VERNACULAR LANGUAGE, STANDARD LANGUAGE,

LINGUA FRANCA

Created by Group 5:1.Lili Atama

2.Siti Subatul HilmiyahClass VI D

Vernacular Languages

Janet Holmes (1992:80) stated the term vernacular is used in a number of ways; it generally refers to a language which has not been standardized and which does not have official status.

Many different ethnic or tribal have different vernacular language.

• Janet Holmes (1992:80) added vernaculars are usually the first language learned by people in multilingual communities and they often use it in informal functions.

• Most Indonesians today speak at least two languages or more, Indonesia language and their local language or vernacular language.

The vernacular is the variety used for communicate in the home and with close friends.

Vernacular is the language of solidarity between people from the same ethnic group.

There are hundreds of vernacular languages, such as Buang in Papua New Guinea, for instance, many of which have never been written down or described.

The term vernacular simply means a language which is not an official language in a particular context. It is used for everyday interaction.

Three components of the meaning of the term vernacular:

1.A vernacular is an uncodified or unstandardized variety.2.Refers to the way it is acquired – in the home, as a first variety. 3.It is used for relatively circumscribed functions.

Standard Language

• The Term standard is even more slippery than vernacular because it too is used in many different way by linguists.

• A standard variety is generally one which is written, and which has undergone some degree of regularization (for example, in a grammar and a dictionary), it is recognized as a prestigious variety or code by a community.

• Standard varieties are codified varieties. Codification is usually achieved through grammars and dictionaries which record, and sometimes prescribe, the standard forms of the language.

• Dictionary writers (lexicographers) generally take the usage of educated and socially prestigious members of the community as their criterion.

Lingua Franca

A lingua franca is a language used for communication between people whose first languages differ.

In some countries the most useful and widely used lingua franca is an official language or the national language. In Tanzania, for instance, Swahili is the language people tend to choose first when they are speaking to some-one from a different tribal group.

• A lingua franca can be spoken in a variety of ways not only were they spoken differently in different places, but individual speakers varied widely in their ability to use the languages.

• English serves today as a lingua franca in many parts of the world: for some speakers it is a native language, for others a second language, and for still others a foreign language.

Conclusion

Vernacular languages contrast with standardized varieties predominantly on the status and formality dimensions.

Vernaculars are generally low status varieties used to express solidarity or identity in informal contexts.

Standard dialects are prestigious varieties which may be used in more formal situation.

Lingua Franca is a language used by people who speak different languages in order to be able to communicate.

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