socio economic condition of the koraga...

61

Chapter II

Socio Economic Condition of the Koraga Community

Koraga community is considered to be the most backward and neglected in the district.

Among the tribes of Karnataka Koragas are considered as the most vulnerable. The socio

economic conditions of koraga community is been always a challenge for the development

workers and the governmental organizations involved in the development of the koraga

community. The general condition of living is very poor. The accessibility of the community to

natural resources is negligible. The housing condition is dilapidated. Most of the families do not

have safe drinking water. The koraga koppa are placed outside the village and excluded from the

social and economic systems of the village. The koraga families are considered as slaves in the

most of the villages, their services are considered as mandatory and not eligible for

remuneration. The handicraft on which koraga community is completely dependent on for their

survival is not payed for its value.

The koraga community has been subjected to severe servitude and social exclusion. The

inclusive practices and the efforts of the governmental agencies have not proved effective. The

participation of koraga community in the inclusive practices is very minimum. The community

does not participate in any of the plans and programmes of the progression of the physical

infrastructure. The resources allotted for the infrastructural and economic progress has been

completely misused by the various agencies and people involved in the implementation of the

programmes.

Basic requisites for many governmental developmental programmes are not present in the

community. The educational and social skill for materializing the objectives of the

developmental schemes also is a limitation for koraga community.

The current discussion provides an insight to the socio economic condition of the koraga community,

Table 2.1 Sowing the Names of the respondents

Frequency Percent Valid Percent Cumulative Percent

Valid Tribal 294 58.8 58.8 58.8

Caste based 56 11.2 11.2 70.0

Modern 150 30.0 30.0 100.0

Total 500 100.0 100.0

62

The table above demonstrates the criterion of names among the respondents, The koraga

community has a system of naming according to the established system and beliefs most of the

name are been chosen from the nature or the week of the day traditionally, but the cast influence

and the modern influence has made considerable changes in the world view hence the names of

the people. The above table explains the Number of respondents according to the names in three

categories viz,Tribal ,Caste based and modern ,Here tribal names are those which are been

named traditionally based on nature or the day of birth or the characteristics of people and

different phenomena of the nature .The caste based names are one which are picked up from the

other caste people ,The modern names are those which are been picked up from the modern

naming system referring to the fashionable and names suitable and influenced by the modern

trends.

It I found that 58.8% of the respondents have tribal names and 11.2 % of the respondents

have the caste based names and 30% of the respondents have the Modern names .It suggests that

the koraga community has the trend of continuing the tribal names and then they have shifted to

the modern names rather than the caste based names which indicates that the modern systems

have influenced the personal identity more compared to the caste identity.

A comparison of association between the following factors and the names of the

respondents would lead to the conclusion regarding the factors which have more influence or

association with the personal identity and world view are,

1. Age (chronological factor)

2. Sex (gender)

3. Income (Economic factor)

4. Occupation

5. Education of the family

6. Place of residence

63

Table 2.2 Name and Age of the respondents cross tabulation.

Age of Respondent

Total 25-35 35-45 45-55 55-65 65-75

Name of

Respondent

Tribal Count 22 68 82 62 60 294

% within Name of

Respondent

7.5% 23.1% 27.9% 21.1% 20.4% 100.0%

% within Age of

Respondent

23.9% 52.3% 59.0% 82.7% 93.8% 58.8%

% of Total 4.4% 13.6% 16.4% 12.4% 12.0% 58.8%

Caste

based

Count 9 14 23 8 2 56

% within Name of

Respondent

16.1% 25.0% 41.1% 14.3% 3.6% 100.0%

% within Age of

Respondent

9.8% 10.8% 16.5% 10.7% 3.1% 11.2%

% of Total 1.8% 2.8% 4.6% 1.6% .4% 11.2%

Modern Count 61 48 34 5 2 150

% within Name of

Respondent

40.7% 32.0% 22.7% 3.3% 1.3% 100.0%

% within Age of

Respondent

66.3% 36.9% 24.5% 6.7% 3.1% 30.0%

% of Total 12.2% 9.6% 6.8% 1.0% .4% 30.0%

Total Count 92 130 139 75 64 500

% within Name of

Respondent

18.4% 26.0% 27.8% 15.0% 12.8% 100.0%

% within Age of

Respondent

100.0% 100.0% 100.0% 100.0% 100.0% 100.0%

% of Total 18.4% 26.0% 27.8% 15.0% 12.8% 100.0%

The above table examines the association between the type of name and the age of the

respondents ,it is usually observed that the younger will have more modern names and the elder

will have more traditional names in the case of any community the table demonstrates that Out of

58% of the total respondents who have tribal name among them 23.9% of the respondents are of

25-35 age group 52.3% of the respondents are of the 35-45 age group and 59.0% of them are of

45 -55 age group and 82.7% of the respondents are of 55-65 age group and 93.8%of he

respondents are of 65-75 age group the data clearly shows that the younger generation have a

increased tendency of moving away from the tribal names

64

Out of 11.2% of the total respondents who have caste based names, 9.8% of them are of

25-35 age group 10.8%of them are of 35 -45 age group and 16.5% of them are 45-55 age group

and 10.7% of them are of 55-65 age group and 3.1% f them are of 65-75 age group out of the

total people have caste based names 16.1% of them are 25-35 age group 25.0% of them are of

35-45 age group and 41.1% of them are of 45-55 age group and 14.3% of them are of 55-65

age group and 3.6% of them are of 65-75 age group .This clearly indicates that the caste based

naming trend is decreasing now and it had increased 40-50 years back and now the trend is

decreasing and the modern names are replacing the caste based names ,this could be also

indicative of no influence of caste on the koragas tribe 60 years back and the trend increased and

the trend is seeing a decrease again now.

Among the respondents who have modern names (30%) of the total 66.3% of the

respondents are of 25-35 years 36.9% of the respondents are of 35-45 age group 24.5% of the

respondents are of45-55 age group and 6.7% of them are of 55-65 age group and 3.1% of the

respondents are of 65-75 age group .Among over all respondents who have modern names 40.7%

of them are of the age group of 25-35 yeas 32.0% of the respondents are of 35-45 years and

22.7% of them are of 45-55 years ,3.3% of them are of 55-65years and 1.3% of the respondents

are of 65-75 years .This indicates that the trend of having modern names has increased among

the younger generation from last 30 years .

A comparison of the above statistics provides a important clue regarding the influence of

caste and modern forces on koraga community .the tribal identity was influenced slowly by the

caste identity during the last century and the influence of modernity including the new political

and economic order of villages removing the clutches of caste has paved way for the community

to negate the caste influence and move towards the modern identity .Compared to the caste

influence the influence of tribal and modern identities are stronger on the koragas.

65

Table 2.3 Sex of Respondent * Name of Respondent Cross tabulation

Name of Respondent

Total Tribal Caste based Modern

Sex of Respondent Male Count 170 40 90 300

% within Sex of Respondent 56.7% 13.3% 30.0% 100.0%

% within Name of Respondent 57.8% 71.4% 60.0% 60.0%

% of Total 34.0% 8.0% 18.0% 60.0%

Female Count 124 16 60 200



% of Total 24.8% 3.2% 12.0% 40.0%

Total Count 294 56 150 500



% of Total 58.8% 11.2% 30.0% 100.0%

The above table demonstrates the association between the type of Name and the sex of

the respondents .It is usually hypothesized that the change with respect to the name and the

world view will be first taken up by the males in any community .Females are exposed to it

rather late and they are not allowed to subject themselves for the modernization and the change

as quickly as men do.

The data shows that among men 56.7% of the respondents have tribal based names and

13.3% have cast based name and 30.% of the respondents have modern names .Among women

respondents who are total 40% of the respondents ,62.0% have the tribal based name and 8.0%

have caste based names and 30% have modern names.

A comparison of the above data suggest that the sex or the gender do not has strong

association with the change in world view and self image of the respondents .The modern names

are equal among both the men and women hence the discrimination towards women or girl child

regarding the modernization is not seen, as described earlier the Koraga community has a strong

tendency to shift to the modern names rather than the caste based names. Thus gender difference

66 in adopting the modern names is not found among the koragas hence gender do not has any

association with the changing self image of individuals among the koraga community.

Table 2.4 Name of Respondent * Education Of Respondent Cross Tabulation.

Education Of Respondent

Total Illiterate

Primary

School

High

school

Pre

University

Name of

Respondent

Tribal Count 250 42 2 0 294

% within Name of

Respondent

85.0% 14.3% .7% .0% 100.0%

% within Education Of

Respondent

68.3% 33.6% 25.0% .0% 58.8%

% of Total 50.0% 8.4% .4% .0% 58.8%

Caste based Count 42 14 0 0 56

% within Name of

Respondent

75.0% 25.0% .0% .0% 100.0%


Respondent

11.5% 11.2% .0% .0% 11.2%

% of Total 8.4% 2.8% .0% .0% 11.2%

Modern Count 74 69 6 1 150

% within Name of

Respondent

49.3% 46.0% 4.0% .7% 100.0%


Respondent

20.2% 55.2% 75.0% 100.0% 30.0%

% of Total 14.8% 13.8% 1.2% .2% 30.0%

Total Count 366 125 8 1 500

% within Name of

Respondent

73.2% 25.0% 1.6% .2% 100.0%


Respondent

100.0% 100.0% 100.0% 100.0% 100.0%

% of Total 73.2% 25.0% 1.6% .2% 100.0%

67

The table examines the association between the education of the respondents and the type

of the name they posses .The general trend and belief that with the educational progress the

names and the trend to modernize once name and outlook increases,

Above table shows that among the people with tribal names 85% of them are illiterates,

14.3% of the respondents have primary education and 0.7% f them have high school education,

where as among the people with caste based names, 75% of them are illiterates, 25% of the

respondents have primary education and 0%respondents who have high school or pre university

education have caste based names.

Among the respondents with modern names 49% of them are illiterates and 46% of the

respondents have primary education and 4% of the respondents have high school education and

0.7% of the respondents have pre university level of education.

The above discussion proves that the tendency to move towards modern name increases

with increase in the educational standards where as it decreases with respect to the caste based

names and remains static with respect to the tribal based names.

Thus the trend to change to the modern names increases with education where as the

trend to shed the caste based names increases with education .Education has increased the urge to

shift to modernity but the feeling to stay with the tribal names has been not affected much by

education.

68

Table 2.5 Name of Respondent * Annual income of Family Cross tabulation

Annual income of Family

Total 5000-7000 7000-10000 11000-15000 15000-20000

Name of

Respondent

Tribal Count 31 230 29 4 294

% within Name of

Respondent

10.5% 78.2% 9.9% 1.4% 100.0%

% within Annual income

of Family

50.8% 59.7% 70.7% 30.8% 58.8%

% of Total 6.2% 46.0% 5.8% .8% 58.8%

Caste based Count 13 39 3 1 56

% within Name of

Respondent

23.2% 69.6% 5.4% 1.8% 100.0%


of Family

21.3% 10.1% 7.3% 7.7% 11.2%

% of Total 2.6% 7.8% .6% .2% 11.2%

Modern Count 17 116 9 8 150

% within Name of

Respondent

11.3% 77.3% 6.0% 5.3% 100.0%


of Family

27.9% 30.1% 22.0% 61.5% 30.0%

% of Total 3.4% 23.2% 1.8% 1.6% 30.0%

Total Count 61 385 41 13 500

% within Name of

Respondent

12.2% 77.0% 8.2% 2.6% 100.0%


of Family

100.0% 100.0% 100.0% 100.0% 100.0%

% of Total 12.2% 77.0% 8.2% 2.6% 100.0%

The above table examines the association between the name of the respondent and the

income of the family, among many factors which influence the modernization. As the income of

the family is better there is a possibility of movement in the changed social identity especially

the name of the family members.

The table shows that among the respondents with tribal names, 10.5% of them are of the

income group 5000 to 7000 per annum and 78% of them are of the income group between 7000

to 10000 rupees per year and 9.9% of them are of the income group between 11000 to 15 0000

and 1.4% of them are of the income group 15000to 20000 per year Among the respondents with

69 caste based names 23.2% of the respondents are from the 5000 to 7000 income group and 69.6of

them are of 7000to10000 income group,5.4% of them are of the income group 1000to 15000 and

1.8% of them are of 15000to 20000 income group .

Among the families with modern names 27.9% of the respondents are from the 5000to

7000 income group and 30.1% of them are of 7000 to 10000 income group and 22% of the

respondents are from 11000 to 15000 income group and 61.5% of them are from 15000 to 20000

income group.

The above facts indicate that the change in the name from traditional and caste based to

the modern is influenced clearly by the income of the family. The families with higher income

group among koragas have found to be having a greater tendency of associating themselves with

modern names and hence the new concepts and tendency towards the more inclination ad speed

towards change.

70 Table 2.6 Age of Respondent * Education of Respondent Cross Tabulation.


Total Illiterate

Primary

School

High

school

Pre

University

Age of

Respondent

25-35 Count 41 47 3 1 92

% within Age of

Respondent

44.6% 51.1% 3.3% 1.1% 100.0%


Respondent

11.2% 37.6% 37.5% 100.0% 18.4%

% of Total 8.2% 9.4% .6% .2% 18.4%

35-45 Count 90 36 4 0 130

% within Age of

Respondent

69.2% 27.7% 3.1% .0% 100.0%


Respondent

24.6% 28.8% 50.0% .0% 26.0%

% of Total 18.0% 7.2% .8% .0% 26.0%

45-55 Count 107 31 1 0 139

% within Age of

Respondent

77.0% 22.3% .7% .0% 100.0%


Respondent

29.2% 24.8% 12.5% .0% 27.8%

% of Total 21.4% 6.2% .2% .0% 27.8%

55-65 Count 65 10 0 0 75

% within Age of

Respondent

86.7% 13.3% .0% .0% 100.0%


Respondent

17.8% 8.0% .0% .0% 15.0%

% of Total 13.0% 2.0% .0% .0% 15.0%

65-75 Count 63 1 0 0 64

% within Age of

Respondent

98.4% 1.6% .0% .0% 100.0%


Respondent

17.2% .8% .0% .0% 12.8%

% of Total 12.6% .2% .0% .0% 12.8%

71

The above table demonstrates the age and educational standard of the respondents

selected for the study .The examination of this data provides us an insight in to the progression of

education among koragas.The koaga community is the one which ventured to get in to the

educational system of very late .The educational progression among the community is also very

poor .The progression of education among koraga families is weak due to many reasons. This

can be examined later.

The table shows that among the respondents 73.2% of the respondents are illiterates, and

25% of them have primary education ,1.6% of them have high school education and only 0.2 5 %

of the respondents have the pre university level of education.

Among the 25-35 age group 44.6% of the respondents are illiterates and among the 35-45

age group 69.2% of the respondents are illiterates, where as among the age group of 45-55, 77%

of them are illiterates. Among the age group of 55-65 respondents 86.7% of the respondents are

illiterates. Among the respondents of age group between 65 to 75years 94% of them are

illiterates.

The primary education among the respondents is comparatively high among the

respondents of 25-35 years and it is least among the respondents of the age group 65 to 75 .The

above data shows that the education has been steadily increasing among the young generation.

The secondary education is comparatively very less among the koragas. Among the respondents

of age group 25-35 years 3.3% of the respondents have high school education and 3.1 5 of the

age group of 35-45 years have the high school education and only 0.7% of the respondents of the

age group 45 to 55 years have the high school education and among the respondents who are of

the 55 and above age group no respondents have high school education.

Pre university education is found only among the respondents of 25 to 35 years that to very less

1.1% other than this no respondents of other age groups have the pre university education.

The above discussion clearly indicates the low educational level among the koragas. The

tribal population al over the country except few tribes has been not able to cope up with the

modern education system and hence have remained out of the focus and coverage of educational

system.

Koragas have been able to cope up with only the primary education in the younger

generation and they have failed to consolidate and make progress in education of higher levels.

72

Table 2.7 Sex of Respondent * Education Of Respondent Cross tabulation.


Total Illiterate

Primary

School High school Pre University

Sex of Respondent Male Count 210 84 6 0 300

% within Sex of

Respondent

70.0% 28.0% 2.0% .0% 100.0%


Respondent

57.4% 67.2% 75.0% .0% 60.0%

% of Total 42.0% 16.8% 1.2% .0% 60.0%

Female Count 156 41 2 1 200

% within Sex of

Respondent

78.0% 20.5% 1.0% .5% 100.0%


Respondent

42.6% 32.8% 25.0% 100.0% 40.0%

% of Total 31.2% 8.2% .4% .2% 40.0%

Total Count 366 125 8 1 500

% within Sex of

Respondent

73.2% 25.0% 1.6% .2% 100.0%


Respondent

100.0% 100.0% 100.0% 100.0% 100.0%

% of Total 73.2% 25.0% 1.6% .2% 100.0%

The above table shows the sex wise educational qualification of the respondents. A

expected the educational achievements of the females are comparatively low and among the

educational groups .The data shows that among males 70% of the respondents are illiterate

where as it is 78% among the females ,primary education is 28% among males and it is only

20% among the females .Secondary education is 2.0% among males and it is only 1% among the

females .The educational progression of females is weak and slow compared to males and the

difference between the males and females with respect to the educational abilities are significant.

The reason for the low educational standard among the females is said to be the less importance

and opportunity associated with education with respect to females.

73

Table 2.8 Highest education in the Family


Valid Illiterate 17 3.4 3.4 3.4

Primary Education 384 76.8 76.8 80.2

High school Completed 72 14.4 14.4 94.6

Pre University Completed 22 4.4 4.4 99.0

College 5 1.0 1.0 100.0

Total 500 100.0 100.0

The educational standard of the family can be compared with the individual and sex wise

educational standards of the individual members in the family. From the above table it is fond

that the 3.4% of the families of koragas are still illiterates and 76.8% of the families have at least

one member who has primary education and 14.4% of the families at least one member has the

high school education. The families where at least one member having pre university education

is 4.4% of the total families and the families with at least one person who has collegiate

education is 1.0% The overall educational standard of the koraga families is very low compared

to the general community the national average of 14% of enrolment in colleges and 8% of

enrollment in Post graduate courses are very far goals for koragas to achieve. The pre university

level of education which is more than 50% for in the country for general community is very

distant dream for koragas .The educational standard of koraga families is very low hence the

participation in socio political process and activities of the self development is affected

negatively.

The above table describes the annual income of the families selected for the study.

Among 500 families, 12.2% of the families belong to the income group of 5000-7000 annual

Table 2.9 Annual income of Family.


Valid 5000-7000 61 12.2 12.2 12.2

7000-10000 385 77.0 77.0 89.2

11000-15000 41 8.2 8.2 97.4

15000-20000 13 2.6 2.6 100.0

Total 500 100.0 100.0

74 income group, and 77% of the families belong to the 7000-10000 annual income group,8.2% of

the families belong to the 11000-150000 annual income group and only 2.6% of the families

belong to the income group of above 15000 Rupees income group .

The koraga families are under severe economic crisis and the table shows that 89.2% of

the families have a only annual income less than Rupees 10000 per annum which indicates the

abject poverty among the korga families. The families with reasonable income of Rupees 15000

and above per annum is only 2.6% families of the koraga population .The reasons for the abject

poverty among koragas has to be analyzed with the occupation, education and the governmental

programmes of poverty alleviation etc ,Which would be done separately later .

The above graph demonstrates the main occupation of the family. Among the koragas the

two occupations are the main occupations on which koragas make a living. The cooly and

agriculture labor put together as cooly work is the main occupation .53.6% of the families have

taken up it is main occupation and the traditional occupation of basket making is been adopted

by 40.2% of the families and 4% of the total families are dependent on the sanitary work

including the cleaning work of municipalities and the private institutions .The percentage of

families engaged in Government job is only 1.8% and the families who live on self employment

are only 0.4% which is very negligible. The occupational scenario is much skewed among

koragas indicating a minimum occupational diversity and mobility. Hence koraga families have

danger of economic dependency and crisis since they depend only on the outer source and less

75 reliable source of lively hood. The detailed analysis of occupation would be done later in a

separate chapter

Table 2.10 Choice of Occupation.


Valid Traditional 68 13.6 13.6 13.6

Cooly 316 63.2 63.2 76.8

Sanitary work 60 12.0 12.0 88.8

Government job 56 11.2 11.2 100.0

Total 500 100.0 100.0

The koraga community is traditionally a community engaged with occupation of making

baskets and selling them in the village .The modern systems and he changes have made the

occupation not viable .Hence the shift in the occupation among koragas is necessary .Since the

educational and social abilities are limited and the resources of land and capital is scanty ,they do

not have much choice to shift the occupation .The possibilities of occupational mobility is very

less hence the koraga community is converted slowly in to a scavenging community in the

village and cities. The change is not positive and the vulnerability of the koraga community to

various social evils and economic dependency is increasing.

The table shows the choice of occupation by the respondents .Out of 500 respondents

,13.6% of them chosen traditional occupation for future,63.2% of the families choose cooly work

as occupation ,12%of the respondents have chosen the sanitary work as their occupation. And

11.2% have chosen government job as their future occupation.

The choice of occupation is limited among the koragas the choice is based on many

factors as education, skills and the social position of the family etc. The limited choice of

occupation among the korag families is going to be a limitation for the progress of the

community in future. The younger generation does not have the scope of employment mobility

which can change the social and economic conditions of the family

76

Table 2.11 Family Has Own House.


Valid Yes 469 93.8 93.8 93.8

No 31 6.2 6.2 100.0

Total 500 100.0 100.0

The housing condition of the koraga community is poor. A community which had a

distinctive and indigenous method and system of home making is converted in to a group of

people limited to colonies created separately for them. The houses constructed by the

government are aimed at settling the koraga families in a place and providing them a roof on the

head. It does not take in to consideration of the sociological or human needs of family .The

occupational requirement of koragas is also not taken in to consideration. The houses constructed

for koragas in the early years were rejected by koragas and they use to stay away from the houses

constructed for them .Now the koraga families have obligation of moving to the new sites since

the housing is mandatory requirement for them.

The above table shows that among 500 families 93.8% of the families have own house

and 6.2% of the families do not have the house. The provision of individual house to koraga

family is one of the major objectives of the governmental programmes. Many programmes

announced by government aimed at only constructing houses for koragas have been partially

effective.

77

Table 2.12 Family Has Own House * Taluk Cross tabulation.

Taluk

Total Karkala Udupi Kundapura Mangalore Bantwala Puttur Sullya

Family Has Own

House

Yes Count 72 119 87 116 25 25 25 469

% within Family

Has Own House

15.4% 25.4% 18.6% 24.7% 5.3% 5.3% 5.3% 100.0%

% within Taluk 96.0% 95.2% 87.0% 92.8% 100.0% 100.0% 100.0% 93.8%

% of Total 14.4% 23.8% 17.4% 23.2% 5.0% 5.0% 5.0% 93.8%

No Count 3 6 13 9 0 0 0 31

% within Family

Has Own House

9.7% 19.4% 41.9% 29.0% .0% .0% .0% 100.0%

% within Taluk 4.0% 4.8% 13.0% 7.2% .0% .0% .0% 6.2%

% of Total .6% 1.2% 2.6% 1.8% .0% .0% .0% 6.2%

Total Count 75 125 100 125 25 25 25 500

% within Family

Has Own House

15.0% 25.0% 20.0% 25.0% 5.0% 5.0% 5.0% 100.0%

% within Taluk 100.0% 100.0% 100.0% 100.0% 100.0% 100.0% 100.0% 100.0%

% of Total 15.0% 25.0% 20.0% 25.0% 5.0% 5.0% 5.0% 100.0%

Table compares the number of families having own house, the housing condition of the

koraga families in different Taluks of the district vary to great extent .The data shows that in

Sullya,Bantwala and Puttur Taluks all the families studied have their own house. In Karkala

Taluk 96% of the families have own house ,in Udupi Taluk 95% of the families have own house

.In kundapura taluk 87% of the families have own house. In Mangalore Taluk 92.8% of the

families have own house.

The data shows that in Kundpura Taluk comparatively more families do not have own

house, in other Taluks the housing schemes have been successful in providing houses for

koragas.

78

Table 2.13 Housing Condition.


Valid Good 90 18.0 18.0 18.0

Need Repair 368 73.6 73.6 91.6

Dilapidated 42 8.4 8.4 100.0

Total 500 100.0 100.0

The table shows the housing condition of the families studied ,the data shows that among

500 families 18% of the families have houses with good condition .73.6% of the families have

houses which need to be repaired ,the houses with mainly the roof and walls with defects .In few

colonies all the houses need repair .The houses need repair since in most of the cases the houses

are constructed with minimum budget and the construction is done by the contractor where the

materials of low quality is used .Most of the houses demand repair within a year of construction

.Among 500 families 8.4% of families have the houses dilapidated which need to be completely

reconstructed ,most of the dilapidated houses are on the verge of collapse.

A policy of housing considering the tribal identity and needs of the koraga family has to

be designed. The resources allotted for the construction is meager which prevents the

construction of quality and permanent houses .The involvement of middlemen in the

construction of the houses have made the housing provisions completely useless for the

community which need to be corrected.

Table 2.14 Availability of Drinking Water.


Valid Yes 424 84.8 84.8 84.8

No 76 15.2 15.2 100.0

Total 500 100.0 100.0

The table examines the availability of the drinking water in the families studied. Out of

500 families studied 84.8% of the families have the availability of drinking water and 15.2% of

79 the families do not have the reliable source of the drinking water .The provision of drinking

water to the koraga families have been provisions done by the local bodies .In few big

settlements mini water supply plans initiated by the state government is also found.

Table 2.15 Quality of Drinking Water * Source of Drinking Water Cross tabulation.

Source of Drinking Water

Total Open Well Bore Well Tap Water Streams

Quality of Drinking Water Good Count 136 49 200 0 385

% within Quality of

Drinking Water

35.3% 12.7% 51.9% .0% 100.0%

% within Source of

Drinking Water

98.6% 55.7% 86.6% .0% 77.0%

% of Total 27.2% 9.8% 40.0% .0% 77.0%

Bad Count 2 39 31 43 115

% within Quality of

Drinking Water

1.7% 33.9% 27.0% 37.4% 100.0%

% within Source of

Drinking Water

1.4% 44.3% 13.4% 100.0% 23.0%

% of Total .4% 7.8% 6.2% 8.6% 23.0%

Total Count 138 88 231 43 500

% within Quality of

Drinking Water

27.6% 17.6% 46.2% 8.6% 100.0%

% within Source of

Drinking Water

100.0% 100.0% 100.0% 100.0% 100.0%

% of Total 27.6% 17.6% 46.2% 8.6% 100.0%

The availability of drinking water and the quality of the drinking water are very important

to decide the provisions of water to the tribal community .Most of the time the source of drinking

water and the quality of the water available to drink will not be taken very seriously.

The table examines the quality and source of drinking water among the 500 families

studied. It is found that 27.6% of the families use open well as the source of drinking

water.17.6% of the families depend on bore wells for the need of drinking water and 46.2%

depend upon the tap water for the drinking water ,8.65 of the total families of koragas depend

upon the streams for drinking water .

80

Among 500 families 77% of the families reported that they have good quality of drinking

water, where as 23% of the families reported that the water they drink is not of good quality.

Among the families depend on well s for the drinking water ,98% of the families reported

that the quality of drinking water is good where as 0.45 of the families have reported that the

quality of drinking water is not good. Among the families who depend on bore wells for the

drinking water 55.7% of the families reported that the quality of drinking water is good where as

44.3% of the families have reported that the quality of the drinking water is poor. Among

families which are been supplied with the tap water to drink, 86.6% have reported that the

quality of water is good and 13.4% have reported that the quality of the water they get is bad.

Among the families depend upon streams for drinking water all the families has reported that the

quality of water is bad.

It is found that majority of the koraga families have provisions of drinking water, among

them 77% of the families get good quality water and the sources of drinking water open well

users get maximum good quality water and the families depend on streams do not get good

quality of water, families using tap water find the quality of water good compared to the families

using the bore well for the drinking water.

81

Table 2.16 Land Ownership * Extent of Land In the Family Cross tabulation.

Extent of Land In the Family

Total Landless

10-20

Cents

20-50

Cents

50 cents -1

acre

1-2

Acre

More than 2

Acre

Land

Ownership

Yes Count 11 21 31 1 58 21 143

% within Land

Ownership

7.7% 14.7% 21.7% .7% 40.6% 14.7% 100.0%

% within Extent of

Land In the Family

3.0% 100.0% 100.0% 100.0% 100.0% 100.0% 28.6%

% of Total 2.2% 4.2% 6.2% .2% 11.6% 4.2% 28.6%

No Count 357 0 0 0 0 0 357

% within Land

Ownership

100.0% .0% .0% .0% .0% .0% 100.0%

% within Extent of

Land In the Family

97.0% .0% .0% .0% .0% .0% 71.4%

% of Total 71.4% .0% .0% .0% .0% .0% 71.4%

Total Count 368 21 31 1 58 21 500

% within Land

Ownership

73.6% 4.2% 6.2% .2% 11.6% 4.2% 100.0%

% within Extent of

Land In the Family

100.0% 100.0% 100.0% 100.0% 100.0% 100.0% 100.0%

% of Total 73.6% 4.2% 6.2% .2% 11.6% 4.2% 100.0%

The koraga community is the aboriginals of the district .A primitive community which

has never ventured to acquire land, since they are food collectors and never been food producers

.The governments also has not considered the tribe as one with the need for land .The

governmental developmental programmes ,which were land based could not be implemented

since the most of the programmes were land based .The provisions of land for the koraga

community is been never a priority for government.

The above table shows the extent and the title of the land among koragas .I t is found that

among the koragas 73.6%of the families are land less which is less than 5 cents land and have

only the house sites .among them 97% of them do not have any right or titles of the land they are

living in their name .Among 500 families of koragas 4.2% of the families have 10to 20 cents of

land in their name and among them all of them have the titles of the land in their name. Among

the families studied c and among them all the families have the titles of their land in their name.

82 Among the families studied 0.2% of the families have 50 cents to 1 acre of land and all the

families have the titles for their land. Among 500 families 11.6% of the families have 1 to 2

acres of land and all the families have the tittles of the land .Among the500 families of koragas

4.2% of the families have more than 2 acres of land and all these families have the title of the

land in their name.

The data shows that the possession of land among koragas is very less and the average

land holding is 2.1 cents among koragas .The title of the land of koragas is not proper except the

land distributed recently the titles are not clear. Koragas as a primitive tribe need to have the land

and an opportunity to food production rather than the food collection habits

Table 2.17 Need for Land.


Valid Want Land for Agriculture 329 65.8 65.8 65.8

Dont want agricultural land 171 34.2 34.2 100.0

Total 500 100.0 100.0

The graph represents the aspiration for land among the koragas .Even though the land

holdings among koragas are very less most of the koraga families would like to have agriculture

land for cultivating food items in their family. The aspiration to get land has been the impact of

the efforts of the developmental efforts by the nongovernmental agencies and the efforts of the

community based organizations of koragas.

The data shows that 65.8% of the respondents among the 500 families have a desire for

getting the land for agriculture where as 34.2% of the families are not desirous of getting land.

83

Table 2.18 Need for Land * Colony Cross tabulation.

Colony

Total Near forest Part of Village

Part of Urban

area

Need for Land Want Land for Agriculture Count 65 243 21 329

% within Need for Land 19.8% 73.9% 6.4% 100.0%

% within Colony 78.3% 68.8% 32.8% 65.8%

% of Total 13.0% 48.6% 4.2% 65.8%

Don’t want agricultural

land

Count 18 110 43 171


% within Colony 21.7% 31.2% 67.2% 34.2%

% of Total 3.6% 22.0% 8.6% 34.2%

Total Count 83 353 64 500


% within Colony 100.0% 100.0% 100.0% 100.0%

% of Total 16.6% 70.6% 12.8% 100.0%

The families which demand land belong to the various geographical locations out of the

families who want to have agricultural land ,13% of them are from the korag koppa placed near

the forest, 48.6% of them are from the korag koppa part of the village systems and 4.2% are from

the urban koraga koppa .This indicates that the need for land is more strong among the koragas

living in the rural area followed by the koragas living in the area near the forest and very least

among the families koragas living in the urban area.

The need for the koragas living near the forest area and the villages can be fulfilled by

purchasing or by allotting the government land .The process of allotting land may be a treatment

process for the social, occupational and economical marginalization of koragas.

84

The chart shows that among the famillies studied ,43.80% of the families have the toilet

facility and 56.20% of the families do not have the toilet facility.The toilet system among

koragas is been constructed by the pressureof the local bodies voluntary construction of toilet

system among koragas is very scanty.The koraga families who have the toilets at home also often

hesitatet to use the toilets.The toilet systme among all the koraga families have to be constructed

and the usage of the toilet among koragas have to be motivated through health education.

Table 2.19 House Electrified.


Valid Yes 265 53.0 53.0 53.0

No 235 47.0 47.0 100.0

Total 500 100.0 100.0

The table shows that among the koraga families studied53% of the families have their

houses electrified and 47.0% do not have electric connectivity tontheir houses.Electrification of

the houses is facilitated by the local agencies most of the time the electrification scheme is

85 sponseed from the funds of tribal developmental plan.The electic connection gets disconnected

due to the nonpayment of the bill.

Table 2.20 Road Facility to Colony * Colony Cross tabulation.

Colony


Part of Urban

area

Road Facility to Colony Yes Count 52 246 62 360

% within Road Facility to

Colony

14.4% 68.3% 17.2% 100.0%

% within Colony 62.7% 69.7% 96.9% 72.0%

% of Total 10.4% 49.2% 12.4% 72.0%

No Count 31 107 2 140


Colony

22.1% 76.4% 1.4% 100.0%

% within Colony 37.3% 30.3% 3.1% 28.0%

% of Total 6.2% 21.4% .4% 28.0%



Colony

16.6% 70.6% 12.8% 100.0%

% within Colony 100.0% 100.0% 100.0% 100.0%

% of Total 16.6% 70.6% 12.8% 100.0%

The table shows the road facility available to koraga colonies with trespect to the colonies

geograpgical placement.Out of 500korag a familes 72% of the families have the road facility to

the places they live,and 28% of the koraga colonies are not connected by proper roads.The

roadsaremost of the timeconstructed under the tribal subplan to connect the tribal sttlements with

the main city.Most of the times these roads are constructed to facilitated the other people living

neraby the koraga colonies and large amount of money is spent for this from the funds of local

bodies and the state and central government.

It is found that 62.7% of the koraga koppa near the forest and 69,7% of the koraga koppa

part of the village and 96.9% of the koraga koppa part of the urban centers have the road

connectivity.Among the colonies which do not have the road facility 37% are from the koraga

86 koppa near the forest area ,30.3% are from the koraga koppa near the villages and only 3.1% of

the fmailies from the urban places .

Table 2.21 Anganwady Near Colony * Colony Cross tabulation.

Colony


Part of Urban

area

Anganwady Near

Colony

Yes Count 65 318 63 446

% within Anganwady

Near Colony

14.6% 71.3% 14.1% 100.0%

% within Colony 78.3% 90.1% 98.4% 89.2%

% of Total 13.0% 63.6% 12.6% 89.2%

No Count 18 35 1 54

% within Anganwady

Near Colony

33.3% 64.8% 1.9% 100.0%

% within Colony 21.7% 9.9% 1.6% 10.8%

% of Total 3.6% 7.0% .2% 10.8%


% within Anganwady

Near Colony

16.6% 70.6% 12.8% 100.0%

% within Colony 100.0% 100.0% 100.0% 100.0%

% of Total 16.6% 70.6% 12.8% 100.0%

The anganwady centers are the centers f women and child health .the koraga children and

the mother s get minimum service from these centers .I tis observed that most of the koraga

families get servicess of these centeres especially the nutritional food supplied by the centers for

the chidrenand expectd mothers.

The table shows the umber of koraga koppa which havethe anganwady near by the koppa

and the comparison of it with the different geographical placements.I t is found that 89.2% of the

families have the anganwady near by them ,and 10.8% of the colonies do not have the

anganwadies near by them.Among the colonies which have the provison of anganwady near by

them ,13.0% of them are from them are placed near by the forest ,63.6% of them are from the

koraga colonies place near the village ,and 12.6% of them are from the urban areas.

87

Among the families which do not have easy acess to anganwady ,21.7% are from the

koppa near the forest area ,9.95 are from the koraga koppa placed near the villages and 1.6% of

the families arefrom the koraga koppa placednear the urban areas .

It is found that the koraga koppa placed near the forest area have the limitation to

aceesibility to the anganwady services where as in urban area it is easily available.and the

availability of it in the villages is also fairley good.

Table 2.22 Type of Ration card in Family.


Valid Anthyodaya 469 93.8 93.8 93.8

Yellow Card 31 6.2 6.2 100.0

Total 500 100.0 100.0

The koraga community is covered under the public distribution system.Most of the

koraga families get supported by the food and the other materials supplied by the department

.They donot hve serious complaints against the provisons of the system,exept the quality of the

matrials supplied.

The taable shows tha the93.8% of the families have the anthyodaya card prvided by the

karnatka governmnt for extremly poor families of the state which makes them eligible for 30

kilograms of riceevery month .The othr families that is 6.2% of them have the yelow card which

is aslo givento the poor families .Itis seen that all the families of koragas have the ration card and

the provisions of ratiion for them.

Table 2.23 Availability of Health Center.


Valid Available 458 91.6 91.6 91.6

Not available 42 8.4 8.4 100.0

Total 500 100.0 100.0

The health problems are very sever among the koragas .The medical services to them is

often not provided. Even the koragas havearesistance to go to the medical help unless in the ery

emegency cases.The acesibility to helath centeres of the government is often considered as the

physical presence and not used by the korag community.

88

The table shows that out of 500 families ,91.6% of the families have the proximity to the

health services ,and only 8.4 % of the koraga families do not have the helath facility near by the

koragakoppa.The helth facility in the form of health center near the koraga colony is not a

complete solution for the health problems of thekoraga tribe .

socio economic condition of the koraga...

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