socio anthro report.pptx

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SOCIAL GROUPS AND

SOCIAL PROCESSESChapter 6



OutlineI. The Nature and Concept of Groups

Importance of Groups

Classification of Groups

Accdg. to Interaction and Relationship

Accdg. To Nature, Form, Objectives andInteraction

Other Group Formations

II. Social Process and Social Interaction

Forms of Social Process

Conflict Resolutions Social Interaction

Types of Social Interaction

III. Social Change

Sources of Social Change

Causes of Social Change

Theories of Social Change

IV. Social Movement

Theories on Social Movement Types of Social Movement

Terrorism



When two or more persons interacttogether within an identification

structure that establishes

boundaries, membership and

activities, a group is alreadyformed. Group influence is vital in

determining behavior, perception

and values. Cole (1963) defines

group as “a unit of interacting personalities with an

interdependence of roles and

statuses existing between

members.”

The Nature and Concept of Groups



• Social group refers to any system of social relationship in

which members have a culture that defines the roles andstatuses from which members are differentiated from non-

members (Persell 1984). Group theory postulates that

individuals belong to different groups because they have

different interests arising from different functions anddifferent roles in society.



• The good or welfare of individuals or groups is

subordinate to common good because according to

Dewey (146) “man exists as member of the public, a

public which is a product of the total pattern of

interaction among human beings in all their particular functions and roles in society.



Importance of Groups

• Interaction is more likely influenced by several factors.As the size of group increases, the time available for participation decreases and the distribution of skills tosolve problems also increases.

• However, sometimes, the bigger the group the greater problem occur. Social cohesion is the process or forcesthat attract members to the group. Groups are importantin the society process due to the basic reasons as cited

by Salcedo et al (2002):



• The group is a transmitter of culture

• The group is means of social control

• The group socializes the individual

• The group is the source of ideas

• The group trains the individual in

communications



CLASSIFICATIONS OF GROUPS

• Classification of GroupsAccdg. to Interaction and Relationship

Accdg. To Nature, Form, Objectives and

Interaction

Other Group Formations



A. According to interaction and

Relationship

1. Primary Groups – is characterized by intimate face-to-faceassociation and cooperation. It includes the family,neighborhood and play-groups.

Cooley describes the primary group as the nursery of human nature because it is where the child is firstsocialized, acquires and experience love, affection,tolerance, kindness, loyalty, fairness, and sense of justice.



1. Primary Groups

Ferdinand Tonnies (1853-1936). He described hisGemeinschaft (means community, and the equivalentof the primary group) as a community characterized byinformal associations where relationships are personaland traditional due to close ancestry or line of ancestry.In contrast. His Gessselschaft (means society) or whathe called “society of contracts” is limited, formal,

businesslike, independent, with fragmentedrelationships but dynamic and industrialized.



• 2. Secondary Groups –

are formal, large,impersonal groups,

which are formed to

accomplish somespecific tasks.

The social interactions

in secondary groups are

usually impersonal,

formal, specialized, and

business-like.



B. According to Nature,

Form, Objectives and

Interaction 1. Informal Group – when

two or more individuals

interact with each other onissues and concerns affecting

their interests and welfare.

Cooperatives, Facultyassociations, the Parent-

teacher Associations are

examples of informal groups



2. Formal group – is a formal

organization with an

established philosophy of

vision and mission in

achieving its specific goals

and objectives.

A formal group could be civic,

ethnic, political, and economic

in its nature. The Liberal partyis a form political group. The

Volunteers against crime and

corruption (VACC) is a formal

civic group.



C. OTHER GROUP FORMATIONS

• 1. Bureaucracy – Weber described it as a

special type of complex organization which is

characterized by rational operation of

hierarchal authority structure and explicit and

procedures and rules.

The government is a bureaucracy.



• 2. Crowd – is relatively a largenumber of people drawn to a

common location by some non-routine event. Some of the morecommon types of crowds are thefollowing:

• Pickets

• Throng

• Mobs

• Demonstrations

• Riots and Stampedes

• Spectators



SOCIAL PROCESS AND SOCIAL

INTERACTION

• Social Process refers to the repetitive

forms of behavior, which are commonly found

in social life (Horton and Hunt, 1968). It is any

mutual interaction between an individual and

his group for purpose of solving problems and

to attain desired objectives.



Forms of Social Process

1. Conjunctive Process – this is the

group’s effort to practice cooperation,

accommodation, amalgamation,

assimilation, and acculturation for the

purpose of maintaining its viabilityand usefulness.

Cooperation:a. Informal (Voluntary

and Spontaneous)

b. Formal (set by rules,

rights and obligations

of membership)

c. Symbiotic (for

mutual interests and

benefits of members)



• Disjunctive process is when members of the groupdirect their efforts toward opposition, disunity,disorganization, and the disintegration of the group.

An integral part of the disjunctive is conflict, when according toCoser (1968) is the “struggle over values or claims to status,

power, and scarce resources in which the claims of the conflicting parties are not only to give the desired values but also to

neutralize, injure and eliminate rivals. “Simmel classifies conflictinto war, feud or factional struggle, litigation or legal battle, andconflict of impersonal ideas.



CONFLICT RESOLUTIONS

1. Arbitration or mediation – conflicts are resolved

out of court by the decision of a third party, of

which the conflicting parties must agree.

2. Compromise – it is achieved when the conflicting parties agree to settle for less than what they

originally demanded.



SOCIAL INTERACTION

Can be considered as part of social process. These processes regularly occur in the dynamic life of

society.

It is the form of action and reaction through which

people and organizations relate to one another. It is

concerned with the dynamic aspect of society.



TYPES OF SOCIAL

INTERACTION 1. Structural Interaction – sociology is a

structure consisting of interrelated parts or

institution. The nature of individual

interaction, thus, is based on the establishedstructure of the institution.



TYPES OF SOCIAL INTERACTION

2. Cultural Interaction – the cultural aspects areusually one of the main concerns in the study

of social relationship.

3. Religious Interaction – strong influence of religion on Filipinos plays a vital role in social

interaction.



4. Geographical Interaction – social interaction

is influenced and affected by geographical

factors.



SOCIAL CHANGE

• Heraclitus – the Greek philosopher

considered change as the only constant

concept.

• Panopio(1994) – defines change as a

means, a process or an end. It can be

ideology or doctrine. It maybe the

adoption of new objects and materials to

attain certain goals.



SOURCES OF SOCIAL

CHANGE

1.The Physical environment – changes in the physicalenvironment ( climate, terrain,depletion of physical and natural

resources, and other environmentaldegradation). Definitely will alter the people’s lifestyle and patterns.

2. Population – Malthusians believe

that overpopulation will deplete theearth’s natural resources andnaturally this will lead to scarcity of resources, especially food.



• 3. Technology – The levelof the developmental of

science and technology ina country reflects on thestandard of living of the people.

• 4. Conflict – popularized by Marx, conflict

produces a new order from the struggle betweenexploited and the

exploiting class.



5. Ideology – ideologies arealways used by socialmovements as their

theoretical guides andweapons to achieve socialchange.

6. Collective behavior – thistype of behavior can beharnessed when people hada common perception or

perspective of issues, eventsor other public concerns thatneeded immediate resolve.



CAUSES OF SOCIAL CHANGE

1. Physical, Psychological andsociological needs of man – thecontinuous struggle of man for hisexistence centers on the satisfactionof these basic needs.

2. Conflict and Social Inequality – the Law of contradiction orconflict theory as propounded bythe early sociological writers particularly Marx states that fromthe abolition or destruction of theold order merge new changes or order – the inevitable result of everyconflict.



3.Ideas – an idea cannot be killed by anything

but a better idea. Man’s continued struggle for

perfection was influenced first by ideas of

Greek philosophers and later by modernthinkers.



THEORIES OF SOCIAL

CHANGE1. Evolutionary Theory – theories by Darwin and Neo-Darwinists

on social change.

• Unilinear evolutionary theory views the occurrence of change from multiple lines that do not lead to a single result.

• Multilinear evolutionary theory views the occurrence of

change from multiple lines that do not lead to a single result.

2. Conflict Theory – initially proposed by Marx, Engels and later Marxist sociologists on social change. It views the inevitably of social change as a result of conflict.



3. Cyclical or the Rise and FallTheory – like the theory of gravity;everything that goes up, goes down.

Writers like Oswald Spengler andArnold Toynbee described the riseand fall of societies, cultures, andcivilizations in a cyclical manner.

4. Functionalist Theory – It viewssociety as a structure composed of different parts, each withinterrelated functions. Theequilibrium achieved by the

complementary and harmoniousrelations of functions of the will bring changes to the structure.



SOCIAL MOVEMENTS

• Social movements – Mobilization theory that explains thatsocial movements emerged when competition developedamong organized groups.

The Relative Deprivation theory stresses the role of social

disorganization and discontent in encouraging social movements.Counter movements seek to resist the change advocated by a socialmovement like the Counter-Reformation in Europe. Socialmovements are those organized, collective and persistent efforts of group to resist or oppose existing structures. Social movements could

be engines for change.



Theories of Social Movements

1. Absolute Deprivation Theory – states that the working class

even with their longer hours of

work could barely support their

family’s basic needs.

2. Relative Deprivation Theory –

Davies (1999) defines that the

conscious feelings of negativediscrepancy between legitimate

expectations and present actual

realities.



3. Resource Mobilization Theory - refers to

the type of mobilization utilizing resourceslike money, media, political influence, and

influential people to articulate a group’s

grievances and frustrations and in the process popularized their causes.



Types of Social Movements

1. Redemptive or “Messianic” Movement – these are

usually religious in character and do not attempt to

change society, but are engaged primarily in attracting

people to their religious causes and beliefs such as God’s

deliverance and the salvation of their souls.

2. Revolutionary Movements – making their ideological

beliefs as a guide and weapon, revolutionary movements

seeks radical change; abolish the existing order.



3. Reform Movements – seek only to improve,reform or revise and existing order, but do notattempt to abolish it.

4. Reactionary Movements – seek to restore thestatus quo after social changes. Their aim is to

revert to the old practices in the system.5. Utopian Movements – are movements

promising an ideal if not perfect andharmonious existence in society for itsmembers.



TERRORISM

• Robertson(1987) terrorism as the use of violence against civilian.

• International Terrorist Organization



TYPES OF TERRORISM

1. State Terrorism – authoritarian and totalitarian

governments.

2. Revolutionary Terrorism – occurs whenterrorism is resorted by legitimate revolutionary

groups to achieve their strategic objective of

toppling the state.



Thank you!

Studywell

:D

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