SOCIO-CULTURAL STUDIES RELATING TO PARTICIPATION IN

PHYSICAL ACTIVITY.

Sport and physical activity as a reflection of the culture in which it exists.

AS PHYSICAL EDUCATION G451

NAME: , TUTOR GROUP: ,

Learning objectives

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At the end of this booklet (with reference to the UK) you should be able to:

Notes

Learned

Demonstrate knowledge and understanding of:

Surviving ethnic sports and games in the UK (e.g. Highland Games.

Describe the characteristics of surviving ethnic sports and reasons for continued existence and popularity (including festival; local; traditional; isolation; social; tourism; annual/occasional; retention of ethnic identity.

Explain the role of 19th-century public schools in promoting and organising sports and games.

Explain the relatively recent move from the traditional amateur approach to a more professional approach with reference to mass participation.

Sporting excellence; organisation and administration; government support) in sport.

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Sport and culture_______________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

Society_______________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

Culture_______________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

Ethnic identity_______________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________Read the section on Lewes fire festival and note the characteristics. Task 1 Notes:

Characteristics of Ethnic games:

Characteristics of mob football:

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Surviving Ethnic games notes

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1. Above you have identified the reasons for the survival of the ethnic games.

2. For each characteristic explain why it has survived.

Identified reason for survival

Explained reason for festival survival

Rowdy Usually associated with alcohol and a form of celebration, therefore enjoyable.

Using the origins of recreation below match up four of your favourite festivals.

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Characteristics of surviving

games

Mistletoe Religion/fun kissing supposed to bring fertility.

RELIGION- PAGEN SURVIVAL MILITARY RECREATION

Why have festivals suffered and been criticised over the years?Read the passage on page 233.

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Exam tip: Try and think what society was like, and think how sport/ recreation were. This will give you the foundation of popular recreation.

Note that there were two elements to society, the rich and the poor. Notice how there is very little

mention of women at this stage.

Table task

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Robert Dover Cotswold Games

1. Name three multi event festivals and one single sport occasion that could be classed as a surviving ethnic sport.

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2. Identify three characteristics of surviving ethnic sports in the UK.____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

3. Identify four reasons for some festivals not standing the test of time.

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4. Why is Lewes festival different from Robert Dover’s Cotswold games?

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5. How was society changing during the developments of the 19th century? Write this on the next page.

The role of the Nineteenth century public school

Based on sport reflecting society, we need to know and understand the role that the public school had on the changing face of sport.

19th Century (1800-1900) was a time of change.

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Public baths________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

Rural to Urban__________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

Reduction in working hours__________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

RSPCA__________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

Transport links

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Main features of Public school life and the development sports.

Money__________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

Academic staff assisted games__________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

Professional coaches__________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

Free time__________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

You can imagine if you were a boarding child as most where, that you would have a great deal of time to play and develop your skills at the new forms of sports being created.

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. Having the opportunity, provision and esteem was one of the main reasons sports developed so quickly in public schools. For example Eton, Harrow, Rugby.

Space __________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

House system____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

Rationalisation___________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

Thomas Arnold__________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

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Dr Thomas Arnold was the Head of Rugby School and was disgusted at the behaviour of the boys who attended. As society was rowdy and sports involved cruelty to animals and gambling, so the boys brought these pass times to public school. Other activities involved poaching, drinking, trespassing to hunt, swimming in Farmers Rivers, fighting and betting on horses and dogs. Thomas Arnold saw it as his mission to transform the moral standing of the children. Arnold encouraged the boys to be physically active on the school grounds to highlight the more moral features of teamwork, self-discipline, loyalty and courage. The game of cricket was well established and was seen as showing the right moral code that Arnold wished to encourage.The 6th form boys were encouraged to take responsibility for organising the house teams. Prefects would be in control forming games committees and inter-school competitions. Initially inter-school fixtures were not feasible as two schools

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Dr Thomas Arnold was the Head of Rugby School and was disgusted at the behaviour of the boys who attended. As society was rowdy and sports involved cruelty to animals and gambling, so the boys brought these pass times to public school. Other activities involved poaching, drinking, trespassing to hunt, swimming in Farmers Rivers, fighting and betting on horses and dogs. Thomas Arnold saw it as his mission to transform the moral standing of the children. Arnold encouraged the boys to be physically active on the school grounds to highlight the more moral features of teamwork, self-discipline, loyalty and courage. The game of cricket was well established and was seen as showing the right moral code that Arnold wished to encourage.The 6th form boys were encouraged to take responsibility for organising the house teams. Prefects would be in control forming games committees and inter-school competitions. Initially inter-school fixtures were not feasible as two schools

Development of character in public schools

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Public Schools

A meeting between a new teacher and Tom Brown observing a football match between rugby school and Eton.

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Master: (awkwardly) “Now Mr Brown what kind of game is this?”Tom: (showing no interest) “Football Sir.”

Master: “No, this is not the football I’ve seen in the villages at home.”Tom: (a little annoyed ) “Yes sir this is football but we’ve changed the game to suit a higher level of skill”.

Master: ( flustered ) “What do you mean? The game played was rough and hard, yes, but it showed courage and aggression, true character building”.Tom: “Yes sir but with rules, such as lines and posts, uniforms and numbers we can play just as hard but with skill”.

(A ball is hacked through and a first year dives on the ball and kicks it away, saving a certain goal.)

Tom: (focused on the game)“Well done Billy good effort. He’s a new boy sir.”Master: “He showed such bravery and courage to dive for the ball.”

(Tom shakes his head and rolls his eyes.)

(The ball is kicked through the goal by a player from Rugby school (Tom’s team) and the team rush to praise the player.)

Tom: “Great show boys, keep it up. Only 3 min to go and we have beaten Eton for the second year in a row”.Master: So you play boys from other schools, why not just play together?”Tom: “Oh we do sir in house matches, to practice. But then we made the rules the same so other schools could get a thrashing. That way we can see who the best is truly. It makes us work together at beating the other schools.”

Master: “Oh I see, like team spirit”. (The whistle blows and Rugby school win the match, players join and shake hands).Master: “I say those boys are showing real sportsmanship to go and shake the others hands. (Nudging him with his elbow). I suppose that’s the Rugby way as well, hey tom”.

Public school technical developments of games

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Public Schoolstechnical

developments

The promotion of English sports and games

Can you identify the link between all of these sports? Note the reasons why._____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

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National Governing Bodies _____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

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Activity: re-read through all of the material on pages 236-238 and the work you have done in the booklet on promoting and organising sports and games. Place words or phrases into revision lists.

What helped to promote the games?

How were the games organised?

How did ex-public school boys help spread team games?

What colleges were involved in the development of sports and games?

Complete the acronym that summarises the reasons for the development of public school sports.

P Pro coaches

H

A

S

T

I

M

E

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Exam question (6)

During the 19th century Oxford and Cambridge Universities acted as ‘melting pots’ in terms of the historical development of sport.

Using examples explain what is meant by melting pot and identify how this development spread around the world.

Exam question (5)

Thomas Arnold and other headmasters decided to change the emphasis of recreation.

Using examples explain what values Arnold sort to encourage and identify where they are still evident today.

Exam question (5)

Mob football is a clear example of popular recreation.

Explain how public school development of sports could have changed mob football.

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Amateur and Professional Victorian and Modern day

Explain the relatively recent move from the traditional amateur approach to a more professional approach (with reference to mass participation; sporting excellence; organisation and administration; government support) in sport.

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Professional or Amateur?

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Professional or Amateur?For a level one answer you might have to identify the differences between professional and amateur?

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To show an understanding of the development of amateur and professional you will need to show how the two concepts of amateur and professionalism have evolved.

Characteristics of Victorian professionals ____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

Characteristics of Victorian amateurs ____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

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An amateur approach to sport- Using unreliable, inconsistent and erratic methods.

A professional approach to sport – Using more reliable, serious and consistent methods.

Characteristics of modern professionals ____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

Characteristics of modern amateurs ____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

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Cricket match between BHASVIC and Varndean Wed 13th Sept 1804

Rules for Gentleman amateurs: All to be called gentleman or Sir

Names to appear appropriately in the programme, e.g.,

D Morris Esq. for gentlemen and D Morris.

Ensure no gentleman travels with a non-gentleman

No gentleman shall have to eat with a working class professional

Gentleman will not have to change in

Q What are the advantages and disadvantages of professionalism in modern day?

Advantage_________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

__Disadvantage_______________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

Examples of Advantages

E.G Role models as a positive =

Kelly Holmes

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DisadvantagesE.G Cost of playing or supporting =

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Organisation and Administration of Sport in the UK

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DCMS

Sport England

All other funding for sports

Uk Sports

Olympic success

DFEE

Schools Sports

Sports Wales Sports Scotland

Sports Minster

NGB

FA/RFU/AAA

Changing face of Amateur sport

Mass participation.

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Sporting excellence______________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

Organisation and admin of sport

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THE ORGANISATION & ADMINISTRATION OF SPORT IN THE UK

What do National Governing Bodies do and how long have they been around?

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What does the Department for Culture, Media and Sport (DCMA) do in relation to sport?

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How have government ministers traditionally supported or not supported sport?

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How has this changed in recent years?

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Will it be in time for 2012?Table task

1) The name game. In threes with one scoring try and recall as many of the characteristics of surviving games as you can. Take it in turns until the other person stutters or pauses. You then win. The winner stays on and plays the next opponent.

2) Complete the acronyms

PHASTIME and TOPVICExplain one of these to the person next to you. They then explain the other to you. Ensure that you are happy with their answer, if not, add in the extra detail.

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PHASTIME

3) During the 19th century Oxford and Cambridge Universities acted as ‘melting pots’ in terms of the historical development of sport.

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Using examples explain what is meant by melting pot and identify how this development spread around the world. What evidence is there of sportsmanship in today’s sports.

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