on certain types of soil, how much growing capacity the land actually has, or what areas are incapable of growing anything where houses could be built.

2. What information might the following professionals want to combine using the GIS, and for what purpose:

- Forestry Planner – A forest planner might combine rivers, soils and values to check the quality and health of the trees.

- Wildlife Manager – A wildlife manager might look at rivers, elevation, roads and land uses to see where there are safe habitats for wildlife away from human development.

- Development Planner – A development planner might look at roads, land uses, rivers and soil to find areas suitable for development of new houses.

- Agricultural Planner – An agricultural planner might look at elevation, rivers, soils and values to decide what areas would be best for what kind of crops.

- Fisheries Manager – a fisheries manager would probably take a look at rivers, soils and values to see how nutrient filled the water is and whether the fish there would be plentiful or not.

- Hydrologist – A hydrologist would take a look at the rivers, elevation, soils land uses, values to determine the quality of the water and whether it is available as drinking water or not.

3. How can GIS help an area make the best economic use of its resources?

- GIS allows us to take into consideration many different factors and allows us to take a closer look at what the land could actually be used for and with that information we can make a plan for the area as to which places would be best for what.

March 5 th

Pg. 423 # 1-4

1. Define biosphere; sustainability; Agenda 21.

- Biosphere – the biosphere is the zone of earth, water and air in which we live.- Sustainability – maintaining economic growth without damaging the environment so much that it

compromises our future.- Agenda 21 – Agenda 21 is a statement of action to encourage the development of a sustainable world

economy.

3. What did the Brundtland Commission call for the developed and developing world to do about the problems facing the Earth?

- The commission asked the developed and developing countries of the world to reduce resource consumption and develop a sustainable lifestyle. It also said that the developing worlds would have to reduce population growth to allow for development that would not overwhelm the environment. The developed world would need to practice greater stewardship of renewable and non-renewable resources to endure the needs of the future generations and to reduce the impact on the environment.

4. Which countries or areas of the developed and developing worlds might most concern scientists worried about the consequences of:

4. (a) Population growth – countries like India and china would worry scientists as they have very large populations for countries of their sizes and they continue to have their populations grow exponentially.

4. (b) Resource use – Countries like the United States, Rio in Brazil or china would worry scientists as they consume very large amounts of resources to boost their economies.

Pg. 427 # 1

1. What is the Ogallala aquifer, and why should its depletion be of concern to Canadians?

- The Ogallala aquifer is one of the world’s largest sources of underground water. It has been filled over thousands of years by runoff from the Rocky Mountains, and it’s taken little over half a century to reduce the aquifer by over half its volume. Its depletion should be of concern to Canadians because the entire central North America would begin to dry up as there is no moisture left in central North America.

Pg. 429 1-3, 5

1. What changes, if any, would you make in government regulation of the bottled water industry in Canada?

- I would limit the amount of water that they could use to make the bottled water annually so that they would not be able to overuse and deplete the water resources.

2. Do you agree with Heather Smart’s opinion that fresh water in undervalued in Canada? Give examples to support you opinion.

- I do agree because companies like nestle have been abusing the environment and taking water from just about everywhere they can get their hands on and no one seems to care because they believe that fresh water is “plentiful” in Canada.

3. Why might Quebec be opposed to regulation of the export of water?

- Quebec is likely to oppose the regulation as they are close to their own sources of water which they most likely export to other countries or provinces to boost their economy.

5. Do you think Canada should allow the export of bottled water? Bulk water? Both or none? Give reasons for your answer.

- If we export the water we get money which is good for our economy but fresh water is not as plentiful as we think it is. I believe that Canada should not export its fresh water as one day we will run out and then we will simply think back and ask why we gave away our water.

Pg. 430 # 1

1. Do you agree that increasing populations are the main threat to the world’s freshwater supply?

- I would agree that it is one of the main threats as the more people there is the more water there will need to be to support these people. With every passing generation there is more people and less water.

Pg. 433 # 1-5

1. (a) What is the ozone layer, and why is it thinning?

- The ozone layer is a thin level of ozone, a special kind of oxygen in the atmosphere. It became evident that it was thinning in the 1980’s, due to the chemicals, mostly chlorofluorocarbons, (CFCs), which were widely used as coolants for refrigerators.

1. (b) Why is this a threat to life forms on the planet?- Ozone depletion is a threat because ozone is the only thing blocking harmful radiation from the sun. If it

were to be full depleted we would all be burnt to a crisp.

2. Suggest ways to convince the public to phase out ozone-depleting chemicals.

- The increasing temperatures could be used as evidence. As more and more UV radiation passes through the ozone layer the hotter the world gets.

3. What is global warming?

- Global warming is a gradual increase in the overall temperature of the earth's atmosphere generally attributed to the greenhouse effect caused by increased levels of carbon dioxide, chlorofluorocarbons, and other pollutants.

4. Describe a major threat that Canada faces from global warming. What solutions to global warming can be found in Canada?

- The sea ice in the arctic regions of Canada is shrinking and the seasonal melt is happening weeks earlier than in previous years. This excessive melting of ice can raise sea levels drastically. Solutions can be seen in the form of sustainable energy sources such as wind turbines and plans to reduce greenhouse gas emissions.

5. Which forms of sustainable energy would be practical for your area? Support your choices- As Vancouver is a coastal city wind turbines as well as water turbines would be efficient as the ocean

brings both winds and ocean currents to power the sustainable sources of energy.

Pg. 438 # 1-3, 5

1. Explain why soil is an important resource.

- Soil is an important resource because it can be filled with nutrients that allow plants to grow which in turn allows us and many other animals to grow as well because we eat the plants.

2. How do North Americans differ from the rest of the world in their attitudes towards genetically modified organisms? What are some possible reasons for the difference?

- Americas attitude towards genetically modified organisms differs from the rest of the world because they see it as a cheaper way to produce more to feed their ever growing populations. As America’s population is very large compared to those of Europe or some places in Asia, it needs a lot of food to feed its people.

3. Show the advantages and disadvantages of pesticides and herbicides in agriculture.

Advantages- More food can be produced as bugs and

weeds don’t destroy crops.

Disadvantages- Leads to toxic soils and residues in foods.- Can seep into groundwater and then

streams from which we drink our water.- Insects that are needed in agriculture are

being killed off as well by the pesticides.-

5. All technologies have benefits and drawbacks. List the principal benefits and drawbacks for the use of genetically modified organisms.

Advantages- Allows for cheaper production of more food for

large populations.- Claims are put forward that there is no

difference from the regular crops.

Disadvantages- Has unhealthy side effects.- Technology is too new not enough research has

been put into making it safer to use.

Pg. 443 # 1,2, 4-6

1. Define Boreal; Stewardship.

- Boreal – boreal refers to the North or Northern regions.- Stewardship – Stewardship implies careful management of resources so that they are sustainable.

2. Give three reasons why efforts to stop the decline of tropical forests have not been successful.

- The three reasons why our efforts to stop the decline of tropical forests have not been successful are because of illegal logging, the demand for land by farmers and land developers taking down forests to build residential areas and shopping malls.

4. What arguments are offered by Dr. Schindler to support his claim that the boreal forest is threatened? What future does he see for the forest’s wildlife?

- Dr. Schindler points out that from acid rain due to the pollution from large cities and other factories as well as global warming we could lose our boreal forests. Wildlife extinction is a reality here as their habitat is being destroyed and once it is completely gone there will be nowhere for the animals to go and they will just die off.

5. Explain how the Protected Areas Strategy reflects the idea of stewardship. Do you agree with the amount of land being preserved?

- It is like steward ship in the idea that we are managing our resources so that they are sustainable we need our trees for oxygen as much as we need to preserve them as they are. I believe that more land should be preserved because anything that isn’t saved from loggers and land developers will become destroyed as an animal habitat.

6. How big a role might conserving paper and reducing packaging play in preserving our forests?

- If we reduce the amount of paper we use less trees will need to be cut down to create more paper if less trees are cud down we are in turn preserving our forests, as for packaging we need to reduce the amount of packaging we use for everything as it creates pollution to produce them and involves more trees being cut down.

March 13 th

Pg. 49 Timeline

pg. 51 # 1-3

1. Explain the following terms: communism, general strike; collective bargaining.

- Communism – all means of production (such as factories and farms) and distribution (railways) are owned by the public. There would be no private or individual ownership of land or businesses.

- General strike – a walkout of all employed workers- Collective bargaining – allows the union leadership to negotiate with

employers on behalf of the union members.

2. (a) What was the effect of the 1917 communist revolution in Russia on Canada?

- Bolshevik ideas were passed onto Canadians causing problems and strikes in Canada because the workers wanted to be treated better and to get paid more.

2. (b) Why was the One Big Union seen as a threat?

- The OBU was seen as a threat because it was an organisation of people that got together and are promoting strikes.

3. Write a paragraph to explain the reaction of the Citizens’ Committee of One Thousand to the Winnipeg general strike.

- The Citizens’ Committee of one thousand saw union leaders as a part of a communist conspiracy to overthrow the government. The government in turn fearing this kind of disruption and protest could spread to other cities, decided to intervene. The immigration act was amended allowing for union leaders to be deported. As well the mayor of Winnipeg organised a police force to arrest strike leaders and fired many civic workers. The strikes ended in a clash between the mobs and the Canadian mounted police.

Pg. 56 # 1-31. What were the reasons for the rise of:

- The Maritime Rights Movement – Maritime Provinces found that their influence in national politics was declining. Their population was small which meant that their region had fewer seats in parliament. Some businesses and banks were moving to Ontario and Quebec, while others were suffering as their products were no longer in demand.

- The Progressive Party – the progressive party formed because farmers wanted tariffs which were meant to protect and strengthen the Canadian economy by making it really expensive to buy foreign goods and forcing Canadians to buy Canadian made goods. This did not help the farmers as they sold their produce on the open world market. The progressive party formed and wanted a new national policy based on free trade and public ownership of the railways.

2. Prior to the 1921 federal election there were two parties represented in parliament. Since then, three or more parties have arisen. From what you have learned, why do you think this has happened?

- Similar to the reasons for the creation of the progressive party people may have wanted a new party that followed different priorities than those already in parliament.

3. What was the significance of the Old Age Pension Act?

- The significance of this act was to acknowledge that the government had a role to play in providing a network of social services for its citizens.

Pg. 61 # 1-3

1. What was the difference between U.S. and British investment in Canada?

- The British investors had a tendency to lend money to Canadian businesses, while the US investors preferred to set up branch plants in Canada. For example, by manufacturing Cars in Canada for the Canadian market, U.S. car makers avoided paying tariffs.

2. (a) Explain how tariffs imposed by the Canadian government on imported manufactured goods encouraged U.S. branch plants to locate in Canada.

- The tariffs meant that companies had to pay more to export goods to Canada so they simply created branch plants in Canada to manufacture their products there and see them to Canadians while avoiding tariffs.

2. (b) Most manufacturing branch plants were set up in Ontario and Quebec, as these provinces were the closest to the manufacturing centres in the United States. How do you think this affected the trend towards regionalism in Canada?

- People were becoming more and more aware of the American competition for their businesses and were becoming worried that they would go out of business. This led to regionalism all over the country as different businesses were at risk.

3. What have you learned about the attitude towards women in the positions of authority in Canada during the 1920’s?

- Women in the eyes of the law were not considered as persons and because only “persons” could hold positions of authority in Canada under the BNA Act.