sociolinguistics
TRANSCRIPT
Sociolinguistics
Language choice in multilingual communities
Chapter 2
Instructor : Dr. M. Shabani Prepared by: Eftekhari, Nasrin
1394
Goals of Chapter 2
Choosing varieties or codes Diglossia Code-switching or code-making
Example1:What is Kalala’s linguistics repertoire?
Lives in Bukavu
Multilingual city
Multicultural city
Kalala speakes: •
“Shi”
Home weddingMarket place funeral
Informal Formal
Kalala speakes: •
“Swahili ”
•Communicate with people from different tribal •Swahili is a lingua franca
Kalala speakes: •
“standard Zairean Swahili ”
•At school •One of the national language •Official transaction
Kalala speakes: •
“kingwana ”
It is his own distinct linguistic features. He uses this language to children & adults he meets in the street,
market place.
Kalala speakes: •
“Indoubil”
• It is a special variety or code. • It is used by young people in Bukavua
regardless of their tribal background.
• Kinds of social factors : social distance, status , formality and functional
• Characteristics of the users or participants.
• Kalala’s own linguistic repertoire. • Repertoire of the person he is talking
to.
The factors that lead Kalala to choose one code rather than another are :
Any variety or code could carry the
affective message.
Note:
The important factors in language and code choice in a
large speech communities:
Certain social
factors
Who are talking to
Typical interaction
Topic Function
Social context of the talk
Domains of language use:
A domain involves ;• Typical interaction between • Typical participants in • Typical settings.
Typical participants
: family members
Setting: home
Typical topic: family
activities
e.g.’ typical’ family interaction
‘Typical’ interaction :
Table 2.2 Domains of language useDomain Addresses Setting Topic Variety/
code
Family Parent Home family party ……..
Friendship Friend Beach Play beach tennis
……..
Religion Priest Church Sunday liturgy …….
Education Teacher School Math problem ………..
Employment Employer Workplace Apply for a job ……..
Example4:modeling variety or code choice
Maria Lives in London
She is Portuguese
Domains Varieties / codes
Home / family Portuguese
Church / religion Portuguese
Work / employment English
School / education English
Maria’s four domains and varieties or code appropriate to each :
Figure 2.1 Appropriate code choice in different domains among the Portuguese community in London
Useful to a new comer
Describe which code or codes are selected
Domains & varieties The figure 2.1 illustrate :
Pattern of language Not an account of go through in selecting code Add other domain
Comparing pattern of code choice
Comparing the varieties in similar domains
• Social distance • Status • Formality • Function
Now : remember the social factors affecting code choice:
Diglossia is the pattern of code or variety choice.
Diglossia
Denoting state or attribute “ speaking two languages”.
Diglossia
Refers to a situation in which two languages or dialect are used by a single language community.
Diglossia
Diglossia Narrow or classic
diglossia
Braod diglassia
• H & L varieties • H & L varieties complete each other • No one use H variety in everyday
conversation
Three feature of diglassia in narrow sense :
L H Contrastive H & L varieties Area: distinct function + +distinct varieties for same language
+ +
everyday conversation + - different pronunciation + +different vocabulary + +different grammar + +writing Odd common
Attitudes to H vs L in a diglossia situation:
Complicated
H varieties
Admired Respectful
Prestige
Standardized Normal means
L variety
Local Very low
rate
Ambivalent
Express feelings
Diglassia is ;
• Characteristics of speech communities
• not characteristics of individuals
Note:
Relationship between diglossia & bilingualism DIGLOSSIA
BILINGUALISM
1. Both diglossia & bilingualims +
2. Bilingualism without diglossia -
3. Diglossia without bilingualism -
4.Neither diglossia nor bilingualism
Diglassia use as broader sense ( H) L is not crucial
Diglassia Has complementary functions of L & H
H has prestige
Diglassia is Generalized to cover any situation of L&H
H is learned at school
Diglassia is used for different functions
L is learned in the home
Diglassia is used as classic or narrow sense
L is used in oral literature
H is standard & codified grammar
Diglossia in bilingual communities:
Polyglossia :
The term polyglossia has been used for situation where a community
regularly use more than two languages .
e.g. Kalala’s linguistics repertoire
Changes in a diglossia situation:
L & H varieties exist side by side gradually displace the other e.g. England was diglossic in the broad
sense: English French English
Language of the peasant …
High society language
English displaced French
Ox Boeuf Beef
Note:
Diglossia or polyglossia use to describe complementary code use in all communities.
In all speech communities people use different varieties or code in formal as opposed to informal situation.
In multilingual situation the code selected are generally distinct language.
Code-switching or Code-Mixing:
In linguistics code-switching occurs
when a speaker alternates between
two or more languages or
language varieties in the context of
a single conversation.
Code-switching features:
Occurs within a domain or social situation
Relates to particular participant
Signal speaker’s ethnic identity & solidarity with the addresses
Might be used as an interjection or linguistic tag
Code-switching features:
It is motivated by the identity & relationship between participant
Reflects a change in social factors
Expresses affective rather than refrrential meaning
Express disapproval
Code-switching features:
It is not possible to predict when it will occur
Means of conveying approval or disagreement about previous messages
Occurs in utterances
People often unaware of the fact that they code switch
Kinds of code-switching :
Role-switch Topic-switch Metaphorical-switch Fused lect-switching Lexical borrowing-switching
Emblematic or tag-switching
Intra-sentential-switching
Inter-sentential-switching
