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SOCIETY FOR CALIFORNIA ARCHAEOLOGY

NEWSLETTER VOLUME 12 NO. 3

SOUTHERH SCA DATA SHARrnG MEETrnG OCTOBER 7

The Fall Southern California Data Sharing Meetings will be held at the San Bernardino County Museum on Saturday, October 7 (change of date since last Newsletter). Morning sessions will begin at 9:00 A.M. and continue until 11 :30 A.M. Sessions wi 11 resume in the afternoon at 1:00 P.M. and continue until 4:30. If there is sufficient response, an evening session or workshop concerned with Desert Archaeology will be held.

We encourage people to present summaries of their current research. These reports should be brief, ten minutes in length (maximum of 15 minutes). A ~lide projector and screen will be available. Seating capacity is 300 so there is plenty of room for all interested parties.

We expect a considerable response from people who have been doing extensive desert and other research for the past year. A circular wi 11 be distributed during the end of August to those who have expressed an interest in presenting a short report. We also encourage students to present summaries of their student research.

Those desiring more information or wishing to participate should contact either Russell L. Kaldenberg, 1695 Spruce Street, Riverside, CA 92507 (714) 787-1650, or Nelson Leonard, San Bernardino County Museum, 2024 Orange Tree Lane, Redlands, CA 92373 (714) 792-1334 or (714) 825-4825.

RUSSELL L. KALDENBERG 8/20/78

NEW ADDRESS FOR flEWSLETTER SUI)M!SS!ONS

Please send all information, reports, clippings, or whatever, to the editor, Marcia Wire, at 15533 Kavin Lane, Monte Sereno, CA 95030, or to the Region al or Associate Editors listed on page 10, this issue.

The editor would greatly appreciate any news contributions, since it fs difficult to keep up with what is happening throughout California and Nevada, in the morass of news­letter typing, pasteup, collating, mailing, etc. etc. Help us include all the news'.

AUGUST 1978

NORTHERrl DATA SHARmG MEETING OCTOBER 14

1978 Fall Data Sharing Meetings for ~: o rt he r n Cal i fo r n i a w i 11 be on 0 c to be r 14 at Contra Costa College, Richmond, California.

Morn i n g Se s s i on , 9 : 3 0- 12 : 0 0 --Re po rt s by Clearinghouses of current research and planning activities.

Afternoon Session, 1:30-5:00 P.~. -­Session on standards for cultural resource assessment studies. Topics to include:

* Basic knowledge and training required to assess archaeological resources.

* The assessment of the importance of places in maintaining societies -Religious and heritage values of Native Americans.

* Organizational solutions to maintain basic standards.

* Formulation of significance state­ments.

Speakers to be arranged. If you have done research in the last year, contact your district clearinghouse representative in order to be scheduled in the morning session. If you you wish to speak in the afternoon session, write or phone me:

CHESTER KING, Northern Ca. Vice-Pres. 1089 Broadway Ave., San Jose, CA 95125 (408) 294-0250 7/78

HHERSTATE-15 AGREEMENT Arm WORK SCHEDULE

·~ agreement clearing the way for con­struction of a 4.7-mile segment of Interstate 15 near Escondido has been reached, state Transportation Director Adriana Gianturco said yesterday.

"The $42.4 million freeway construction project has been blocked by a dispute over treatment of Indian relics and burial sites

(Please turn to page 17)

JOBS, TRANSFERS, ETC.

James Deetz from Plymouth Plantation to University of California, Berkeley ... Ruth Tringham {Near East} to same department from Harvard. Marcia Wire from San Jose State Univ. to Geoconsultants, San Jose.

WILLING WORKERS

Two additions to the list from the last Newsletter are these:

Anita Hornback 1241 Bird Ave. San Jose, CA 95125 ( 408) 297- 7301

John A. Wood P.O. Box 60665

(Crew Chief, Lab worker)

(Crew Chief, Site Supervisor)

Sacramento, CA 95860 (916) 243-0172 (home) {916} 366-8614 {messages}

Sept. 22-24 California Indian Days, Cal Expo, Sacramento. Calif. United Indian Counci 1, Inc.

Sept. 27-29 California Desert Advisory Committee Public Meeting, San Bernardino Convention Center: Cultural resources, military bases, land tenure, community issues.

Oct. 20-22 Great Basin Anthropological

Nov. 14-19

Conference, Reno. Contact Dept. of Anthropology, Univ. of Nevada, Reno 89557.

American Anthropological Assn., Annual Meeting, Los Angeles Hilton & Hyatt Regency.

March 29-31, 1979 Southwestern Anthropologi­cal Assn., Annual Meeting, Santa Barbara, Miramar Hote 1 .

CALL FOR PAPERS FOR SWAA MEETINGS

The first cal 1 for papers for the core program of the March Annual Meeting of the Southwestern Anthropological Association has been issued. For symposia, please send the paper titles and a brief description of the overall theme, to Ruth Houghton, pept. of Anthropology, University of Nevada, Reno, NV 89507, by October 15th. For individual papers, titles and a 100-word abstract should be sent to the same address and same date. The final call for papers (deadline) is January 15, 1979. All papers--volunteer or organized symposia--sent in to meet this deadline will need to have a title and 100-word abstract sent to the same address. Local arrangements chairman is Phyllis Easland, Dept. of Anthropology, University of California, Santa Barbara, CA 93106.

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STATE SKELETAL INVENTORY AVAILABLE

The State Department of Parks and Recreation has compiled an inventory of the human skeletal remains stored at the State Archeological Laboratory in West Sacramento.

Included in this inventory are catalog and site information, details on the condition of the bone, scientific considerations and pro­visional culture area determinations.

Address requests for copies to:

JOHN W. FOSTER 5/13/78 Oepartment of Par~s and

Recreation P.O. Box 2390 Sacramento, CA 95811 (916) 322-3454

SPEAKERS' BUREAU COMMITTEE

~Y committee would appreciate information on any speaker including yourself that we could contact for inclusion in our files. We will have this information available for the use of organizations, clubs, societies, etc. who want speakers on California Archaeology. Please include the topics you speak on, how you can be contacted, honorarium, expenses you expect to have paid, etc.

If you have heard an excellent speaker, please let me know the name so I can contact him or her for possible inclusion in our file. If you need a speaker, please let me know--we are here to serve you, too. Thanks!!

VICKI LEWIS 7/7/78 Chairman, SCA Speakers'

Bureau Committee 397 Calle Montecito Oceanside, CA 92054 {714) 757-8796

LAKE CAHUILLA PUBLICATION

A new Contribution of the Archaeological Research Facility, UC Berkeley, is now available: Late Prehistoric Human Ecology at Lake Cahuilla, Coachella Valley, California, by Philip J. Wilke was published as Contribution No. 38 in May, and includes 168 pages, 28 plates, 4 maps, 17 tables, and 3 figures. Cost is $6.75. Checks are payable to Regents of U.C. only, and should include 63 sales tax for California. residents {6~% in BART district). Order from the Archaeological Research Facility, 331 Kroeber Hall, University of California, Berkeley, CA 94720. Ask to be on their mailing list if you want announcements of other new publications.

NATIONAL PARK SERVICE SOLICITS PROPOSALS

The San Francisco office of the National Park Service is informally soliciting proposals for 3 possible projects which may be funded but are apparently far from definite. Anyone interested in working on rock art evaluation at Lava Beds NM, (ca. 4 days), Alcatraz graffiti (4-5 days) and/or Tennessee and Oakwood Valley survey (6-10 days, about 370 acres) should send a or firm resume and indicate interest, ava a ility and approximate price for the projects to Roger Kelly, Div. of Cultural Resource Managf!ment, Nat. Park Service, 450 Golden Gate Ave. ,S. F. 94102.

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WARM SPRINGS CONTRACT AWARDED

The Corps of Engineers, San Francisco District, has announced the award of a half million dollar contract t~ the Foundation for Educational Development, an affiliate of Sonoma State College. Under the contract, anthropological and historical work wil 1 be done at the Corps' 17 ,000 acre Warm Springs Dam-Lake Sonoma project, located about 70 miles north of San Francisco. The dam, which is scheduled for completion by 1983, wi 11 back up water over a number of archaeological, historicdl, and other cultural sites on the project's Federally owned land.

Affiliated with anthropologists from Sonoma State College will be scholars f-r om Un i v er s i t y -of Ca 1 i for n i a campus es at Davis and Riverside; California State University, Sacramento; Santa Rosa JUnior College; and several researchers working individually or with private firms. Dr. David A. Fredritkson, professor and past chairperson cf Sonoma State 1 s Anthropology Department, will serve as Principal Investigator.

The contract, which will continue through early 1980, calls for excavation of archaeological sites; documentation of 19th-20th century historical activity in the project, such as at the Skaggs Springs Resort, a major spa from the 1850's until the 1930's; and close coordination with Native Americans at the area, many of whom still use project land for gathering plant materials for basketmaking and other purposes.

Colonel John M. Adsit, District Engineer of the Corps, pointed out that the contractor was also being asked to recommend ways that the archaeological sites could be protected from adverse impacts of the reservoir, so that future scientists, with more refined techniques, might be able to learn even more about the 5,000 year period in which people have been living in the project area. Another special feature of the contract, he noted, is the examination of ways in which the archaeological, Native American, and other cultural features of the project can be made a part of the interpretation and recreation programs offered to visitors to Lake Sonoma.

SAN FRANCISCO DISTRICT 7/5/78 U.S. Corps of Engineers 211 Main Street San Francisco, CA 94105

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INFORMATION ON FIRE EFFECTS REQUESTED

The National Park Service, Western Region, is beginning research data gathering efforts focused on the potential, actual, and probable impacts of "controlled burns" or "management fires" arid naturally occurring wildfires on archaeological materials of all types and periods. Although some information is available from a few NPS areas, we would like to obtain information, observations, or comments from other agencies, consultants, academic researchers, and others.

We are particularly interested in learning about field examples of various types of fuels (forests, grasslands, chaparral, etc.), temperatures reached during burns,- and effects upon artifacts, structural fabric, site surfaces, and site soil characteristics. Other aspects such as errors in interpretation of site con­tents or laboratory analyses, burning as an impact process, and fire suppression activities are also to be considered.

We are interested in examples or information from any North American or Atlantic/Pacific island area although the current study will be only treating in detail NPS areas in California, Arizona, Nevada, and Hawaii. Please mail correspondence to the address below or call (415) 556-6893 (FTS 8-556-6893).

ROGER E. KELLY 7/78 Regional Archeologist Western Region, National

Park Service 450 Golden Gate Avenue San Fra~cisco, CA 94102

BLM PREPARES COSO EIWI RON MENTAL DOCUMENT

The August 16th issue of the Bureau of Land Management, Bakersfield District, newsletter, Update, states that that District "will soon be directing the preparation and development of an environ­mental statement (ES) on the consideration for leaselands within the Coso Geothermal Resource Area (CGRA)." The CGRA lies northeast of Little Lake, and is familiar to readers of this Newsletter through the writings of Clyde Kuhn (see Feb. 1978 SCA Newsletter, pages 17-18 on Coso Hot Springs). Of 126 square miles(=80,640 A), 30,080 A are on public land administered by BLM, and 47,640 A are on Navy lands (China Lake NWC).

Coordination with Regional and State Water Quality Control Boards, State Fish & Game De~rtm~nt,State Lands Commission, the California Energy Commission, and Coso Geothermal Development State Advisory Committee are noted--the latter organized "to help insure more efficient reviews of the ES by the State, and a more streamlined leasing and development process." According to the article, the Naval Weapons Center feels that it has authority to develop geo­therma 1 resources on 2 ,999 A of 1 and, and is preparing an envirormental document on exploration which will draw on the BLM ES for information. Leasing is exp_ected by Dec. 1980. No mention of National Register status or other impediment was made.

NATIVE AMERICAN HERITAGE COMMISSIOf~ NEGOTIATES

FOR INDIAN ACCESS TO COSO HOT SPRINGS In view of the article at the bottom of

the preceding page, it seems useful to include here the following artiLle, from The Native California Indian Newsletter for July 1978, pages 7 and 8. This will give an idea of what i.ndividuals, groups, and agencies other than the BLM are doing to try to protect the springs from geothermal devel­opment and to gain access for Native Americans to the sacred hot springs:

"The Native American Heritage Commission began negotiating with the U.S. Navy in late April to resolve a decades-long deadlock which has severely restricted Indian access to Coso Sacred Hot Springs. The springs are the most important spiritual site of the Pai ute-Shoshone -and are located within -China Lake Naval Weapons Center southeast of Bishop. Also at issue is the possible destruction of the sacred springs by proposed development of geothermal energy.

"Stephen ~. Rios, Executive Secretary of the Commission, met with Navy authorities and local tribal leaders at the site to seek changes in present Navy policy concerning the sacred springs. The area came under Navy control in the 1940s through condemnation proceedings that created the China Lake military base.

"Since the Navy's acquisition of Coso, the Owens Valley Indians have been unable to conduct traditional spiritual and healing activities at the area, which is viewed by them as the 'creation place.' The Paiute-Shoshone charge the Navy with denying them freedom to practice their religion, a violation of First Amendment rights guaranteed by the U.S. Constitution. At the same time, the China Lake base has been open to the public for cattle grazing, controlled hunting, picnicing,.and sight­seeing, according to the Navy's own reports on its management of the area.

"New Policy Proposed. At the April meeting local Indians were represented by the Coso Sacred Hot Springs Ad Hoc Committee from reservations at Bishop, Lone Pine, Big Pine, and Fort Independence together with Stephen Quesenberry of Calif­ornia Indian Legal Services. The committee members and Rios proposed a new policy that would respect the Navy's concern for safety at the Weapons Center and would also give the Indians the opportunity to resume important spiritual rites and healing practices. The proposal calls for several days of access at a time on a regularly scheduled basis of six to eight times per year. In addition, the Indians would be allowed emergency access in the event that illness of a tribal member necessitates use of the springs' healing qualities. The Navy is now considering the proposed access arrangement.

" I n re cent ti mes l o ca l N a,t i v e Ame r i cans have been allowed access on a one-day basis only, along with other visitors, and have not been allowed the time and privacy required by their practices. In addition the Indians have also encountered a

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disheartening amount of red tape in securing even one-day visits. Federal records indicate that at one point the Navy suddenly banned all further access to the springs.

"'We are working for a reasonable and con­sistent access policy,' Rios said after the April meeting, 'so that the tribes won't be subjected to arbitrary and unpredictable denial of their rights.'

"Development Threat. Of equal concern to the local tribes has been possible destruction of Coso Springs by a geothermal energy project begun by the Navy last year in conjunction with the federal Energy Resources Development Agency (ERDA). Test drill in gs have been undertaken to determine if the geothermal potential of the area warrants full-scale development. One of the test wells is located immediately north of the sacred springs.

"On National Register. The Coso situation developed yet another aspect this January when federal authorities enrolled the area in the National Register of Historic Places, a landmark program that recognizes and seeks preservation of cultural and historical sites. Senator Alan Cranston, in announcing the National Register designation, stated in a press rel ease, 'In effect the federal govern­ment is saying it will respect Indian claims to the historical and cultural importance of the traditional healing and spiritual center.'

"Critics of the Navy's policies at Coso have pointed out that the Navy has not been sensitive to Coso's significance. The Navy actively

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fought inclusion of Coso Springs on the National .; Register of Historic Places. Further, neither the Navy nor ERDA wrote full environmental impact statements required by federal law before beginning test drilling. Each agency's brief 'environmental analysis' bypassed the full environmental review normally conducted when federal projects affect significant cultural or environmental resources.

"Even more disturbing to those concerned with Coso's future is the fact that this limited environmental review virtually ignored Indian interest in the springs. The brief analyses included discussion of prehistoric archaeologi­cal sites at Coso but omitted any mention of Indian use of Coso in modern times. This omission is particularly hard to understand since the Indians have been vigorously petitioning the Navy for reinstatement of access to Coso for over a decade.

"Federal Law Applies. In the wake of the April negotiations and the listing of Coso on the National Register, Rios expressed hope that the Navy may develop awareness of Coso's value and concern for the Indians' position. Further, the listing of Coso on the National Register automatically places the site within the protection of the National Environmental Policy Act and Presidential Executive Order 11593. Under these two measures all federal agencies must take steps to pres:rv: . historic and cultural resources w1th1n their control.

"According to Rios, 'Legal action against •. the Navy may not be necessary if negotiations continue in a positive vein and the Navy com-plies with federal environmental law.' (Cont.

on page 22)

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LEGISLATION: STATUS IN SACRAMENTO

A number of bills in the legislative process in Sacramento have moved along since our Dec. 1977 legislative summary (SCA Newsletter, 11(6): 9-10), The situation according to Assembly and Senate listings as of August 18 are these:

AB 817 (Keene), the Burial Sites Act, on August 8 was read for the second time, amended, and re-referred to the Committee on Judiciary. (Was scheduled to be heard by the Judiciary Committee on August 15, but was not listed as acted upon then).

AB 1977 (Maddy), Acquisition of Ahwanee Roundhouse and Cemetery by State Dept. of Parks and Recreation, has become Chapter 253, Statutes of 1978.

AB 1948 (Calvo), against disclosure of archaeological site records, died in committee.

AB 3007 (Keene & others), Artifacts Bill, on Aug. 8, in Committee on Governmental Organization, set, first hearing. Failed passage.

AB 3009 (Keene and Egeland), Hot Springs Bi 11. On June 22, in Committee on Ways and Means, set, 2nd hearing. Failed passage.

SCR 87 (Garamendi ), Access to Gathering Sites on State Lands (Replaces SB 1816, after April 24 Memo of Agreement between State Lands Commission and Native American Heritage Commission). Aug. 10, from committee: to be adopted but first re-referred to Committee on Ways & Means.

SB 1817 (Garamendi and others), Traditional Buildings Bill. Aug. 10, passed from committee, re-referred to Committee on Ways and Means.

RIVERSIDE COUNTY ARCHAEOLOGIST

POSITION THREATENED "Indian 1 eaders and archaeologists are

protesting the county planning director's proposal to eliminate the job of county archaeologist because of Jarvis budget limitations.

"County archaeologist John Jameson evaluates construction projects to see if they are planned for land that has archaeo­logical or historic importance. Indian leaders and archaeologists fear that without the county. archaeologist, import­ant sites, many of them ancient, buried and heretofore unknown, wi 11 be destroyed.

"Planning director Pat Nemeth said employing an archaeologist places undue importance on just one aspect of the environmental review process--whnch is also meant to evaluate a project's impact on flora and fauna, public services, topography, water and air quality, and flood patterns, among other things.

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(Riverside County Archaeologist, cont.)

"Nemeth, hired in February, wants the job eliminated so the task of evaluating archaeological importance can be done by planners who are familiar with other environmental and planning concerns. Also, she said it is unfair to have all county land subject to an archaeological evaluation that can lead to construction delays or excavation easements.

"'A lot of people settled this country,' Nemeth said. 'A lot of people colonized here, and a lot have ties to the land, not just the American Indian. I think having all land subject to archaeological review is too heavy a tariff to pay.'

"Nemeth said archaeological evaluations should be done only when a project is planned for a site of known importance, such as a burial ground or carved or painted rock designs. However, Mary Brown, president of the Riverside Archaeological Society, said this system was used unsuc­cessfully before Jameson was hired in January as the county's first full-time archaeologist.

"'We know there are 1,200 to 1,300 sites of archaeological importance in Riverside County,' Brown said. 'It stands to reason there are maybe 20,000 to 30,000 out there we have not discovered. We know we're losing more than we're gaining in preserving these sites. Each day, they're being destroyed. Without the archaeologist, everything could be lost.'

"Jameson, 29, who holds a master's degree in anthropology from the University of Wyoming, said less than 5 percent of the county has been surveyed for possible Indian sites. Recently, Jameson found spear or dart points, stone projectiles, chopping and cutting tools, and traces of a possible burial ground at a site near La Cresta, southeast of Lake Elsinore, which may be 9,000 years old.

"Scrapers, charred bones, and a grinding slick were found at a site east of Murrieta and west of Lake Skinner. Working with the county Planning Commission, Jameson con­vinced the land owners to allow the Society for California Archaeology to excavate the site prior to any construction.(~c.*see below)

"Nemeth said such ex~avation easements could unfairly become permanent prohibitions against construction because archaeological groups in Riverside County--unlike Los Angeles County--are not organized well enough to ensure quick and efficient removal of Indian artifacts.

"The fight over the archaeologist's job has spilled over to the county Board of

* Editor's Note: Whatever may have been dis­cussed, the SCA as an organization is not involved in excavating sites, and members should not so indicate. For Easements, see pages 15 and 16, this issue.

(Riverside County Archaeologist, cont.)

Super vi so rs . W i l l i e Pi n k , a Cu pen o In d i an living in San Jacinto, told the supervisors recently that Indians are worried about their heritage being destroyed. The super­visors, who can approve or reject Nemeth's proposal, are set to discuss the issue during budget hearings beginning Aug. 21.

"'If this p~sttion is cut, the review process will revert back to being very lax and we'll lose even more of our religious areas and our burial grounds,' said Pink, cultural coordinator of Ahmium Education, Inc., an Indian study center. 'These are very important to us, to our background, our heritage, our history.'

"Opposition to Nemeth's plan has also come from Vince Ibanez, a leader of the Pechanga Indians near Temecula; Jane Penn, director of the Malki Museum at the Morongo Indian Reservation; Anthony Andreas, acting chairman of the Agua Caliente Band of Cahuilla Indians; and Larry Bowles, curator of anthropology for the Riverside Museum.

"Russell Kaldenberg, vice president of the 500-member Society for California Archaeology, and Stephen Rios, executive director of the state Native American Heritage Commission, have written letters of protest.

"Rep. George Brown, D-Riverside, declined a request by Jameson's wife, Glenna, to lobby the su~ervisors on behalf of her husband, but Brown said he hopes the job is retained.

"Andreas reminded the supervisors recently that 'archaeological resources are unique, fragile and non-renewable' and said Indians must be involved in evaluating the archaeological impact of construction projects. Any evaluation done without Indians, he said, 'will be superficial and possibly erroneous.'

"Nemeth said if the supervisors hold a hearing on the archaeologist issue, 'the hearing room can be packed with people with real horror stories' of unfair demands placed on them in the name of archaeology.

"On the other hand, she plans a countywide survey of Indian sites and backs a ban on all construction on known buri a 1 grounds.

"Nemeth said Jameson can take a planner's job with the department if the archaeologist's job is axed, although such a move would mean a 15 percent cut in his $17,000a-year salary.

"Jameson is unsure whether he would want to make the switch. He worries that the concern over archaeology and Indian artifacts will be 'reduced substantially' if responsibility is shifted from a full-time archaeologist to a planner.

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"Jameson also worries that if left to themselves, builders and developers will • show little or no interest in preserving Indian heritage.

"'I talk to these people every day,' Jameson said. 'Most people who own land would rather not spend money to survey the archaeological importance.'"

ANTHONY PERRY Riverside Press-Enterprise August 13, 1978, County Page and page B-4)

POINT CQ[KEPTION LNG TERMINAL

Much has been written about the debate over and challenges to the proposed liqui~ fled. natural gas terminal which Western LNG Terminal Associates, a subsidiary of PG&E and Southern California Gas Co., wishes to build at Point Conception near Santa Barbara. An assistant county planner, Paul Wack, chairman of the LNG task force, according to the San Francisco Chronicle for Aug. 16, 1978 (page 5), has called for new stucies to determine whether the fault line at the site has moved as a result of the Santa Barbara earthquake of Aug. 13. The California Coastal Commission has written to the State Public Utilites Commission saying "it will fight at the federal level for imposing tougher environmental protection conditions for construction of the $570 · million LNG terminal at the Santa Barbara county coastal location," and will urge the U.S.Dept. of Energy to consider other sites .• The PUC approved the site July 31, condition on additional seismic and sea condition studies, proving that the site (which has been shown by trenching to contain a fault line) is safe for the terminal (S.F.Chronicle Aug. 19, page 10; L.A.Times, July 10,II,p.3). The Department of Energy will hold hearings this fall on the issue.

Earlier, "Western LNG planned, at first, (in early July) to dig the third and fourth trenches (to study fault lines), but could not find an archeologist to oversee the work because the code of ethics of the state archeologists professional organization precludes work at a construction site if the local Indian community opposes it.

"Western LNG has found a Salt Lake City firm of archeologists to supervise further trenching, but the company's present position is that it will not go ahead with excavation without the agreement of the Indians," according to the L.A. Times, July 10, Part II, page 3. The Native American Heritage Commission requested a PUC hearing· on the trenching question fn Ju1y. At a NAHC meeting in Santa Barbara, •rare than 20 Indians representing a half dozen California tribes spoke, and the thrust of their testi-mony was that Point Conception, known to Indians as the Western Gate, is the spiritual spiritual door through which an Indian's soul passes on to join the souls of his ancestors." (L.A. Times, 7/10, Part II,p.3) .•. Western LNG had previously moved its site to avoid a Chumash village archaeological site.

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SOUTH COAST EDITOBIAL: - 1000 Y~AR OLD SHELL MIDDEN AND PUBLIC TRUST CONFLICT

A recent mitigation action on a 7000+ year old shell mound adjacent t? La ~osta Resort at Batiquitos Lagoon in San Diego County has raised the South Coast Editor's ire on the issue of public trust responsi­bilities in dealing with archaeology with small cities who have no archaeologists of their own and must "trust consultants." This article is an editorial and as such is intended to explore the "moral" responsi­bilities between consultants and the agencies they serve--and on a minor note the "conflict" of business loyalties.

Known as "Amola" by the developers who propose a shopping center at the site, W-147 (Loci A &B) yielded th_r_ee r_adio­carbon dates on the marine shell Aguipecten: (LJ 4133) 7120!150 BP, unit E 360/N 660; (LJ 4134) 7440+110 BP, unit E 340/N 620; (LJ 4135) 7060I110 BP, Locus B, unit E 354/N 327--all at 30-40 cm.

Tonala Polychrome and Galera Ware sherds were found among a cluster of Tizon Brown Ware sherds and a large Tizon bead in the upper levels. This material suggests an 18th century ~exican visitation. Since El Camino Real is only a few hundred feet west, and Pedro Fages mentioned passing Batiquitos Lagoon in the 1780's, the hypothesis of later historic visitation appears realistic.

The combined possibility that this might have been Fages' campsite with the extremely early marine exploltation occupation makes this a very exciting site. It was probably eligible for the National Register .

However, Charles S. Bull tested the site in 1977 with the research design theory that W-147 was only a recent midden left by Yuman peoples in the last 3000 years--primarily the last 1000. The City of Carlsbad has no one knowledgeable in archaeology and must rely entirely upon private consultants. We other citizens must rely upon such consultants to responsibly protect our interests, via preservation or salvage.

Utilizing a "reductional random sample technique" and rectilinear post holing, Bul 1 directed Rick Norwood and M. Jay Hatley to supervise the "test". The plan was to recover a little information, exhaustively analyze it, then design a _ plan for full salvage. While the majority of actual field work was supervised by Hatley, Norwood conducted an exhaustive analysis of the lithics, and later Hatley analyzed and wrote the section on marine fauna and paleo-ecology.

For the sake of discussion, let us presume that the analysis on the test materials was exhaustive and no one could ever do more with it. Also keep in mind that the report is not yet out for publit review .

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at the conclusion that "enough" work has been done at the site since so much data was accumulated from that "sample". He has recommended that the site is "mi ti gated."

While there may be no connection, the developers somehow sent bulldozers up to the site and it is now gone. No one knows for sure who gave the order.

In reviewing a copy of the draft report, I find that no attempt has been made to quantify "how much" was done. However, it looks to me as if less than 1% was recovered!

In recent months, I as a government analy ·.t have encountered an increasing number of salvage archaeologists who recommend only 1-3% salvage. The "Amola

__ Lncident" h_as raised my hackles._ I_ find it outrageous that anyone can condemn 97% or more of an archaeological resource to destruction.

As Chairman of the Ethics Committee and someone who has been in the profession for a considerable time now, I think the entire membership ought to outlaw by definition the misuse of Research Design to justify "minimal-exhaustive-analysis" as adequate salvage.

If we as the profession establish ethical rules, then consultants being pressed by clients and we government people could feel supported by community standards. Personally, I see two primary goals in all "salvage archaeology": First, Research Designs must orient fielcr-reGonvery strategies to recover data relevant to problems contemporary in California archae­ology; Second, the "Salvage Design" must be designed to recover a maximum amount of data which is the most valuable to future scientists and Native Americans and the general public (equally).

Note: In defense of Charles S. Bull, I know he is an honest archaeologist who must overcome egual1y difficult problems from the public sector, but his school of thought differs from my own. I merely feel that the legal standing of the California Environ­mental Quality Act and court actions have redefined our role from "being happy with what we can get" to a "public trust" resp on s i bi 1 i ty .

RON MAY 5/78 South Coast Editor

THE CASE FOR HISTORIC PRESERVATION-­WILL lT ~URVIVE WITH DOUBLE STANDARDS?

BY DENA DINCAUZE AND MICHAEL ROBERTS

The following article, quoted from the American Society of Archaeologists ASCA Newsletter, Volume 4, No. 6, pages 10-14, 1978, deals with a very important subject which will be of interest to SCA members. It is hoped that it will stimulate some thought, and perhaps discussion in these pages. as well:

"The authors, both of whom have extensive experience in the performance of archaeological contracts in a conservation framework, would like to offer here a sort of 'State of the Union Message' concerning the status of the field as they have observed it. The 'Union' just referred to is the uneasy one between government agencies and archaeology, in which the matchmakers are often engineering firms, enviro'nmental consultants, etc. The marriage is legal, but the participants still clearly consider each other strange bedfellows.

"In the first place, those who practice conservation archaeology under contract are patently being judged by two sets of standards which are only marginally compatible. On the one hand, they are enjoined by their peers and by the controlling legislation to produce high quality scientific work comparable with the best to be found in the field as a whole. On the other hand, they find as a matter of sober fact that contractors, whether government agencies or private firms, are largely indifferent to anything in an archaeclqgical proposal eKce9t the famous 'bottom line.' Unfortunately, there is a point in archaeology, as in other affairs, beyond which cheap is not good. Cheap shoes fall apart, cheap food is of doubtful nutritional value, and cheap archaeology displays a similar lack of good workmanship, good ingredients, and intellectual substance. The net result is that practitioners with high professional standards are pricing themselves out of the market, or accepting inadequate scopes of work to meet their payroll obligations. Less competent, less experienced, and less ethical individuals are more and more frequently being awarded contracts in their place. As a result, the general quality of the research that proceeds from the investment of the public's money is declining. To put it very bluntly indeed, much of the archaeology we have seen done under contract li ~rip-off, exactly as its critics have charged--not because it is too expensive to agencies, but because the taxpayers are receiving a genuinely inferior product for their money.

"We can identify a number of factors that contribute to this sorry result, and we wish to make it clear that the blame cannot be said to rest at any one particular door. One reason why inferior work is done is that many agencies operate without any workable set of archaeological guidelines or standards, and those that do have such guidelines often administer them poorly. Guidance to agencies and to the archaeological community has not been strong or consistent from the federal level, ostensibly because too much time has to be spent on crisis management and not enough on long-term planning. Perhaps most important is the fact that many agencies and most private firms have no qualified archaeologists on their staffs and are therefore genuinely confused as to what constitutes good archaeology and what constitutes shoddy profiteering.

"We do not think the answer to this part af the problem is the promulgation on the federal level of a uniform set of guidelines, for the simple reason that such guidelines must be essentially regional in nature. Problems and methods of site location are utterly different in, for example, heavy woodlands and deserts. It is also imperative that admini­strators realize that it is unrasonable to expect parity between archaeological dollars in different parts of the country. Sites that are buried under fifteen feet of alluvium or fifteen inches of forest litter are simply never going to be as easy or cheap to locate or excavate as sites deposited on dry surface soil in arid valleys.

"Within the archaeological community, a corrosive atmosphere is developing, in which those who perform contracts are too often criticized by their peers. They are accused of doing second rate work, of failing to publish their results, and a lack of research orientation. The irony is clear. Under attack from both sides, the relatively small band of concerned, qualified archaeological contractors are suffering from a crisis in morale. Why take pride in the quality of your research if you are to be told, as one of us has been repeatedly, 'This report is too good; it must have cost too much.' At the same time, how do you defend yourself against the tenured professors who demand, 'where are the publications?' when few of any contracts contain funds for publication activities. This is an important point, in our view, since the intent of most archaeological legislation is to make at least some of the data available to the public who paid for it, and to contribute to the 'literature.' Ideally, this would call for the presentation of inter­pretive exhibits and so forth, but failing that, the minimum requirement should be for the data to find their way into print. Yet a contract proposal containing such an item stands an excellent chance of being rejected in favor of one that cuts a few more corners and costs a little less.

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"A depressing sidelight on all this, we think, is that_i~ a situation where the de~k is t eked in favor of the cheap or slipshod operator, competition even between well-meaning

~r~fessionals becomes destructive rather than constructive. We have witnessed examples of withholding of data, backbiting, rumor-mongering, and g~ne~al unpleasantness that a£e not o~ly personally discouraging b~t reflect what may ~e th~ b~ginni~g ~fa succ7s:ful effort to sub~ect the archaeological community to the good old imperialist principle of divide and rule. Taking a broad view we do not feel we can say archaeological contracting has truly progressed much beyond the d~ta recovery standards of salvage archaeology_in ~he 1950s. ~tis still ~oo ~ften being done with poorly-trained crew: in an atm~spher7 of inspi~ed amateuris~ .. We don t wish to denigrate inspiration or amateurism, but neither is ~ sub7titu~e for_trainigg, forethought, or professionalized competence when work must be done right the first time, and on schedule. In all too many cases the results of '70s archaeology can be little differentiated from that of the 'salvage' era. Instead of boxes of undocumented materials in the basement of a museum we now see boxes of poorly documented materials in the office of the SHPO, the basement of the highway department, or in the bedroom of a freelance individual.

"One of us regularly teaches courses for undergraduate and graduate students, in various aspects of conservation archaeology. The philosophy and ethics of public interest archaeology are taught as a matter of professional pride and personal conviction. The standards promul­gated by IAS and its spokesmen have been held up as basic g~idelines to professional a:tivity, which-may be surpassed, but--notp-ared.--Re-cently~-however;--it- ha-s been -necessary to point out to students that the realities of archaeological contracting make the achievement of such standards a very difficult proposition. Indeed, the knowledge of how it is supposed to be done, in terms of legislation and existing guidelines, becomes a liability to agencies wanting to get away with the least possible commitment to historic preservation. Thus, those who know the needs of historic preservation are eliminated in favor of those who 'can clear areas quickly,' generally with a high reconnaissance cost, but guaranteeing not to move beyond reconnaissance.

"Yet we do not intend this communication to be a Jeremiad. There is much that is healthy for conservation archaeology in the present situation. It has been shown to be possible to do high quality work at reasonable cost in a contract framework. In some cases, such work-has stimulated the development of valid regional research designs and the technology of site location has unquestionably been enormously improved with even better things in prospect for the future. We have also begun to perceive that our emphasis from now on must be on local and regional planning rather than on crisis management. Conservation archaeology can do the historic preserva­tion job and do it very well. But the question still remains, will it be allowed to do so or will it go under because of underfunding, absence of standards and professional jealousy.

"Earlier, we briefly mentioned 'rip-off.' It is time to discuss this aspect of 'Public Archaeology' in light of the foregoing statements. If the present situation of dual standards is to continue, then indeed not only is the public 'ripped-off,' but archaeology is 'ripped-off' by marginally trained, terminal MAs or incompetent PhDs, expending the reso·urce base on wri ch the future of archaeology in this country depends. This archaeology can conceivably make major contributions in understanding and dealing with such things as changing environments, resource scarcity, and social situations rising from population increase.

"If the above is to be the case, then we can only strongly support a movement to abolish the whole process as it now exists, and perhaps begin again within a framework that allows the true professional to take pride in the work done, in the same way a professional engineer can take pride in the construction of a bridge that is sound in structure, artistically significant, and cost effective. To meet these objectives takes a skil 1 that transcends more 'clearing' of projects,but includes a concern for the resource base and a professional pride in meeting the responsibilities to that resource base. This can only be done by demanding the highest quality work from our colleagues .... [In NASA program missions] no compromise was allowed and for a 'man rated' system to be passed, excellence was the key, and competition hinged on the production of high quality work at the lowest possible cost. Here it was the management system that made the difference within a framework of known standards and 'hard-line' quality control. If in that faraway glorious time, we who are genuinely concerned about the course of historic preservation, could be comfortable in the knowledge that those at work in the field were competent and concerned about the future of the archaeological data and that competiton was on the basis of the most cost effective excellence rather than being paid for clearing a project, we could look forward to giving 'a sense of orientation to the American people' (NHPA), providing data that will 'support diversity and variety of individual choice' (NEPA) and contributing to the 'overall welfare and development of man' (NEPA).

"The key to the situation is standards. They must be developed in reasonably workable forms, they must be promulgated through federal agencies and the archaeological community, and they must be enforced by a workable review system. We do not see the review system working well now, at either the state or national level, in any area of which we have knowledge. Agencies which, for reasons of economics, lack of interest, or ignorance, wish to evade or minimize their archaeological responsibilities, do so at little risk. Patently inadequate and underfunded survey reports are being 'passed.' Sites and distributional data are being lost at rates· still depressingly like those of ten years ago. Instead of a 'double standard' we need standards, equitably enforced, which we can ineet_ with our heads high and our professional ethids uncompromised.

"The Society of Professional Archaeologists has established a reasonable set of professional guidelines and supports the survey! data recovery, and reportinq standards recently promulgated

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by the federal ~overnment. SOPA, however, is not universally accepted by all agencies :;e;y~:~;~i~::n~n:~::r::t0 ~Yt~!ld=~~~::~~~gists .. The resource base c~nnot w~it for the results

y~a; 20b~? withhlitt1le o?vious decrease in t~= ~:~~~~~~np~~g;~~~~eo~~g~~afeJ!~:gs~~~e c~~!eaJ~e~~e

o pu 1c arc aeo ogy. We would urge SOPA to use the f d l · d b h at the regional level to seek out th . . . un s supp_ ie Y t e membership to work establish a sound regionally oriente~s~u!f~~~,~~n~~o~~rg1nal compliance or noncompliance and to

"All in all, we are still a long way from the kind of bl" · t enjoined by extant legislation and guidelines." pu ic in erest archaeqlogy which is

DENA DINCAUZE AND MICHAEL ROBERTS In ASCA Newsletter, ±(6):10-14, 1978

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~SOCIETY F:OR _CALIF'ORNIA ARCHAEOLOGY

The Society for California Archaeology, Inc. is a non-profit scientific and educational organization dedicated to promoting the interests of California archaeology. All statements in the Newsletter, published five or six times a year, do not necessarily reflect the opinion of the SCA unless said statements are signed by the Society's President and Executive Committee. All other statements are the opinions of the Editorial Staff or of the person(s) and/or organizations whose name appears below each statement.

SCA OFFICERS President: Paul G. Chace, 1823 Kenora Drive,

Escondido, CA 92027. Vice President, Southern California: Russell

L. Kaldenberg, 1695 ~~ruce St.; Riverside, CA 92507.

Vice President, Northern California: Chester King, 1089 Broadway, San Jose, CA 95125.

President-Elect: Charles D. James III, P.O. Box 1266, Quincy, CA 95971.

Secretary: Ronald V. May, 6044 Estelle St., San Diego, CA 92115.

Treasurer: Jane Gothol d, 10121 Pounds Ave., Whittier, CA 90603.

EDITORIAL STAEE Editor: Marcia Wire, 15533 Kavin Lane, ~te Sereno, CA 95030.

REGIONAL EDITORS Baja California: E.L. Davis, 1235 Concord

St., San Diego, CA 92106. San Diego: Ron May, 6044 Estelle St., San

Diego, CA 92115. Los Angeles: Nancy P. Walter, 17048

Sunburst, North ridge, CA 91325 California Desert: Russell L. Kaldenberg,

1695 Spruce St., Riverside, CA 92507. Nevada Desert: vacant

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San Joaquin Valley: R:c:.iert A. Schiffman, Dept. of Anthropology, Bakersfield College, Bakersfield, CA 93305.

South Central Coast: Robert L. Hoover, Social Sciences Dept., California Polytechnic State University, San Luis Obispo, CA 93407.

Bay Area: Linda King, Department of Anthropology, West Valley College, 14000 Fruitvale Ave., Saratoga, CA 95070.

Sacramento Valley: Joan Hellen, P.O. Box 453, Davis, CA 95616.

Northern California: Dean Gaumer, P.O. Box 69, Davis, CA 95616.

ASSOCIATE EDITORS Geel ogy: vacant Avocational: vacant H1stor1c Archaeology: Paul J.F.Schumacher,

200 Pinehill Road, Hillsborough, CA 94010.

Legislation: Dean Gaumer, P.O. Box 69, Davis, CA 95616.

Politics & Archaeology: Clyde Kuhn, P.O. Box 6~, Davis, CA 95616.

Business Office Manager: Lori Haney, SCA Business Office, Dept. of Anthropology, California State University, Fullerton, CA 92634.

MEMBERSHIP Dues are tax-deductible and are paid on

a calendar year basis:

Regular member $15.00 Student member 6.00 Institutional

membership $20.00

SCHENK ARCHIVESEs Schenk Archives, Treganza "useum, San

Francisco State University, San Francisco, CA 94132.

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HISTORIC ARCHAEOLOGY

BY PAUL J.F. SCHUMACHER, HISTORIC ARCHAEOLOGY EDITOR

SCA Meetings Papers

The Society for California Archaeology held its annual meeting in Yosemite National Park on March 16-18, 1978. A number of papers on historica-1 archaeology were -presented-~-­Cindy Orlando and Roger E. Kelly of th': National Park Service spoke on the Indian occupation of Alcatraz Island in San Francisco Bay and the remaining graffiti which are the only tangible evidence of the 19-month occupation. Paul E. and R. E. Lange.!;!.walter presented "A Stone Enclosure in Juaneno Territory," probably used by the neo­phytes of Mission San Juan Capistran~ in stock pasturing. These same two authors discussed "A Late 19th Century Chinese Store in the Sierra Foothills," the Ah Sun store (ca. 1865-1885) in the Hidden Reservoir area. Paul Langenwalter gave a very detailed analysis of cut animal bone, di fferenti ati ng between European and Chinese cleaver marks. As part of the same symposium on the historic archaeology of the Hidden Reservoir and Sierran Foothills, -chaired by Jeanne Munoz and Frank Fenenga, John Murray spoke on the implications of a Spanish (or was it French or French Canadian?) compass discovered in Madera County. It was crudely ~andmade, dating from the early 1800's. Jeanae Munoz gave two papers: one on Jim Savage, an Indian agent with great influence on cultural change in the Sierran foothills in the 1850's, and the other a brief hi$tory of the Yosemite Indians. Their use of the "wild" Spanish horses as a food resource was not appreciated by the Anglos of the Central Valley. Tnis paper stimulated a great deal of lively dis­cussion. Frank Fenenga's st~dents con-tinued with Thomas Cook speaking on the intriguing subject, "Opium Smoke and Gold Dust" _at the Lower China Crossing of Hidden Reservoir, and ChristiBa Jones developing a classification system for glass bottle fragments of 1880-1886 from the same site.

Paul Chace chaired a symposium on the Chinese in California, in part similar to that at the S.H.A. conference in San Antonio. He spoke on the "Overseas Chinese Cerami~s in the Americas"; William S. Evans, Jr. discussed "Food and Fantasy: Archaeo­logical Culture of the Chinese in Cali­fornia and the West"; "Scrawls, Scribbles, and Squiggles on Chinese Pottery"; and "Oee Man's Archaeological Mark: The Chinese Cook at Rancho Los Cerritos". Patricia A. Etteron spoke on "The Western Chinese and Opium Smoking". Those archaeologists and anthropologists studying Chinese opium smoking in America need to know more about the methods of smoking opium, and not through books and hearsay, but by actually

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exj:l_erri.encing this cultural aspect, or at least conversing with individuals who have visited opium establishments in Asia. We tlope to get a group together this summer in the Bay Area to discuss this subject more

- -thoroughly and eliminate the mystery that seems to pervade the subject. Jean Krase gave a short summary of English, Chinese and Japanese ceramics from the San Diego Presidio which Paul Ezel 1 excavated for some ten years. Pattick B. Smith presented "Chinese Porcelain from the Shipwreck: A Mystery of Mendocino."

Another symposium, chaired by Randy Milliken, was devoted to mission registers. His "Applications of Mission Register Data with Examples from the Monterey Bay and San Francisco Bay Areas" was followed by Steve Craig and colleagues on "P6pulation and Stratification on Santa Cruz Island: A Mission Register Study". Chad McDaniel dis­cussed the use of "Computers and Mission Register Data"; and Steve Dietz reemphasized the importance and need for mission registers in contract archaeology work.

Chester King gave a pap~r on the "Historic Indian Settlements in the Vicinity of the Holiday Inn Site" (w~ich w~ havecr~~orted on earlier). Robert Edberg's very detailed analysis of "Nineteenth Century Lime Kilns in California" emphasized his research in the San Fernando Valley and presented some new aspects. Denise Mclemore (U.S. Forest Service) gave an intriguing talk on Historic Archaeological Research on the Klamath," a presentation on tin wares used .in the mining country of Northern California. To round out the meetings, we heard Michael Clayton and David Beesley on "Basque Sheepherders' Tree Carvings in the Sierra Nevada: An Endangered Cultural Resource." These graffiti document the loneliness, homesickness, and the unique character of being Basque, as seen on quaking aspen trees at the 6,000-10,000 foot level on the west side of the Sierras, in Placer, Nevada, and Sierra' Counti-es.

San Francisco Bay Area

Th e co n t ro v ·e.r s_y· o v e r th e 1 an d i n g s i t e i n California of Sir· Francis Drake in June 1579 continues to boil as we get ever closer to the 400th anniversary of the event. The famous Plate of Brass found by Beryle Shinn in July 1936, now located at the University of California, Berkeley, Bancroft Library, has been examined and discussed by experts for more than 40 years. The first examina­tion was made in 1938 by Dr. Colin G. Fink, Head of Electrochemistry, Columbia Univer­sity, ~ith assistance from Dr. E.P. Polushkin of N.Y.C. and Prof. George R. Harrison of

:l.I.T. At that time, they felt it could be genuine. Pros and cons continued to be de­bated in various journals by historians, and metallurgical and Elizabethan special­ists. Reexamination of the metal content was made in 1975-76 at trre Research Laboratory for Archaeology and the History of Art at Oxford University and at the Chemistry Division of the Lawrence Berkeley Laboratory. Both 1 abs found the zinc content to be much higher than that found in 16th century Elizabethan English and Continental brasses. Dr. Cyril Stanley Smith of M.I.T. reviewed all of the find­ings and examined· the Plate with a binocular microscope. His conclusions were that the Plate was rolled instead of hammered because the thickness was too uni form, a!ld the edges were probably cut and then antiqued by hammering~ His final statement was: "Al 1 of the features that I have noted make me incline to the opinion that the plate is a modern forgery." These latest findings have been compi 1 ed by James D. Ha rt, Di rector of the Bancroft Library, in the Library's publication, "The Plate of Brass Re­examined--1977". Many still are keeping an open mind and further tests are being made.

Meanwhile, Or. Aubrey Neasham continued to attack the problem of the landing site by having a team of archaeo­logists from Sonoma State University excavate this spring in the Bolinas Lagoon area near the site examined by him last year. So far the results have been negative, but work in the vicinity will continue.

PAUL J. F. SCHUMACHER

Sanchez Adobe

Excavations undertaken within the Sanchez Adobe Park in Pacifica between May 15 and July 7 located and partially exposed the structural remains of what was an agricultural outpost of San Francisco's Mission Dolores. Built between 1785 and 1790, the outpost was a quadrangle com­prised of a chapel, two granaries, a kitchen, an entranceway, a tool room, a foreman's quarters, and at least three rooms that served as priests' quarters. The quadrangle itself measured approxi­mately 131 by 115 feet.

The excavations unearthed the wall foundations and floors of rooms that once formed the east wing' of the outpost. Included were the east ends of the chapel and a granary, two priests' qua rte rs, the foreman's quarters, the tool room, the kithcen, and the entranceway. A possible cistern and drainage ditches were also discovered. Material remains recovered

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include many fragments of mission period pottery as well as artifacts which exe~plify the occupation of the Sanchez Adobe (1842-1947),. a two-story adobe structure which is adjacent .to the outpost.

STEPHEN DIETZ 7/78

Mission San Antonio de Padua

California Polytechnic State University conducted its third year of summer excavations under the direction of Dr. Robert L. Hoover in the married neophyte dormitory at Mission San Antonio in southern Monterey County. The interior of three rooms and their front yards were excavated in 1976 and 1977, respectively. This year, the back yards of the rooms were examined for dietary waste. A hiQh percentage of .young botvd bones., mostly leg bones, .was noted. These had butchering marks made with knives rather than saws, a characteristic of the hispanic tradition. It is not now possible to tell whether the animals were butchered during the height of occupation or after secularization in 1834. This year's project completes the study of the process of accultur­ation of the neophyte Indians, the allocation of living space by individual families, and the architectural features of the dormitory which once housed some 1300 Salinans. A report on this phase of the continuing project at Miss~on San Antonio will be available in 1979.

Rancheria del Buchan and Corral de Piedra

These two historic sites, located five miles south of San Luis Obispo, have been nominated separately to the National Register of Historic • Places. The rancheria was the village capital of "El Buchon", the regional chief of the northern Chumash at the time of the Portola expedition of 1769. Test excavations in 1976, exhasutive examination of the explorers' diaries, and the presence of high status shell beads of terminal prehistoric types identify the village. Diamond Plastics Co. has proposed a large strip mining operation for the area. Ho word has been received from Washington concerning acceptance of the nomination.

The Corral de Piedra site consists of a stone corral complex built in Spanish times for mission herds and used as a landmark in the original Corral de Piedra land grant of the 1840's. It has been placed on the National Register.

ROBERT L. HOOVER 7/78

Encino Tavern Refuse Pit

In April of this year, during test excava­tions on archaeological site LAn-43 in Encino, Los Angeles County, Scientific Resource Surveys, Inc. discovered what appears to be a late 19th century privy and refuse pit. The pit is roughly rectangular in shape with rounded corners. Only the eastern segment of the pit was excavated; the pit measures approximately 250 cm" Jrorizontally and 292 cm. in depth. The pit was covered with modern debris mixed with historic fill. At 70 cm. a tin can and bottle layer was located which extended approximately ·-· 35 cm. in deptn. Below this historic trash layer, the matrix of the pit consists of oblique stratigraphy indicating that the remaining

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80-85 cm. of the pit were slowly filled in over time. The pit appears to have been used initially as a privy and secondarily as an historic trash pit.

An examination of the 3,758 historic artifacts by William J. Wallace, Edith S. Taylor Wal 1 ace, and Franklin Fenenga revealed that the wine bottles, ironstone fragments, a single cylinder jet bead, tin cans, nails (square and round) and window screening were indicative of styles after 1850 and before 1930. Examinination of the animal remains by Paul Langenwalter revealed bones of chicken, cottontail rabbits. sheep and cows. At least 43 specimens contained clea~er and saw ~arks indicative of Anglo-American butchering techniques common after 1850.

Molluscan fragments included the species Crassostrea virginica (Eastern Oyster) which was first introduced into San Francisco Bay from the Eastern sea­board around 1870.

In the 19th century the subject property was part of Rancho El Encino. The adobe associated with this rancho still stands in the Los Encinas Histori­cal Monument across Ventura Blvd. from LAn-43. The rancho was purc~ased by Don Vicente de la Osa who built the adobe in 1849. By 1858 the Rancho had become the stage station where the Butterfield Stage Lines entered the San Fernando V~lley. In 1867 James Thompson bought the property and later sold it to Eugene Gan:ier. Garnier improved the adobe and in 1872 built a two-story limestone house which still exists on the State Monument. He also constructed a tavern across modern Ventura Blvd., on or near the property, apparently for use by stage coach drivers and travellers. The tavern was a combination restaurant and grocery store with 25-cent meals and baths, run by Jacques La Sal le under the Garnier Brothers' directorship_ from approximately 1870 to 1880. The early privy and later trash pit is apparen~y associ.ated with this tavern.

ROGER J. DESAUTELS 8/78

San Diego Presidio Entranceway

The 1977-1978 season's work was hampered by the wettest weather ever in San Diego, which resulted in increased vegetation growth and excavation units so muddy that no digging was possible. We began to transport artifactual materials to the newly-established lab at Mesa College, which consists of two rooms, one for storage and one for data analysis.

Severa1 important projects have been completed this season: a hypothesized reconstruction of the plan of the excavated area, analysis and identification of bones, a typology of shells found primarily in the midden area, assistance in the identi­fication of porcelain from the site, and a new review and update of the Majolica ware types .

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The reconstruction of the plan of the Entranceway complex is based on four areas: the cobble-wall foundation corner in the trash pit area, the sandstone-brick wall in the north section of the site, a parallel sandstone wall in the same area and a newly excavated area on the south mound. The cobble-wall foundation in area 1 is now clearly defined as a corner. It is surfaced with brick, and sandstone fragments are beside and on top of it. We think it probable that it is part of the same large sand­stone wall on the north side of the excavation which was uncovered during our work last season. Excavation of the sandstone wall has defined its limits on the north side and most recently, we now have clearly defined parallel limits on the west. This area shows beam support holes at a lower elevation than those in the main wal 1. The obvious conclusion is that the roof was slanted. We are currently lookin; at reports from other Presidios to see if this is consistent or a new discovery. It is estimated that the depth to floor level is at least 4 feet. The south mound of area 4 consis-::~. •·f cobbles and adobe practically at the surface. The exact nature of this mound must await further excavation.

The bone identification project has resulted in the classification of several potential food-types: rabbits, reptiles, fish, bovids; and beasts of burden, such as horses and burros. We have also identified otter and seals.

The shell typology has been very helpful to field archaeology students. Now we can identify the types of sh el 1 that are found and the frequency of their occurrence .

The amount of Chinese ware and incised ware is larger than expected and we hope to have a working typology soun. Cataloging and revising the identification of the Majolica ~are types has been completed. Several changes have been made and this study will be the first one sub­mitted for publication to·the Journal of San Diego History. A photographic catalog of types will greatly facilitate field identification.

An effort has been made to increase public awareness of the excavations. San Diego Historical Society has prepared museum exhibits for both the Serra Museum and for Home Federal Savings and Loan of San Diego.

Excavation continues now that the weather permits, and we have been able to clear much of the over-growth. We can once again see mound surfaces, which greatly help our systematic digging. Field workers are now using 1/16 inch mesh to screen in the trash-pit area. Some materials would never have been recovered by conventional sifting techniques. New artifacts include worked sh el 1 ... Beads and metal buttons are abundant. This season has also produced our first incised Tizon Brownware. The Indian influence at the Presidio of San Diego continues to be noted.

DIANE BARBOLLA 5/78

National Park Service: Ship Niantic

Between May 4 and May 8, 1978, salvage recovery efforts by San Francisco's Maritime

Museum staff at the exposed hull of the Gold Rush ship Niantic resulted in the colqection of 1850's material culture of city residents. Although three separate buildings in the city's financial district were built over the hull of the Niantic, excavations for a fourth revealed the 90-foot exposure of the hul 1 in early May. After considerable notoriety and consultations between the developer, city officials, Federal agency representatives, California's SHPO office, and the Maritime Museum, recovery of arti­facts, photogrammetric recording of the hul 1, and removal of the hul 1 portions from the construction site were accomplished. Seven dozen French champagne bottles, other liquor and molded bottles, small amounts of Chinese porcelain.and stonewares, two copy presses, a small mechanical pump, firearm parts, book bindings, a leather coat, and many. rol l.s of. "oil ca rpe·t in g" --an· ea dy form· of linoleum--were recovered. A report of the recovery efforts by Isabel Bullen of the Museum staff has been completed but preservation of the artifacts is still in progress. The recovered artifacts and w·ooden hull portions are now Federal prop­erty by virtue of a transfer of Maritime Museum collections, library, and staff to the Golden Gate National Recreation Area, National Park Service. The Museum building and the historic ship Balclutha are also under the NPS administration.

National Parks & Recreatib~ Act of 1978

As part uf ~the National Parks and Recreation Act of 1978" (HR 12536), the Mineral King section of Sequoia National Forest became included within Sequoia National Park .. Mining sites and features and at least one historic stage coach relay relay station are within the lands. The Act also established Federal involvement and management of the Santa Monica Mountains area of.Ventura County. Century Ranch (including the "MASH" set), other historic locations, and prehistoric sites are known to exist within the area. The Act also includes Federal (NPS) actions in the Channel Islands, particularly Santa Cruz Island.

The administrative transfer of three state parks (Prairie Creek, Del Norte Coast, and Jedediah Smith) in northwest California has resulted in the NPS involve­ment in planning and resource identifica­tion for these formerrstate park areas. Historic sites include skidroads, plank road segment, mining locations, and 19th century ranch locations.

Two studies '(Irvine-Laguna Beach and Ridgelands hills in Alameda-Contra Costa counties) were included in HR 12536 also.

ROGER KELLY 8/78

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Nevada: Rock Creek Stage & Telegraph Sites

Donald L. Hardesty (University of Nevada, P.eno) has begun a preliminary study of two • mid-19th century sites with standing struc-tures in Churchill County. One is a group of two buildings suspected to be either the Cold Springs stage building built in 1863 or a freight station constructed by George Chorpenning late in 1859 or early 1860. T0e other is identified as a telegraph station on the basis of statements by local informants that telegraph-related artifacts have been collectei from the building. Goals of the project are to make recommendations for the future management of the sites and to provide additional information about the activities taking place and their time range. The research strategy includes the use of docu­mentary sources, oral histories, tne archi­tectural record, and the ·archaeolo.gica~l record. These studies are being supported by the Carson District of the Bureau of Land Management.

Cold Springs Pony Express Station

Brian Hatoff (Bureau of Land Management) reports that Cold Springs Pony Express Station (Churchill County) has been placed on the National Register of Historic Places.

DONALD L. HARDESTY 8/78

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ARMS CELEBRATES ITS FIRST ANNIVERSARY

On May 5, 1978, the Archaeological Resource ~anagement Society celebrated its first anniversary. Incorporation papers were approved by the State of California March and the first 25 Charter Members received hand-lettered plaques.

This society is primarily a confedera­tion ~f professionals who banded together to advocate responsible resource management at all levels of government. This has involved mostly the county and city govern­ments, but also involves advocating at the public level.

Activities this past year have in~luded working with the environmental review policies to better assess impacts upon sites. In December, ARMS joined the Ramona Historical Society in nominating "The Castle" to the National Register. ARMS is actively seeking the Vulclain building from the County of San Diego with Supervisor Jim Bates' help, This building would become a Research Center where Native Americans and archaeologists could study collections, archive libraries, and attend meetings.

RON MAY 5/78

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OPEN SPACE EASEMENTS: AN ALTERNATIVE TO RADICAL SALVAGE

In its ever-continuing struggle to con­serve archaeological sites from both the bulldozer and the destructive fate of " rad i ca 1 s a 1 v age" , the County of San Di ego has resurrected the concept of "Open Space Easement" as a legal planning tool. First discussed at the 1976 SCA Annual Meeting by Dud 1 e y V ,, rn er , the fu 1 1 potent i a 1 of this development restriction has only recently been understood.

Section 15069 of the California Environmental Quality Act of 1970 requires cons i de rat i on of the cum u Ta ti v e e f fe ct s of a development project at the earliest possible moment. The County Environmental Review Board has taken this to mean that as a single large land-holding, such as a 1000-acre cattle ranch, is broken into the 4 lots allowed under the rubric of "minor sub di vision 11 (sub di vision r,~a p Act of 19 7 3} , it no longer is a viable agricultural pursuit and is destined by this action to become residential'.

The implication of this interpretation is that any planning hody which can ascertain the threshold of viable use can also compare the kinds of impact cattle grazing would have against high density housing. Obviously, such a "minor" division of land under this concept would be the earliest point in a chain of events which ult]mately would end in the destruc­tion of archaeological sites on the 1000 acres.

How does a responsible government agency protect rare resources under Section 15069? What can be done legally to protect the next landowner from buying land loaded with sacred and extensive scientific resources?

Open Space Easements are legally de­fined by lines on project plot m~ which are described in the Legal Title and no grading may be carried out or structures may be built on the property. This does not protect the land from brush­clearing, agricultural pursuits, or pot­hunting, unless specific language is written on to the f..i.!! .. ~J _ _!:1.~..P._:_

Since 1975, more than 100 such ease­ments have been legally required as conditional negative declarations on large acre lot splits in the County of San Diego. As the chain of events progresses and the 4 original lots come in under new owner­ship to create now 16 lots, each map will automatitally record Kith the easements and the included resources are protected r~om the placement of houses, driveways, and 1 each ·1 i n es .

A caution should be noted, however, that some sites or clusters of sites are so significant that not even this protective mitigation is enough to make a land division "insignificant". In mid-April, Pauma Land,

Ltd. proposed a 728-acre subdivision of a mountainside at the base of Mount Palomar and on the edge of Pauma Valley. The land is surrounded by the Yuima, La Jolla, and Rincon Indian Reservations. Sixteen archaeological sites were found by Bill Eckhardt, Westec Services, and all were located within one lot of 100 acres in size.

However, two concerns drove the Environ­mental Review Board to make that project Significant--thus requiring an environmental impact report (EIR). First, the Native Americans were very concerned about "Big Rock" and other mythological sites and religious places. Second, the staff of the Environ­mental AnalysiS Division argued -that Sect1on-15069 required consideration of increased pot­hunting due to an influx of new residents on the upcoming parcels. At this time, an EIR ~s being prepared which will address archae­ology and biology, and Californian Indian Legal Services is negotiating with the owners to purchase the lot with the cultural sites.

Nonetheless, the use of Open Space Ease­ments to assist in planning future land development around rare resources is very promising. It also protects the future land­owner from purchasing something that cannot be developed. More information on this tech­nique of protecting archaeological resources may be obtained by writing to the Environ­mental Analysis Division, County of San Diego, 9150 Chesapeake Road, San Diego, CA 92123.

RON MAY 5/10/78

EASEMENT AS MITIGATION As one means for a property owner to

dedicate himself to the protection and preser­vation of an archaeological site, the easement in gross approach has been adopted by the Society for California Archaeology. The draft easement deed form which has been developed is printed below (next page), and it is hoped it will find application in appropriate situa­tions throughout the state.

The most important aspects of the easement in gross approach are that it provides a relatively inexpensive method of providing for the pledged protection of archaeological resources in place, while leaving the title to the property with the owner and his successors. Thus, under the California Environmental Quality Act, it offers an effective mitigation measure in some situations.

It seems possible to further adapt this easement approach to provide for the effective future administration and preservation of archaeological resources that require capping or that are already buried well beneath the surface. The wording and deed conditions of such special situations might be developed somewhat differently, but still retain the stated purpose and general form of the easement deed below.

15 This approach of an easement in gross

between a property owner and the Society for California Archaeology was developed in response to a unique situation in Butte County. Keith Johnson of the SCA, along with attorney John L. Luvaas, Jr. of the legal firm of Peters, Fuller, Rush, Schooling & Luvaas in Chico, California, developed the original agreement. The draft easement deed form provided below was modified from their document. This form was reviewed and adopted in principle in September 1977, by the Society"s Executive Committee. I~ was further dis­cussed at the ,July 1978 Executive Committee meeting, and its use was reaffirmed.

In some areas, such as Fresno County and San Diego County, the County itself wi 11 serve as the grantee for such preservation agreements. _The easement in gross approach with the Society as the grantee provides yet another approach for mitigation which should have utility in certain situations throughout the entire state.

The Society for California Archaeology invites inquiries about specific cases in which this approach might be utilized.

PAUL G. CHACE, President

EASEMENT DEED

8/2/78

The owner, (grantor), hereby conveys oc e r California Archaeology, a non-profit corporation (grantee), its successors and assigns forever, an easement in gross over that certain real property described in Exhibit A (the archaeological site/s) attached hereto and incorporated herein by this reference for the following purposes and on the following terms and conditions:

1. The purpose of this easement is to protect and preserve for future generations the archaeological heritage of significance within the archaeological site/s lying on and under sa1d real property.

2. Grantee gives to grantor the sum of one dollar ($1.00), receipt thereof is hereby acknowledged by grantor, as and for consideration for the terms agreed upon h~rein by grantor.

3. Neither grantor nor its successors and assigns shall dig, excavate, level, grade, trench, drill, tunnel, trample, drive or transport vehicles, or otherwise engage in earth moving, disturbing, or compacting activities on, over, or across said real property without the prior written consent of grantee.

4. Neither grantor nor its successors and assigns shall place any structure or other improvement on or over said real property without the prior written con­sent of grantee. However, nothing herein contained shall be construed to prevent the use of the air space over said real

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property for power or communication lines so long as the ground surface is not disturbed.

5. Grantee and its successors and assigns shall be entitled to enter upon said real property at reasonable times for the purpose of inspecting the condition thereof.

6. Grantor further conveys to grantee, its successors and assigns forever, a non­exclusive easement for ingress and egress to the real property described in Exhibit A (the archaeological site/s) over that certain real property described in Exhibit B (reasonable route/s) attached hereto and incorporated herein by this reference, to be used only to the extent reasonably necessary for the proper use and enforcement of the easement hereby created with respect to the real property described in Exhibit A.

DATED: ~~~~~~~~~~~

AGREED AND ACCEPTED:

The Society for California Archaeology, a non-profit corporation,

by~~~~~~~~~~~~

ATTACHED:

The Owner,

Exhibit A (a description of the real. property containing the archaeological site or sites)

Exhibit B (a description of the real property by which is provided

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reasonable route or routes of ingress • and egress).

U.S. INTERIOR DEPARTMENT SEEKS INPUT ON HISTORIC/ CULTURAL RESOURCE CONSERVATION ISSUES

A,July 5 letter from Secretary Cecil D. Andrus of the Department of the Interior, distributed to people involved in and concerned about the conservation of historic and cultural resources in the U.S., states that the "Heritage Conservation and Recreation Service of this Department has begun a comprehensive process to identify the major policy issues facing preservation today and recommend actions to deal with these issues. Th is effort wil 1 result in a national historic preservation policy plan .... We are particularly interested in issues of national importance that can be affected by Federal action and that reflect your special perception of preservation.•

Write to Chris Therral Delaporte, Director, Heritage Conservation and Recreation Service, Dept. of the Interior, Washington, D.C.20240, Attn: NHP, by September 15, 1978, about issues you believe should be included in the national historic preservation policy plan.

Andrus suggests that a statement of each issue and its background, sources of additional information, and key people or groups to consult, be included in responses to the Heritage Conservation and Recreation Service. ~ They will evaluate nationally significan~ issues . and Andrus will select those for the policy plan.

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(INTERSTATE 15 AGREEMENT/SCHEDULE, FROM p, 1) discovered in the path of I-15.

"Now the Indian tribes involved, the state Hi~torical Preservation Officer and CalTrans have signed an agreement which will settle the dispute, said CalTrans press secretary Susan Brown.

"One part of the freeway project, where none of the Indian relics were discovered, could be cleared for construction at any time Brown said, with permission to go ahead on the second segment expected within weeks.

"The agreement on the freeway project provides for the burial sites to be covered over by the construction project instead of-being relocated, Brown said. That was the desire of the Luiseno Indians, she said.

"The construction projects are 7.5 to 1 12.2 miles south of Escondido, The Indian relics were discovered under the northern­most segment, which runs two miles north from Gopher Canyon Road." (San Dieao Union, July 13, 1978, page B-1).

" ... The projects north of Escondido come after more than a year's delay because of the discovery of Indian art:i facts" Caltrans has negotiated with Luiseno Indians and archeological societies to go ahead with construction over part of the site. Caltrans will pay the cost of a detour and removal of the freeway if archeologists decide to excavate at the site ... " (Escondido, CA Times Advocate, August 8, 1978, pages A-1 and A-5).

"- .. Construction in two small areas north of Escondido containing Indian artifacts will proceed immediately, Jacob Dekema, district highway engineer, said at the (Aug. 7) press conference.

"The estimated $13.1 million project was delayed a year and a half wh1le the state Office of Historical Preservation, the federal highway administration, the federal Council on Environmental Policy and CalTrans worked out an agreement.

"Freeway construction wi 11 proceed, but the areas with Indian artifacts will not be disturbed and will be fenced off for protection, CalTrans officials said.

"Gianturco said the section of I-15 from Mission Valley in San Diego to Escondido should be completed and in use by 1984.

"The schedule is consistent with the accelerated completion program worked out by Cal Trans .. " (San Diego Union, August 8, 1978, page B-3).

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SCA PRESIDENTS' LETTERS STATE POSITION ON 1-15

A letter from then President Joe Winter to Mr. Louis S. Wall, Assistant Director of the Office of Review and Compliance, Advisory Council on Historic Preservation, on March 5, 1978, and the statement of present President Paul Chace at the Advisory Council's p_ubl ic information meeting in Escondido on Mar~h 22, 1978, have expressed the Society's views on· the I-15 issue. Space does not allow re­printing both statements in full, but some of the main points can be included here.

Past-Presiden~ Winter"s March 5 letter begins:

"The Society for California Archaeology has been asked by the Advisory Council, the California Department of Transportation, and

- St ate Hi st or i c Pres er vat i on 0 f-f i c e to co mm en t on the Advisory Council's Adverse Effect determination for the proposed I-15 con­struction in northern San Diego County. As President of the Society, I have reviewed the relevant documents and prepared the following observations, They concern two critical issues: manaaement of the resources, and Native American/Anthropological values.

"1) Management - CAL TRANS' proposa 1 to cover over the sites as a protective measure has been challenged by the Advisory Council as constituting an adverse effect according to 36 CFR 800 regulations. Covering over a site per se does not necessarily involve adverse effect." After some discussion of the general question of sites being covered by later structures, he continues: "Although CAL TRANS has argued that there will be no adverse effect, it appears very likely that the preparation of the roadbed with heavy equipment, the covering of the sites in places with up to 15 feet of crushed rock and soil, the resulting compaction, and eventual use as a major transportation system wi 11 have very serious effects on the resources. Unfortunately, we know very little about the long term effects of cover­ing sites over, especially with large amounts of fill, but there is every possibility that the properties will be compacted and crushed, and perhaps inadvertantly destoyed during construction activities. This last danger will be accentuated by the fact that CAL TRANS did not accept the Luiseno people's recommendation that an archeologist of their choosing be on hand during construction activities to determine if significant materials are being destroyed so that they can be removed and reburied.

"2) Native American/Anthropological Values -There are obviously very legitimate, sensi­tive Native American values involved in this case. The Luisenos have stated that for traditional religious reasons they do not want the sites disturbed by any form of ex­cavation. For this reason they have agreed to the covering over. They have also re­quested that an archeologist be present during the construction activities for the purposes of 'determining what materials are and their archeological significance' if artifacts are inadvertantly disturbed .

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SCA NEWS • MrnUTES OF SCA EXECUTIVE BOARD MEETING May 13, 1978, San Jose Airport Conference Room

Present: Paul Chace, Chuck James, Russ Kaldenberg, Chester King, Ron May, Joe Winter; Mary Brown, Linda Foster, Jim Muche, George Rodgers, Marilyn Swift, Marcia Wire.

J2:20 .PauJ_Ch_ace, aft.er .. ca.lLing.th.e meeUng to order, discussed the old minutes and how nice it was to get new members at the Yosemite meeting. Russ Kaldenberg discussed the SCA Southern California Data Sharing Meeting, to be held at the San Bernardino County Museum on October 21. Chester King has the Northern California Data Sharing Meeting scheduled at the Contra Costa College in Richmond, on October 14.

The subject matter requested by Nelson Leonard for the southern meeting is "Desert Research Significance", but Chuck James pointed out that people got uptight when the northern meetings were held exclusively on s i gni fi cance. Paul Chace and Ron May suggested that half be on Leonard's subject and half on volunteered papers.

Paul Chace asked Marcia Wire if a special flyer on the meetings would be better than putting the information in the Newsletter. Chester King interjected that the Newsletter would be better. Marcia Wire says that we will have two Newsletters before the meetings and that a flyer with the Newsletter would be all right.

Paul Chace announced that the next SCA Annual Meeting will be in San Luis Obispo.

Jim Rock sent a letter to Paul Chace regarding the Directory requesting a News­letter announcement of a deadline for additions and changes and the $8.00 fee for readmission. Paul Chace thought a mid-1978 deadline would be good--say June 30? Joe Winter thought this would be too tight and the "people need to be notified of rejection". Winter further added that we need a "Review Committee". It was generally agreed that a letter from old members listed in the Directory will be necessary to reaffirm a desire to be listed. It was also agreed that any new members would have to have their applications notarized, to impress upon them the significance. Kaldenberg moved/May seconded a deadline of Aug. 31 and. $8 listing fee. Vote: unanimous.

Jim Muche reminded Paul Chace of a need for an underwater section of the Directory. Muche put forth suggested standards from other states. Muche discussed problems with marine pot-hunters and the State Resources Committee. This issue was referred to Jim Rock's Committee for further review.

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Joe Winter moved that we adopt a "Grants Committee" to implement the grant proposaTS generated by the research by the California Tomorrow Intern Program last year. This was seconded by Chuck James. Vote: Unanimous.

Chuck James asked if there is a S9ciety for Underwater Archaeology. Jim Muche replied that there was only the Society for Am e r i c a n A r ch a e o 1 o g y " Co u n c i l o n Un de rw ate r Archaeology". Paul Chace pointed out that many salvage divers call themselves "archaeologists" and that this is damaging to our reputations. Nothing more was said on this subject.

Paul Chace asked the Executive Committee if it would approve Joe Winter the chair the Californi~ Tomorrow Internship Committee. Ron May moved and Russ Kaldenberg seconded this as a motion. Vote: unanimous.

Joe Winter discussed last year's goals as too ambitious. The March 1 deadline was passed until March 14, but the major model • j is now done. Joe Winter moved that the model be accepted as the "final draft". Ron May seconded the motion. Russ Kaldenberg added an amendment for three typographical errors. Winter al so suggested that copies be made available to all Executive Committee members and Clyde Kuhn added that one copy should be placed in the SCA Robert Schenk Archives. Vote: unanimous.

Joe Winter noted that he needed Clyde Kuhn to assist in tailoring the model to particular granting agencies, but that he also would like the California Tomorrow Internship to go to another person for another purpose this y~ar. Clyde Kuhn pointed out that we need about fifty letters out to various granting agencies to build a reference library. Joe Winter said he needed at least $500.00 to hire someone to do the grant research. Ron May pointed out that it takes money to make money. May moved that $600.00 be made available for' the Grants Committee. This would cover writing, copying, and mailing. Chuck James seconded, pointing out that this is separate from the California Tomorrow Internship Committee. Vote: unanimous. Joe Winter appointed Clyde Kuhn and Chuck James to the Grants Committee. May moved the above and Winter seconded. Vote: unanimous.

There was considerable discussion regarding the future need for interns or scholarships or a steering committee. Paul Chace directed Joe Winter to come back to the next Executive Committee meeting with goals on the CTI committee and other

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directions we might seek. Marcia Wire pointed out that Winter ought to look into our finances to see if we can afford another intern (--- in addition to finishing out the work of the first internship) .

Paul Chace then launched into the issue of Native American relations. Chester King pointed out that the Native American Heritage Commission will be hiring an archae­ologist and will endeavor to send a "hand­book on archaeology" to all local reserva­tions.

There was a great deal of discussion on AB 3007 and it was generally agreed that the Executive Committee was split between those who favor the bill and those who do not.

Chester King and Joe Winter and Ron May all pointed out that the members-of SCA---­expect the Executive Committee to say some­thing on the subject. Paul Chace handed out copies of a paper entitled "Maintenance of Archaeological Collections" and Chester King and Chuck James immediately began suggesting wording changes.

An hour of debating phrases, wording and syntax fol lowed, the draft was roughed out and Winter moved and Kaldenberg seconded the following statement:

"The Society for California Archaeology recognizes the legitimate concerns of California Native Americans who are seeking increased access to their heritage. The Society therefore supports in principle the efforts of California Native Americans in seeking legislation which will insure their direct participation in the management of artifacts and other aspects of their heritage.

"The Society al so recogn·i zes that the inherent nature of archaeological remains is a heritage which should be shared to enlighten all citizens.

"Artifacts recovered in an archaeo­logical investigation should be reported and interpreted to enhance public knowledge. They also should be respectfully treated during all appropriate examinations. Proper treatment involves permanence, accessibility, and preservation of the collection and related records."

Vote: unanimous.

Paul Chace then moved the Executive Committee on to the Department of Parks and Recreation policies on human interments. Chester King discussed the burial issue and Chace raised the concern of ethical prob­lems. It was generally decided that we would need a vote of the membership to change the ethical statement in our Code of Ethics regarding burials. Clyde Kuhn suggested that we ask the Native American Heritage Commission to mail burial legislation to all SCA members. Chester King and Clyde Kuhn volunteered to request Dennis Hoptowit to write a letter. May moved and Kaldenberg seconded that Paul Chace write NAHC for the above. Vote: unanimous.

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Paul, Chace then raised the issue of a new typewriter for the Newsletter. Chuck James asked what a new one would cost and Russ Kaldenberg said about $1200.00. Paul Chace then asked Marcia Wire how much we needed and she replied"$610.00". Kaldenberg moved and May seconded $610.00 to be pro­vided for a new machine. Vote: unanimous.

Paul Chace then went on to the California Historical Resources Commission as having an archaeologist member. Marcia Wire had heard that the archaeologist is a Mediterraneanist and not necessarily versed in American archaeology. Chester Ki n g moved that Pa u 1 Ch ace draft a 1 et t er to that commission expressing a concern that the interests of California archaeolo­gists be better represented. May seconded. Vote: unanimous.

Paul Chace then related the events of the Caltrans meeting on March 22, 1978, at Lincoln Elementary School in Escondido re­garding the numerous sites along ~oosa Canyon and Deer Springs in the path of that freeway. His letter is a matter of record.

Paul Chace then raised the issue of military exercises at Fort Irwin in the Mohave Desert and their lack of compliance with 36CFR 800 and NEPA. Russ Kaldenberg noted that most of the land is BLM or will be when the military retreats. Bill Seidel asked Kaldenberg to survey "Operation Silver Shield" prior to the exercise, which was done. Russ Kaldenberg noted that numerous very significant sites were later destroyed.

Kaldenberg wants advocacy! George Rodgers of the Environmental Affairs Committee volunteered to take this on as part of his duties. May said that we should (1) advocate protection of archae­ology, and (2) demand full compliance with Federal laws and that qualified archaeolo­gists survey all locations of military exercise prior to impact.

Paul Chace appointed Russ Kaldenberg to chair the Military Review Committee to be coordinated with the Clearinghouse Coordinators. Joe Winter moved the above and Chuck James seconded. Vote: unanimous.

Russ Kaldenberg noted that National Park Service rangers were directing tourists to a huge shell midden at Anacapa Island and that ecofacts and midden were being damaged; he expressed anger. Paul Chace directed Kaldenberg to draft a letter on the issue.

Then came the Geothermal Committee issue and Paul Chace pointed out his memo on "coordination and cooperation" and that he stopped Clyde Kuhn from writing letters simply because he (Chace) could not keep up with them and wished to sit down with Kuhn to work out guidelines. May re-hashed a 1 et te r from h i ms e 1 f as ch a i rm an of the Ethics Committee in which all previous correspondence of the Geothermal Committee was reviewed and not found to be unethical . May added that he could not see anything

wrong with advocating review of geothermal projects and advocating compliance with Federal laws and having qualified archaeolo­gists evaluate impacts. Kuhn said he wrote a letter upon returning from Yosemite to Chace reiterating what he thought his duties were; Chace did not return a letter correct­ing him. Then "out of the blue", Kuhn claimed he received a telephone call from Chace on April 18, 1978, ordering no letters or communications from the Geothermal Committee. Paul Chace then said that "They (agencies) called me and asked me as Presi­de n t ' W ha t i s go i n g on ? "' Ch a c e s a i d he supported his committee as a gatherer of information and that only the president has the role of writing letters like what the Geothermal Committee was sending. Chace th~n said he is opposed to Kuhfl's support of AB 3009 (Coso Hot Springs for the National Register) without an Executive Committee vote and that he is opposed to sending copieS-Of letters to other agencies. He reiterated that he intended to sit down with Kuhn and set up guidelines as to what he can and cannot do.

George Rodgers noted that "Before we met at Yosemite I addressed the 'Sunset Magazine' article and I understood one of my Statewide Coordination duties was to advise you as President, but in an issue of emergency, would it notbe more effective for me to write the letter?" Paul Chace stated that only the President or the Executive Committee can take such a stand.

Joe Winter then brought back the dis­cussion Kaldenberg raised about "responsi­bilities" and the point of "how far can the committees in SCA go?" Winter read a few letters from the Geothermal Committee and agreed that there was nothing wrong with them, but that the endorsement of AB 3009 went too far. Winter stated that this is a matter of immediate concern and SCA needs a policy right now.

Chester King pointed out that "We need to know what to do in an emergency." Marcia Wire said she could see Chace's position and responsibility, but the committees have certain duties to other SCA members and a mission which could be hampered if no letters could be written except by the President: "You can't limit them too much." Ron May stated that he did not like hearing that a committee "wrote too many letters or moved too fast." Paul Chace reiterated that he does not have time to respond in writing and therefore had no more to say on the issue.

Chester King wanted to know the status of the Sierra Club suit; Chace said it was lost. Paul Chace said he needs comment from the Clearinghouses before he can deal with the ORV issue in the Mohave Desert.

Kaldenberg noted that the BLM wrote the SCA and requested a "position paper" on the Colorado Desert Advisory Committee. Paul Chace said he would write a letter on behalf of the Society if Kal denberg could provide the BLM's inquiry.

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Paul Chace then raised the issue of the Legal Defense Fund and the Los Compadres • lawsuit by the San r.iego County Archaeologi-cal Society. It is going up for the Appellate Court on June 13, 1978. Chuck James moved $200.00 be sent to assist the suit. Joe Winter seconded. Vote: 5 in favor/May abstained.

Paul Ch ace then r a i s e d the A p ri l 12 re -port on the State Archaeological Sites Sur Survey for (Ex.Com.) discussion and review.

Paul Chace then noted the American Institute of Archaeology requested the SCA mailing list. Marcia Wire and Joe Winter noted that we have always refused in the past. Paul Chace said he would write a letter-to that effect and r•arcia Wire would run a note in the Newsletter about the AIA.

Chester King then raised the San Jose Annexation Suit being filed by the Cali­fornia Indian Legal Services and requested funding assistance as a_show of good faith. Winter moved that Chester investigate alternatives and also $200.00 to the cause. Kaldenberg seconded. Vote: unanimous.

George Rodgers then informe<!! the Executive Committee of the effort by PG&E at Holiday Inn to protect the Ohlone site and May moved to commend them. Chuck James seconded. Vote: unanimous.

Ron May moved that the SCA write the Coastal Commission to request protection of the W-20 site at Interstate 5 and • ) Carmel vaTiey Road in Del Mar. This was formally moved by Chester King and seconded by Russ Kaldenberg. Vote: unanimous.

Ron May then asked if anyone could make the LNG hearing on the following Monday to advocate protection of the archaeological sites at Rattlesnake Canyon, at Bobby Greenwood's request. No one could make it, although Chester King added that he would if he had not already been a consultant on the project.

Paul Chace then adjourned the meeting at 6:30.

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TEXT OF WHITE PAPER ON SCA CLEARINGHOUSES, THEIR CREATION, CURRENT STATUS, AND RECOMMENDATIONS FOR THE FUTURE.

The following is the text of a "White Paper" prepared by Paul Chace as SCA President Elect, and dated Januar~ 19, 1978. It was accepted by the SCA Executive Board at its January 21, 1978 meeting, a~d sent to the various Clearinghouse District~ for comment. It is printed here so that it will be available to all SCA members a~ a history and statement of present Clearing­house status:

Introduction

This "White Paper" is intended to serve as a working draft statement to delineate the ins ti tut ions known as SCA Di str-ict Clearinghouses, to assess their current status, and to develop recommendations for the future.

One single fact is so important th~t it should be recognized and acknowledged in introducing this draft report. Between 1973 when the State was reducing the program of the Archaeological Survey Offices at Berkeley and Los Angeles, and 1976-77 when the State Resources Agency began funding Regional Offices of the A~chaeologica~ Sit:s Survey, -- it was the Society for California Archaeology that provided the organization for maintaining a statewide system of archaeological record files by creating SCA District Clearinghouses. Numerous volun­teers contributed scores of hours at SCA District Clearinghouses around the State to maintain the records in proper order. All of those who worked so unselfishly in these unpaid tasks under the name of a local SCA District Clearinghouse are to be commended and acknowledged. The records are in good order. The SCA and all those who volunteered can take great pride in this accomplishment.

Now, the State of California Resources Agency is organized and. recognizes that maintaining archaeological records are their responsibility. In 1976-77 the State began funding Regional Offices of the State of California Archaeological Sites Survey, at least in principle.

Thus, this is a most appropriate time to assess the roles of the SCA District Clearinghouses, to examine their current status, and to develop recommendations for the future of California archaeology.

Creation of District Clearinghouses

A series of events led to the creation of District Clearinghouses by the Society for California Archaeology.

A beginning landmark was the National Environmental Policy Act of 1969. This Act created an enhanced concern for effective management of archaeological data files. About this same period the University of California, which had Archaeological Survey Offices at Berkeley and Los Angeles, reduced the scope and support for these research oriented operations.

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In the summer of 1970 the SCA's Highway Salvage Committee, in response to the State of California's Department of Highways archaeologi­cal salvage program, appointed individual SCA representatives as District Archaeologists to work voluntarily with each of the eleven State Highway Districts in developing archaeological salvage contracts (SCA Newsletter 4:4 and 6:4/5).

In 1970 the State adopted the California Environmental Quality Act. The 1972 court decision in the Friends of rammoth vs. County of Mono clarified that the 1970 Act applied to all public and private projects within California. With that decision archaeology clearly became involved in all local environ­mental law considerations.

The SCA then promoted the District Archaeologists to assist all local government planning bodies. The positions assumed far broader political responsibilities and fiscal opportunities (SCA Newsletter 6:6).

At the May 1973 meeting of the SCA Executive Committee a new system was initiated of institutions designated by the Executive Committee to serve as volunteer District Clearinghouses to replace the individual District Archaeologists and, hopefully, to more effectively oversee and coordinate professional activities and standards within each district (SCA Newsletter 7:3 and 7:4/5).

The term District Clearinghouse Coordinator was used when the new SCA President made appoint­ments for 1976-77. The term and position appear to have developed from within District Clearing­house staff organizations, rather than from a formal SCA action. The first use of the term was noted in late 1974 (SCA Newsletter 8:5).

Responsibilities of District Clearinghouses

The responsibilities of the SCA appointed District Clearinghouses, in retrospect, appears to have remained rather vague; although their accomplishments have been considerable and meritorious. There appear to be only three available documents which address this issue.

In May 1973 a rough draft of "Proposed Instructions For Archaeological Clearing­houses" was circulated. It called for Clearinghouses to provide six functions: (1) maintain basic archaeological data, (2) organize local cooperation among local archaeologists, (3) serve the public by referring capable archaeological consultants, (4) review local environmental impact reports, (5) store environmental impact reports, and (6) contract for consultation work where appropriate. There is no information available to indicate these draft "Instructions ... " were ever formalized or officially adopted.

In May 1973 the SCA Southern Vice-President organized and printed a report entitled "Results of Southern California District Clearing-house Meeting, May 24, 1975." This report provides the best definition of terms and programs, statements of operating problems, and recommendations for resolving the difficulties involved in the SCA District Clearinghouse program. The following definition for a District Clearinghouse is presented in that report. "A clearinghouse is an interim

information storage and data retrieval service facility, established by the Society for California Archaeology •... Clearing­houses are also charged with responsibility of monitoring the adequacy of EIR/EIS reports. This service operates on an interim basis until federal, state, and local govern­ment agencies are capable of handling these responsibilities internally."

In early 1977 the SCA President drafted a "Memorandum of Agreement" between the SCA and District Clearinghouse Coordinators stipulating District Clearinghouse responsibilities, and authorizing the District Clearinghouses to appoint "District Archaeologists" to review environmental reports.

Current Authority

As already outlined, the SCA Executive Committee of 1973 actually created and appointed District Clearinghouses. It appears the authority and responsibilities of these institutions were not clearly established at that time. Subsequent SCA Presidents, in 1976 and 1977, and possibly before, have authorized and continued the program by appointing individual District Clearinghouse Coordinators, under their By-Laws authority to appoint committees.

The new, revised By-Laws adopted in April 1976 by the Society for California Archaeology makes no provisions for District Clearinghouses. The By-Laws clearly do re­establish the authority of the President to create comm1ttees, which serve to report and advise the President on necessary actions.

Therefore,in 1976 under the new, revised By-Laws, the District Clearing­houses essentially became SCA Presidential committees. In fact, they probably had that level of authority under the prior Constitution and By-Laws. Certainly the several SCA Presidents who have served under the revised By-Laws of 1976 have approached the positions of District Clearinghouse Coordinators. as though they were Presidential appointments. The current President even drafted a "Memorandum ... " to specify the responsi­bilities involved. The only alternative is that District Clearinghouses are not a part of the SCA and have no authority or status at al 1. Cl early the current authority and status of the clearing­house program emanates from the SCA President's appointment of District Clearinghouse Coordinators.

New Era

A new era began in mid-1976 when the State of California Resources Agency began organizing and funding the Archaeological Sites Survey with 15 Regional Offices (SCA Newsletter 10:3 and 10:4}. Most of the Regional Offices were contractual arrangements with the same college and university leaders who had been maintaining the record files as SCA District Clearinghouse Coordinators. For the fiscal year of 1976-77 approximately $25,000.00 was budgeted to fund the 22

Regional Offices. The State of California has budgeted approximately $48,000.00 for the fiscal year of 1977-78. •

The primary responsibility of the Regional Offices of the new Archaeological Sites Survey is to maintain the basic archaeological site records (SCA Newsletter 10:5/6). However, by policy circulated in draft form for review in April 1977 and adopted by the State of California in August 1977, the Regional Offices are charged with the additional function of housing and maintaining all archaeological reports.

Thus, two of the· original functions of the SCA District Clearinghouses are now being assumed and funded by the State of California.

The The SCA District Clearinghouse program has operated for five years and successfully main­tained the local archaeological site records statewide. This has been an entirely unfunded, volunteer effort, and the SCA and all those associated with the SCA District Clearinghouses should take justifiable pride in this accomp­lishment.

Now, the State of California has organized and funded a new Archaeological Sites Survey and assumed two key responsibilities upon which the SCA District Clearinghouse program was created. The State has not assumed all six functions conceived for District Clearing­houses.

The four functions of the SCA District Clearinghouse program which remain are: .) (1) to serve the public by referring capable archaeological consultants, (2) to review local environmental impact reports, (3) to organize local cooperation among archaeologists, and (4) to contract for consulting work where appropriate. TAis last function is a local institutional matter and need not be a SCA concern.

PAUL G. CHACE 1/19/78

(NAHC-NAVY NEGOTIATIONS ON COSO, cont. from p.4

"Other State Agencies Join. Other state agencies have expressed concern over Caso. The State Office of Historic Preservation nomin­ated the site for the National Register. Under former Director Herbert Rhodes, the Department of Parks and Recreation iRitiated an in-depth study of Coso that documented Indian use of the springs over the past century.

"The threats to Caso posed by geothermal development range from visual and noise pollution and other environmental damage to total loss of the springs from diversion of underground water.

"New Era of Cooperation. As a result of the meeting with the Navy, a new era of cooperation appears to be starting ...• Rios says, 'The Navy's hospitality and its willingness to • listen give hope to the Committee that indeed · the time has come to work out a solution that will remedy the longstanding deadlock.'"

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(SCA Presidents' Views on 1-15, from p. 17)

Winter's letter continues: "One fact which apparently has not been made clear to the Luisenos is that the covering over of the sites, the resultant compaction and inadvertant construction disturbances will probably cause more damage to the sites than a controlled archeological excavation .... The Luiseno have expressed deep anguish over the desecration of their cultural remains by archeological excavations and analyses. Anthropologists have ignored their concerns for too long, and I can understand and appreciate this feeling .... (However) The very fact that a highway will run over the sites, particularly the 'Eagle Ceremony' location, carrying thousands of autos and trucks every day could be interpreted as a form of desecration ...

"Based on these observations, I offer the following conclusions and recommendations:

A) Covering over the sites with fill and the construction and use of an interstate high­way would probably result in adverse effect persuant to 36 CFR 800.4 a,b and c. It would probably: 1) destroy or alter all or parts of the properties by crushing, com­paction and construction activities; ~) def­initely isolate the properties from their surrounding environment; and 3) perhaps introduce visual, audible and other elements which are out of character with the proper­ties' physical and spiritual settings.

B) Salvage excavation and reburial is not considered a viable mitigation alternative, due to the sensitive nature of the sites and the legitimate concerns of the Luiseno Native Americans that excavation would con­stitute desecration. Unlike other recent cases, it does not appear likely that Native Americans and Anthropologists can cooperate together in removing and re­burying the materials ...

C) Si n c e cover i n g the sites w i l l prob ab l y constitute adverse effect, and since sal­vage removal and reburial is unrealistic and other mitigation alternatives have not been defined, it is recommended that the road be rerouted around the properties. If this is not possible, the project should be dropped ...

"In summary, it appears that the serious conflict between Native American, Anthro­pological and Development values requires that the proposed route of 1-15 be abandoned."

Paul Chace in his March 22 statement noted the concern of SCA ~embers at the Annual Meeting over the 1-15 project. He summarized the points made by Winter (A-C above). He then presented additional comments:

"A Society for California Archaeology representative assisted Cal Trans in 1971 in surveying most of the proposed 1-15 route. However, because of legal pro­ceeding, CalTrans could not then secure permission to inspect the Moosa Canyon_ 'and, and it was not inspected for cultural resources, although a NEGATIVE DECLARATION OF EFFECT was then issued. Only subse-quently, in 1976, did CalTrans get around

23 to inspecting this land for cultural

resources and the prehistoric sites were then defined.

"Now, CalTrans has tested these sites sufficiently to demonstrate they are import­ant and diverse prehistoric cultural resources. Further, under the laws of the land they are eligible for the National Register of Historic Places. The State Historic Preser­vation Officer has determined that CalTrans' proposal will have an adverse effect on these important cultural resources.

"It is CalTrans' responsibility to build highways with proper regard for the people and the laws of this land. CalTrans has not proposed a satisfactory route to avoid adverse impacts to these cultural sites, therefore the Society for California Archaeology requests the Advisory Council to direct the Federal Highway Administration to conduct a full Section 4(F) review of this CalTrans undertaking.

"There is a second matter of wide con­cern. CalTrans has already done some investigations of the cultural resources at the prehistoric sites along Moosa Canyon.;." (He asked for a longer time, 30 more days, for Native Americans and anthropologists to comment on the 385-page report issued March 9, rather than the 10 days provided by the Advisory Council).

"In my view CalTrans' report is not adequate to realize or understand the cultural heritage of these sites.

"We would request the Advisory Council join us in requesting a satisfactory report of the resources of these sites by a fully qualified team of scientists and Native Americans. This is required under Public Law 93-291.

"And thirdly, CalTrans has proposed to rebury the materials that they have under study. Only after a full report can Cal­Trans even consider the appropriate and respectful methods for the future disposi­tion of the prehistoric cultural materials they have recovered. The Luiseno views about sacred material, such as the hawk bones, should be respected and these should be properly reinterred. At the same time, CalTrans-must consider the laws of the land in this regard, Public Law 59-209 and Public Law 93-291.

"The material CalTrans has under study is a heritage that is significant to all citizens of this land. This CalTrans pro­ject is being funded with Federal funds, and CalTrans in their actions must include respectful consideration for all people.

"In summary, there are different values that must be recognized. The proposed route of I-15 must be abandoned. Under law, CalTrans must propose a proper alterna­tive; (quoting Mr. Raymond Calac, a Luiseno elder and-traditional leader, earlier in the meeting) 'to fix things up the right way.' One of their alternatives, such as to bridge over the sites, might best provide a resolve so this freeway can be built." --

IE

SOCIETY FOR CALIFORNIA ARCHAEOLOGY Department of Anthropology California State University Fullerton, CA 92634

INDEX

News: General. Pages 2 ,3 ,16 ·Current Issues

I-15.. 1,17,23 Caso Hot Springs . 3 ,4 ,22 Pt. Conception LNG 6 Riverside Arch~ Job 'i-6

South Coast Editorial 7 Archaeological Standards 8-10 Easements ........ 15-16 Legislation ....... 5 Historic Archaeology .. 11-14 SCA: Data Sharing r.tgs. 1

Clearinghouses .. 21-22 Presidents' Letters

_concerning I-15 17, 23 Minutes (5/13) .. 18-20 Officers/editors/

~embership info. 10.

NON-PROFIT ORG, U.S. POSTAGE

PAID Permit No. 31 CAMPBELL, CA

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