socio-organizational issues and stakeholder requirements o.love, l.magwood, o.byrd, m.brockman
TRANSCRIPT
They affect the acceptance and relevance of new information and communication systems.
Organizational Issues
Why Stakeholders Must be Identified
Stakeholders must be identified so that information can transfer and to power relationships that cut across organizational structure.
Stakeholders also need to know the severity of the situations and how it affects them and their subordinates whether it be positive or negative.
Who are the STAKEHOLDERS?
A stake holder is anyone who is effected by the success and failure of the system
Four types of stake holders:-primary: actual users of the system-secondary: receive output and provide input-tertiary: no direct involvement but effected by the success and failure-facilitating: involved in development of the system
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=uKozswXz7qM
Helping you understand Stakeholders
So how socio-technology effect business
Understanding that socio-technical models affect and are composed of both human and machine elements.
The focus of this approach is to describe and document the impact of the introduction of a specific technology into a organization.
Socio-technology cont…
Methods vary but most attempt to capture certain common elements The problem being addressed The stakeholders affected Formal and informal work groups Changes Proposed technology External constraints.
CUSTOM Methodology
A Socio-technical methodology designed to be practical to use in small organizations.
Based on User Skills and Task Match (USTM) Developed to allow design teams to
understand fully document user requirements
Establishes stakeholder requirements All stakeholders are considered, not jus the
end-user
CUSTOM Methodology Cont… Applied at the initial state of
design Product Opportunity – Emphasis is on capturing requirements.
Forms- Based methodology Providing a set of questions to apply at each of its stages
6 Key Stages
6 key stages to carry out in a CUSTOM analysis:1. Describe context2. Identify stakeholders3. Identify work-groups4. Identify task5. Identify needs6. Consolidate
OSTA
OSTA stands for Open System Task Analysis
The OSTA has Eight stage model that focus on certain task.
OSTA Stage Model
The primary task identified in terms of users’ goals
task inputs to system identified external environment into which the
system will be introduced is described, including physical, economic and political aspects
transformation processes within the system are described in terms of actions performed on or with objects
OSTA Stage Model Part 2
social system is analyzed, considering existing internal and external work-groups and relationships
technical system is described in terms of configuration and integration with other systems
performance satisfaction criteria are established, indicating social and technical requirements of system
new technical system is specified
Soft Systems Methodology
Was developed by Checkland There are no assumption of
technological solutions but there is an emphasis on understanding situation fully.
There are stages to Soft System Methodology
Soft Systems Methodology Stages
recognition of problem and initiation of analysis detailed description of problem situation
rich picture generate root definitions of system
CATWOE conceptual model - identifying transformations compare real world to conceptual model identify necessary changes determine actions to effect changes
Root definitions of system (CATWOE)
Clients: those who receive output or benefit from the system
Actors: those who perform activities within the system Transformations: the changes that are affected by the
system Weltanschauung: (from the German) or World View -
how the system is perceived in a particular root definition
Owner: those to whom the system belongs, to whom it is answerable and who can authorize changes to it
Environment: the world in which the system operates and by which it is influenced
Once Identified…
We then identify the transformations and how it is
achieved using the conceptual model. Next we
return to our real world system. Finally we decide if the changed are necessary
and beneficial to the system as a whole.
Participatory Design
Participatory design is a philosophy that encompasses the whole design cycle
Design in the workplace, design team Users actively collaborate Actively participate
Main Characteristics Improve the work environment Collaboration Interactive approach
Participatory Design Cont…
Methods to help convey information between the user and designer Brainstorming-
All participants are involved Informal Unstructured “On-the-fly” ideas Recorded No judgment
Participatory Design Cont…
Storyboarding- can be used as a means of describing the user’s day-to-day activities as well as the potential designs and the impact they will have.
Participatory design continued…
Workshops- fill missing knowledge, getting ideas from both users and designers. Allowing everyone to get a more focused view on the design.
Pencil and paper exercises- gives everyone a change to walk-through the system using mock designs
Ethnography
Is based on very detailed recording of the interactions between people and between people and their environment.
Special focus on social relationships
Ethnographic tradition
Ethnography is based on very detailed recording of the interactions between people and their environments. It has a special focus on social relationships and how they affect the nature of work. The ethnographer does not enter actively into the situation, and does not see things from a particular person’s point of view