socio-tonetics methods and issues in analyzing...
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SOCIO-TONETICS:
METHODS AND ISSUES IN ANALYZING TONE AS AN
ACOUSTIC SOCIOPHONETIC VARIABLE
James N. Stanford
Dartmouth College
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About 70% of the world‟s languages are tonal
(Yip 2002)
Over half of the world‟s population speaks a tonal
language (Fromkin 1978)
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Common sociolinguistic variables: postvocalic /r/, vowel
formants, t/d deletion, -ing, etc.
Less common: intonation
e.g., Yaeger-Dror & Fagyal (2011); Fagyal & Stewart in press;
Yaeger-Dror et al. (2003); Grabe (2004)
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Common sociolinguistic variables: postvocalic /r/, vowel
formants, t/d deletion, -ing, etc.
Less common: intonation
e.g., Yaeger-Dror & Fagyal (2011); Fagyal & Stewart in press;
Yaeger-Dror et al. (2003); Grabe (2004)
Even less common: Lexical tone as a sociolinguistic
variable
Stanford (2007, 2008a-b); Hildebrandt (2003); Zhang (2005);
Kerswill (1994)4
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Lexical tone + acoustic sociophonetics
= “Socio-tonetics”
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TONE PHONETICS (TONETICS)
Examples:
Hombert (1978)
Ohala (1978)
Rose (1991, 1993, 1994)
Ross, Edmondson, & Seibert (1986)
Zhu (1999)
Wright and Shryock (1993)
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EXAMPLE STUDY
Sui of China
Tai-Kadai language
Clan exogamy
Many cross-dialectal households
Two tone variables
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SUI FIELDWORK: 70 RECORDINGS
Recordings in a “North clan” village (Zhang):
Local speakers: Men, teenagers, children
In-married women from the “South clan”
Recordings in a “South clan” village (Pan):
Local speakers: Men and teenagers
In-married women from the “North clan”
Recordings in a “Midland clan” village (Lu):
Local speakers: Men, teenagers, children
In-married women from 7 different clans8
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IDEALIZED TONES OF TWO SUI DIALECTS
South North
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Data elicited through:
Descriptions of pictures, objects, and actions
cf. Chambers (1992)
Counting
Free speech, ethnographic interviews, village gatherings,
family meals
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What speech style(s) can be used for socio-tonetics?
In free speech, problems with adjacent tones(?) Very fast speech is definitely problematic
In formal citation/list style, the elicited tones would not represent natural speech
(cf. „The Observer‟s Paradox‟, Labov 1972)
List style can produce artificial intonation (Ladefoged 2003:83-103) Some speakers also add a final particle
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Sociolinguistic goals, not a phonetics laboratory
“Studying humans in their natural habitat”
Challenges:
Background noise of village life
Observer‟s Paradox
Eliciting target variables in usable contexts in a
reasonable amount of time
Lack of literacy
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A practical style for socio-tonetics:
“Flexible phrase list” style in a semi-conversational picture
identification activity
“That is a ___”
“Now I am saying ___”
“I see ___ there”
“Well, I’d call this a ___”
Advantages
- Reduces the problem of list intonation
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A practical style for socio-tonetics:
“Flexible phrase list” style in a semi-conversational picture
identification activity
“That is a ___”
“Now I am saying ___”
“I see ___ there”
“Well, I’d call this a ___”
Advantages
- Reduces the problem of list intonation
- Provides a slight prosodic focus on the target word, reduces
adjacency effects14
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A practical style for socio-tonetics:
“Flexible phrase list” style in a semi-conversational picture
identification activity
“That is a ___”
“Now I am saying ___”
“I see ___ there”
“Well, I’d call this a ___”
Advantages
- Reduces the problem of list intonation
- Provides a slight prosodic focus on the target word, reduces adjacency effects
- Somewhat more natural than word-list style15
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Fixed frames more difficult to maintain with
speakers of unwritten languages
Not accustomed to holding a fixed pattern in speech
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TONE VARIABLES
Two variables:
Tone 1 and Tone 6
Extracted from Praat: “pitch listing” function
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NORMALIZATION
Time normalization
Pitch normalization
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A RAW TOKEN OF A SUI TONE 1 WORD
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10 msec samples
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TIME NORMALIZATION
Tone syllable tokens normalized for duration and
then compared using mean pitch values at selected
relative time points
Edmondson et al. (2004); Rose (1987, 1991, 1993,
1994, 1997); Zhu (1999)
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SYLLABLE EDGE EFFECTS
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Rose (1993:197) omits the first and last 10% of the
duration of each tone track (cf. Rose 1987:349)
This project: Omit the last 10% and first 25% as a
conservative cushion for onsets
cf. Hombert (1978), Rose (1993), Wright & Shryock
(1993), and Chasaide & Gobl (1993), Ladefoged
2003:87-88
Mix of voiceless and voiced onsets (to be discussed
below)24
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Tailor-made R functions normalize the tone pitch tracks:
Duration: fitted to 600 “relative time” points
Edge effects minimized by focusing on the central part of the syllable: from t=150 (25%) to t=540 (90%) of the syllable duration
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TIME NORMALIZATION FOR CHECKED TONES?
[pa:k]
[mit]
[tep]
Normalize according to average duration of
unchecked syllables of that speaker
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PITCH NORMALIZATION
Wide range of different techniques
Zhu (1999:46-56): different strategies with varying
effectiveness
Rose (1987, 1991, 1993, 1994)
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PITCH NORMALIZATION
Part I: Finding a mid-line
Mean of a mid level tone for each speaker Sui Tone 3
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PITCH NORMALIZATION
Part I: Finding a mid-line
Mean of a mid level tone for each speaker Sui Tone 3
Other options: Mean F0 of large stretches of speech
Problem for Sui: infrequent tones (Tone 6)
Mean of the mean of tokens of each tone
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TONE INVENTORY OF A SOUTH BASELINE SPEAKER
(N=124) Tone 1 = black
Tone 2 = gray
Tone 3 = dotted line
Tone 4 = blue
Tone 5 = purple
Tone 6 = red
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COMPARISON BETWEEN SPEAKERS
F0, Gender, and Age:
Women: F0 ~130-300 Hz
Men: F0 ~80-200 Hz
Children: F0 over 300 Hz
(Yaeger-Dror & Fagyal 2011)
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Women and children:
-tendency for higher mean F0
-greater overall F0 range
(Henton 1985, 1989, in Yaeger-Dror
& Fagyal 2011:124)
Black = a female speaker‟s
tone range
Gray = a male speaker‟s tone
range
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PITCH NORMALIZATION
Part II: Accounting for range differences
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PITCH NORMALIZATION
Part II: Accounting for range differences
One option: Pitch range (fraction-of-range method)
Measure highest tone minus lowest tone, then make each
speaker proportional to others‟ ranges (Zhu 1999)
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PITCH NORMALIZATION
Part II: Accounting for range differences
One option: Pitch range (fraction-of-range method)
Measure highest tone minus lowest tone, then make each
speaker proportional to others‟ ranges (Zhu 1999)
Problem: High tones have greater variability
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PITCH NORMALIZATION
Part II: Accounting for range differences
One option: Pitch range (fraction-of-range method)
Measure highest tone minus lowest tone, then make each
speaker proportional to others‟ ranges (Zhu 1999)
Problem: High tones have greater variability
Problem: Requires two boundaries (high and low), both of which
have their own measurement uncertainty
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PITCH NORMALIZATION
Part II: Accounting for range differences
One option: Pitch range (fraction-of-range method)
Measure highest tone minus lowest tone, then make each
speaker proportional to others‟ ranges (Zhu 1999)
Problem: High tones have greater variability
Problem: Requires two boundaries (high and low), both of which
have their own measurement uncertainty
Problem: Perceived pitch does not have a linear
correspondence to frequency in hertz
Johnson (2003:51–52); Ross et al. (1986:288)
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Another option: logarithmic scale
(semitones) Edmondson et al. (2004); Ross et al. (1986); Baken (1987:127,
cited in Zhu 1999:47)
Hart et al. (1990:24, cited in Zhu, 1999:47)
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Semi-tones: Musical half-step
12 semitones in an octave:
-When a given frequency is doubled, it becomes
12 semitones higher
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Zhu (1999): Shanghai women and men had approximately
the same range in semitones, despite large differences in
raw hertz
Average female range: 9.5 semitones
Average male range: 9.6 semitones
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One semitone = (12 × ln(H/100)) / ln 2
where H is the raw acoustic frequency in hertz
(Praat manual 4.1.28)
Input the equation in a spreadsheet or other software
Or tell Praat to extract in semitones rather than hertz:
-Pitch settings
-Unit: select “semitones”
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MEAN TONES OF NON-MOBILE SPEAKERS
North dialect South dialect (11 speakers, 765 tokens) (8 speakers 1,018 tokens)
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TONE 6 OF NON-MOBILE SPEAKERS
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TONE 6 OF NORTH MARRIED WOMEN VERSUS NORTH NON-
MOBILE SPEAKERS
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TONE 6 OF SOUTH MARRIED WOMEN VERSUS
NON-MOBILE SPEAKERS
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Stanford (2008a)
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PITCH AT T=390
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Pitches of Individual Tone 6 tokens (t=390) Stanford 2008a
North Baseline South Baseline South In-married
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TONE 6 OF SOUTH MARRIED WOMEN VERSUS
NON-MOBILE SPEAKERS
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MEAN TONES OF NON-MOBILE SPEAKERS
North Clanlect South Clanlect(765 tokens) (1,018 tokens)
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TONE 1 OF BASELINE SPEAKERS
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For F0 slope as a variable:
Run linear regressions
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Linear regressions (semitones per relative time unit) South baseline mean slope: 0.011476
North baseline mean slope: -0.0000403
South married women: 0.0095648
North married women: 0.0016841
North women: 6.8 times lower than the South baseline
speakers and 5.7 times lower than the South married
women
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VOICED/VOICELESS ONSETS
Hombert (1978); Hombert, Ohala, & Ewan (1979);
House & Fairbanks (1953)
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Context effects usually greater than voiced/voiceless effects
[mon] „monkey‟
[tsu] „chopsticks‟
[mom] „fish‟
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ISSUES WITH CREAKY AND BREATHY VOICE
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USEFUL PRAAT ADJUSTMENTS
“Voicing threshold”
Pitch settings
Advanced Pitch Settings
Voicing Threshold
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1. CREAKY VOICE
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sm4 salt loss
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SAME TOKEN WITH 0.1 VOICING THRESHOLD
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SOMETIMES A CREAKY TOKEN IS SIMPLY UNUSABLE
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sm4 boat loss
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2. BREATHY VOICE
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breathy-Pan
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TONES IN CONNECTED SPEECH: PROBLEMS
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ws frog story piao piao
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TONES IN CONNECTED SPEECH: POSSIBILITIES
Ws frog story3
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CHILDREN AND TONES
Greater variances
Still shows a coherent tone system
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10 Year-old North Girl(has a South mother)
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3 Year-old North Girl(has a South mother)
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5 Year-old Midlands Boy(has a South mother)
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SOCIOLINGUISTICS OF TONE CHAIN SHIFTS?
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U.S. NORTHERN CITIES VOWEL CHAIN SHIFT
Labov (2008)
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A TONE CHAIN SHIFT?
Midland clan:
Crowding of Tone 6 and Tone1?
-Perceptual similarity
-A tone chain shift in progress?
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North South
Midland
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TONE AND DIALECT GEOGRAPHY
The need for a variationist approach
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TONE 6 OF NON-MOBILE SPEAKERS
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TONE 1 OF BASELINE SPEAKERS
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NORMALIZING IN R
From Praat to R to Excel
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SELECT A TOKEN IN PRAAT
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man17-toqais
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SELECT “SHOW PITCH” AND THEN “PITCH
LISTING”
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CLICK “PITCH LISTING”
THEN SAVE AS A .TXT FILE ON YOUR COMPUTER
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Re-label the columns as
“time” and “pitch”
Remove any “undefined”
points at the beginning
or end
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NOW EXPORT IT TO R:
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COPY AND PASTE THE FUNCTION
“TONE.NORMAL.SMT” INTO R, THEN HIT ENTER
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THEN TELL R TO NORMALIZE IT (IN SEMITONES):
For the second term in the parenthesis (e.g., “180”),
enter a value in hertz for the speaker‟s average F0
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THEN TELL R TO EXPORT TO YOUR
COMPUTER AS A CSV FILE (EXCEL)
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PLOT GRAPHS, RUN STATISTICS, ETC.
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ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
Thanks to Dennis Preston, Jerold Edmondson,
John Hale, Yen-Hwei Lin, Richard Wright, and the
Sui people of Guizhou, China
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