sociological study of social and cultural factors in traffic accidents in iran (case study:...

Sociological Study of Social and Cultural Factors in Traffic Accidents in Iran (Case Study: Evaluation of Traffic Accidents in Amol) Mostafa Akbari * Graduate student of sociology, Faculty of Humanities, Islamic Azad University, Branch of Babol, Iran. Seifollah Farzaneh Assistant Professor of Sociology, Faculty of Humanities, Islamic Azad University, Branch of Babol, Iran. Ali Rahmani Firouzjah Assistant Professor of Sociology, Faculty of Humanities, Islamic Azad University, Branch of Babol, Iran. *Corresponding author: [email protected] Keywords Abstract Driving Accidents Sociological reasons Parsons Bourdieu Survey

The investigations of the accidents, is the human factor to blame for about 80 percent the rest of the car and the road. In this research, it was seen driving a social Action that AGIL using the idea of action at Parsons, the subsystem consists of four personality, economic, cultural, social dimensions and in this context, hypotheses were derived on the assumption that the research was undertaken. According to Bourdieu's field theory, in the research study was conducted to investigate the drivers that their job was to simply drive up and realize there is not an interference field theories cannot explain properly. Methods In this study, survey and data gathering tool was a questionnaire which its validity is tested. The sample size was 103 individuals in Amol road accident due to the low volume, the total number has been taken. The findings suggest that the life satisfaction, job satisfaction, self-regulation, Fatalism, sense of control, Legalism, normative system, attitude toward the infringement, Rationality, depression and procedural knowledge, the impact of regulation on accident rates.

1. Introduction Today, cities are the most important source of biological humans with modern phenomena such as traffic, driving and crash risk faced by entry into the modern world. Driving and accident risk potential should be sought in the context of people's lives. [2] From a sociological perspective, the causes of accidents arising out of the economic, social, cultural subsystems and individual personality within manifested in different ways for different people. Now, as a social problem, traffic accidents are common in the world that each year causes large numbers of people and huge economic costs to the community. In Iran, this issue has become a major problem; by extending the life and increasing car traffic in the cities and roads in the last half century, the economic and welfare benefits of enhanced communications and fast transportation of goods and passengers increased, unfortunately, the number and severity of traffic accidents has increased rapidly and life and property losses caused by the accidents have imposed a heavy burden on societies. [4] Iran is now in the stage of growth, followed by vehicles and accidents due to its damages, the importance of investigating the causes of accidents is very important, especially from a sociological perspective. The researcher believes that the social causes of accidents through sociological research should examine the social origins vehicle accident exploration and production technology is detrimental because it cannot be said that human is accidentally or intentionally committed, but it is a social roots to discover the sociological study needed. Therefore, this study sought to examine sociological traffic accidents is to discover its causes.

2. Method Methods that have been used to carry out is the survey study. The aim of the study is that it considers warranted by this method compared to other methods in the study of factors influencing the preferred category of accidents. [1] In this research study and the drivers according to statistics from the questionnaire was used to collect data. The questionnaire containing both open and closed questions. In total, the questionnaire consisted of 93 questions of independent and dependent variables. The research has been Amol All drivers of motor terminals that are 103 individuals. (In this study due to the lack of population, the total number taken). After the data were collected through questionnaires, were coded and entered into the computer. Using SPSS software to analyze data based on descriptive and inferential statistics were performed. First data on the dependent and independent variables are detailed were described through frequency statistics (Frequency). The following data were analyzed by uni-variate and descriptions. The research hypotheses have been proposed to explain the proper use of analytical statistics. The nominal level of the chi-square, in the order of kendalls tau-b and Pearson statistic was used for the distance. Because the dependent variable in the regression, nominal - is planar Operation of logistic regression, and the results are shown in different tables.

Table (2.1). Statistics of accidents

Type of Vehicle Frequency Percent Riding 73 9/70

Minibus 10 7/9 Bus 10 7/9

Truck 10 7/9 Total 103 100

3. Theoretical Framework Note that in this study, we sought to examine the sociological traffic accidents, through a pattern (AGIL) Parsons, sub-systems, and economic, cultural, social and character accommodation. There are several reasons for the accident from the perspective of psychology, crime, violence,

Int. j. econ. manag. soc. sci., Vol(4), No (3), March, 2015. pp. 301-307

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and... The research objective of this study was to examine the interactions and issues related to traffic accidents as is there in the sociology. According to Bourdieu's theory and the fields are not reducible to one another, or turned into a larger field [3] Researcher uses subsystem by Tom Parsons and attention to those who are driving their profession Bourdieu's theory of fields to help drivers focus on people who are just interfering fields, and the results will not be exactly on the point of view of traffic accidents are drivers. According to the sociological study the researchers also looked at accidents with Parsons, subsystems have been evaluated solely on the drivers.

4. Discussion

4.1 Descriptive analysis of data

Table (4.1.1). Distribution of sample by accident Accident Frequency Percent Descriptions

Yes 65 1/63 63/1 and 36/9 percent of drivers said that no accidents have been accidental. No 38 9/36

Total 103 100

Table (4.1.2). Distribution of the sample according to the number of accident

Accident frequency Frequency Percent Descriptions 1 11 9/16 40 percent of those accidents have been hit 2 times, 23/1 of three , 16/9 of a degree,

10/8 of four, 6/1 percent to five times, 1/55 percent, seven times, 1/55 percent, ten times, and have an accident.

2 26 40 3 15 1/23 4 7 8/10 5 4 1/6 7 1 55/1

10 1 55/1 Total 65 100

Table (4.1.3). Distribution of the sample according to the number of accidents in the past year

The number of accidents in the past year Frequency Percent Descriptions 1 11 6/84 In the past year a total of 13 drivers hit by 84/6 of one Crash have

been committed, 7/7 percent to twice and 7/7 percent thrice committed an accident.

2 1 7/7 3 1 7/7

Total 13 100

Table (4.1.4). Distribution of the sample in terms of life satisfaction

Table (4.1.5). Distribution of the sample according to the drivers of job Satisfaction levels

Table (4.1.6). Distribution of the sample in terms of self-regulation

Amount of self- regulation Frequency Percent Descriptions Very low 6 8/5 Located between the 103 drivers surveyed, 36 percent of its value is set too high

There, 34% of the excess amount, 12/6 of the average amount, 11/6 of the Amount Low and very low 5/8 percent of its value has been set.

Low 12 6/11 Medium 13 6/12

High 35 34 Very high 37 36

Total 103 100

Table (4.1.7). Distribution of the sample in terms of Fatalism

Amount of Fatalism Frequency Percent Descriptions Very low 5/17 17 Of the 103 drivers studied, 26% were oriented too much appreciation,23/3 %

of the low dose, 19/4 percent in quantity, 17 percent of the amount is too low. 14/3% of the average value appreciation been oriented.

Low 24 3/23 Medium 75/14 3/14

High 20 4/19 Very high 75/26 26

Total 103 100

Satisfaction levels Frequency Percent Descriptions Perfectly Dissatisfied 11 7/10 53/4 percent of respondents were satisfied with their lives, on average,

15/5 percent satisfied, Dissatisfied 10/7 percent, 10/7 percent very satisfied and 9/7 percent have been fully satisfied.

Dissatisfied 11 7/10 Medium 55 4/53 Satisfied 16 5/15

Perfectly satisfied 10 7/9 Total 103 100

Satisfaction levels Frequency Percent Descriptions Perfectly Dissatisfied 15 6/14 42/7 percent of respondents were satisfied with their jobs, on average, 19/4

percent Dissatisfied, 18/45 percent satisfied, 14/6 completely Dissatisfied and 4/85 percent were very satisfied with their jobs.

Dissatisfied 20 4/19 Medium 44 7/42 Satisfied 19 45/18

Perfectly satisfied 5 85/4 Total 103 100

302 Mostafa Akbari *, Seifollah Farzaneh, Ali Rahmani Firouzjah

International Journal of Economy, Management and Social Sciences Vol(4), No (3), March, 2015.

Table (4.1.8). Distribution of the sample according to the Amount of control felt by the police (Official)

Amount of feeling of formal control Frequency Percent Descriptions Very low 57/15 11/15 A total of 103 drivers were investigated, 27% of the average amount of

sense Are controlled by the police, 26% as low, 18/58% of the Amount of High, too low a rate of 11/15 percent and 13/31 percent of the lot Have a sense of control by the police driving.

Low 71/26 26 Medium 85/27 27

High 14/19 58/18 Very high 73/13 31/13

Total 103 100

Table (4.1.9). distribution of the sample in terms of the Legalism Amount of legalism Frequency Percent Descriptions

Very low 2/4 4 A total of 103 drivers were investigated, 39/3% of a lot of law-oriented Have a high ,30/3 percent, 19/2 percent on average, 7/2 percent of the Amount of Low and very low Amount of 4% has been oriented.

Low 4/7 2/7 Medium 8/19 2/19

High 2/31 3/30 Very high 4/40 3/39

Total 103 100

Table (4.1.10). Distribution of the sample according to Amount of normal orientation (normative system)

Amount of norm-oriented Frequency Percent Descriptions Very low 25/14 8/13 A total of 103 drivers were investigated, 29/2 percent of the lot

norm-oriented Have a high rate of 24%, 17/7% on average, 15/3 percent of the low And 13/8 percent rates are too low normative circuit.

Low 75/15 3/15 Medium 25/18 7/17

High 75/24 24 Very high 30 2/29

Total 103 100

Table (4.1.11). Distribution of the sample in terms of attitudes towards Infringement Amount of attitude towards Infringement Frequency Percent Descriptions

Very low 5/7 3/7 A total of 103 drivers were investigated, a great attitude to 42/2 of violationsIn other words, the percentage of drivers have a tendency to abuse their 42/2, 22/3percent To a large degree, by an average of 20 percent, 8/2 percent to as low as 7/3 percent The very low Amount of attitude (desire) to have been violated.

Low 5/8 2/8 Medium 5/20 20

High 5/43 2/42 Very high 23 3/22

Total 103 100

Table (4.1.12). Distribution of the sample according to Amount of Rationality

Amount of Rationality Frequency Percent Descriptions Very low 5/6 3/6 103 drivers were investigated, 32/4 of a lot Amount of micro tillage Have

31/2 of the Amount of is too high, the average Amount of 16/9 percent, 13/2 percent, Low Amount of 6/3 per cent was too little Rationality.

Low 6/13 2/13 Medium 4/17 9/16

High 4/33 4/32 Very high 1/32 2/31

Total 103 100

Table (4.1.13). Distribution of the sample in terms of Amount of depression Amount of depression Frequency Percent Descriptions

Very low 3/40 1/39 A total of 103 drivers were investigated, 39/1 per cent too low Been depressed, 32/9 of the average, 13/3 of the low, 8 Percent and 6/7 percent, a rate much too high to have been depressed.

Low 7/13 3/13 Medium 9/33 9/32

High 3/8 8 Very high 8/6 7/6

Total 103 100

Table (4.1.14). Distribution of the sample in terms of procedural knowledge

Amount of procedural knowledge Frequency Percent Descriptions Very low 5 8/4 103 drivers were investigated, 36/9 of procedural knowledge to

Have enjoyed a lot, 27/3 of a large Amount of, 25/2 of On average, 5/8 percent to 4/8 percent low and very low levels of knowledge Regulations have been benefited.

Low 6 8/5 Medium 26 2/25

High 28 3/27 Very high 38 9/36

Total 103 100

303 Sociological Study of Social and Cultural Factors in Traffic Accidents in Iran (Case Study: Evaluation of Traffic Accidents in Amol)


Table (4.1.15). Distribution of the sample according to the Amount of economic income

Amount of economic income Frequency Percent Descriptions Very low 15 6/14 A total of 103 drivers were investigated, 64/1 of low economic income

Have had 14/6 of a very small Amount of, 14/6 of the average Amount of, 4/8 percent The high Amount of 1/9 percent economic income levels are too high.

Low 66 1/64 Medium 15 6/14

High 5 8/4 Very high 2 9/1

Total 103 100 4.2 Analysis of statistical data Below the level of correlation and significance level independent variable and of each independent variable in the table below Amount of estimated by SPSS statistic has been recorded.

Table (4.2.1). determine the significance and correlations of variables

Hypothesis No. Name of variable correlation coefficientSignificance levelFirst Satisfaction with life and accident 035/0- 000/0

Second Job satisfaction and accident 267/0- 009/0 Third Self-regulation and accident 052/0- 031/0 Fourth Fatalism and accident 170/0 018/0 Fifth Sense of control and accidents 244/0- 001/0 Sixth Legalism and accidents 076/0- 038/0

Seventh norm -Oriented and accidents 024/0- 012/0 Eighth Attitude to infringement and accidents 183/0 016/0 Ninth Rationality and accidents 038/0- 027/0 Tenth Depression and accidents 099/0 004/0

Eleventh procedural knowledge and accidents 188/0- 033/0 Twelfth economic Income and accidents 025/0 490/0

4.3 Multivariate statistical analysis In the discussion of the statistical analysis of variables in social investigation, if the dependent variable is the nature of the nominal planar (E.g., yes or no, membership or non-membership) in the form of a set of independent variables that have the characteristics of sequential or distance, one can see the influence of these variables on the dependent variable as the probability is predicted. Is desired. The results show the following output:

Logistic Regression

Table (4.3.1). Case Processing Summary UnweightedCasesa N Percent

Selected Cases Included in Analysis 103 100.0 Missing Cases 0 .0 Total 103 100.0

Unselected Cases 0 .0 Total 103 100.0 a. If weight is in effect, see classification table for the total number of cases.

As follows from the above results, Total of 103 subjects with no missing data, 100 percent of people in there that have been entered in the analysis.

Table (4.3.2). Dependent Variable Encoding Original Value Internal Value

No 0 Yes 1

As the table indicates, the dependent variable is coded"1" for "accident", the dependent variable is coded "0" for "no accidents".

BLOCK0: Beginning Block

Table (4.3.3). Classification Table a,b

Observed

Predicted VAR00022 Percentage Correct 0 1

Step 0 If you have any accidents up to now?

0 0 38 1 0 65 100.0

Overall Percentage 63.1 a. Constant is included in the model. b. The cut value is .500 Considering the above data it is clear that 63/1 cent of motorists have had accidents.



Since the forward stepwise method was used in each steps, according to this equation is zero for all variables included in the output summary schedule was incomplete "score", "degrees of freedom" and "significance level" is listed in the next steps to validate its entry significant variable in the equation and a computational steps will be created.

Table (4.3.4). Variables not in the Equationa

Score df Sig. Life satisfaction 1.727 1 .000

Self-regulation .590 1 .031 Fatalism 1.727 1 .018 Formal control .590 1 .001 Legalism 1.727 1 .038 Attitudes toward Infringement .017 1 .016 Norm-oriented 1.177 1 .012 Rationality 1.177 1 .027 Job satisfaction .253 1 .009 Depression 1.806 1 .004

Table (4.3.5). Variables in the Equation

B S.E. Wald df Sig. Exp(B) Step 0 Constant .537 .204 6.910 1 .009 1.711

Since the forward stepwise method was used,thus, at step zero all variables in the equation are considered. Beta value is 0/537 This figure means that for every one-unit change in standard deviation (SE) as the independent variable, size 0/537 in the standard deviation of the dependent variable (the number of traffic accidents) a change is made. Wald test, the significance of the variables entered to the regression equation is considered,in other words, the role of T is determined in an ordinary regression equation, and because the value is 6/910, indicating the significance of the independent variables. The standardized regression coefficient whose value is 1/711, the net effect of independent variables or the correlation coefficient is shown as the dependent variable. Due to the number indicates the relative importance of its role in predicting the dependent variable indicated a significant. The significance of all variables entered into the regression equation is evaluated.

Block1: Method=Forward Stepwise (Conditional)

Table (4.3.6). Omnibus Tests of Model Coefficients

Chi-square df Sig.

Step 1 Step 22.918 1 .027 Block 22.918 1 .027 Model 22.918 1 .027

The logistic regression is a statistical index that is used in a distribution "Chi-Squire". The first step in the above table is in "Variable Rationality" into the equation.


Chi-square df Sig.


In the second step, the variable of "formal-controlled sense by police" was entered into the equation.


Chi-square df Sig.


In the third step, the variable "satisfaction with life" is considered into the equation. At each step up the "chi Square", "degrees of freedom" and "significance level" is reported.

Table (4.3.9). Model Summary

Step -2 Log likelihood Cox & Snell R Square Nagelkerke R Square 1 470.028a .035 .049 a. Estimation terminated at iteration number 5 because parameter estimates changed by less than .001.







-2LOG Likelihood of results, which can be used to the model, has appeared in three stages. The first is related to the first step where only one independent variable is shown in the equation. The difference between these values is equal to a value that is known to improve Chi Squire represents the effect of the independent variable on the dependent variable scale resolution. The characteristics of the improved specificity effect shows the introduction of a new variable to the value of the reduced chi-Squire.

Table (4.3.12). Classification Tablea

Observed Predicted

VAR00022 Percentage Correct 0 1

Step 1 VAR00022

0 20 18 52.6 1 12 53 81.5

Overall Percentage 70.9 a. The cut value is .500

The agreement table above shows the dimensions of the dual variables. The percent of the population of a state is determined by the sensitivity of the model in the show. The percent of the total in this table indicates that the model is accurate to a few percent of the people are separated from each other. Based on this table, the sensitivity of the model to determine the "accident" and the only reason rather variable in this study is 52/6 of the sensitivity of the model to determine "not accidents" is 81/5 respectively. The topic for the next independent variable is interpreted similarly.

5. Conclusion During our evaluation of the hypothesis, the results of the study are as follows: * First hypothesis: a significant relationship exists between life satisfaction and accidents amount at a significance level (0.000). The amount of negative correlation in the opposite direction, is an indication of an inverse relationship, in other words, whatever the satisfaction levels of the driver is less likely to accidents into him further. Second hypothesis: a significant relationship exists between job satisfaction and accidents amount at a significance level (0/009), but this relationship is reversed, i.e. the amount of job satisfaction is less and amount of car accident is much higher. Some experts consider the case of an accident, as a suicide. Those who are not satisfied with life and obsession, they are usually driving with too many mistakes. * Third hypothesis: a significant relationship exists between self-regulation and accidents with a significance level (0/031), but there is in reverse order. Whatever the self-regulation amount of most drivers that have accidents amount of is lower than this. The tendency to monitor one's inner self-regulation whatever a person's desire to be more self-monitoring is less likely to accidents him. * Hypothesis IV: The Fatalism and the amount of accidents was a significant relationship between the level of significance (0/018) and exists in a reverse order to. In other words, by increasing the amount of appreciation has been driven more accidents. The fate of the appreciation gay man anything and everything is predetermined And you cannot do anything to change it or not, people-oriented person who is praised for his actions are not rational calculations. * The fifth hypothesis: a significant relationship exists between the sense of control by the police, the accidents amount with significant level (0/001) but in the opposite direction. In other words, whatever the amount of sense of control by the police (sense of control), is higher in a person will be less likely to accidents. * The sixth hypothesis: a significant relationship exists between the legalism and the accidents amount with significant level (0/038) but this relationship is reversed that is what the amount of law is more driver oriented person will be less likely to accidents. Most accidents by at least one party is disobedience. * The seventh hypothesis: there is a significant relationship between the normative and the accidents amount with significant level relationship (0/012), but is in the reverse form, in other words, whatever the amount of norm is more person Oriented and in compliance with the norms of society have become less an accident. * The eighth hypothesis: a significant relationship exists between attitude towards infringement and accidents at a significance level (0/016) and correlation (0/183). In other words, the drivers who violate traffic laws have been adopted to correct the current and they tend to have been more accidents and those who do not accept any violation of traffic rules and Respect the rules will have their legacies have been fewer accidents. * The ninth hypothesis: there is a significant relationship between the rationalism and the accidents amount that is statistically significant at a significance level (0/027), but is the reverse order, in other words, those actions are the reason for less accidents. Who is the human Rational, usually calculated for all rational behavior does not leave your fate and destiny. * Hypothesis X: The accidents have a significant correlation between depression and level of significance (0/004) and this is related to whatever higher rates of depression in men accidents amount of is also higher. * Eleventh hypothesis: a significant relationship exists between the amount of procedural knowledge and accidents with a significance level (0/033) but is in the reverse order, in other words, whatever the amount of procedural knowledge of the driver is less likely he will be in accidents. * Hypothesis twelve: the economic income amount of the drivers is high and there was no accidents. Most drivers are close together and the drivers of economic income, economic income measures have not resulted in accidents. Suggestions According to the results obtained in this study can be used to reduce accidents according to the following topics: Related factors such as Fatalism, rationalism, legalism and normative systems indicate that these factors cannot be changed except through education, People who have norm mental orientation, rationalism and legalism are lower but will not change with training. Therefore, it is recommended that education authorities and the media trying to set humane education, rationality, law and order of the circuit are norm oriented.



The survey showed satisfaction with life, People who have high accident rates are lower life satisfaction, therefore, it is suggested Family involvement is going after people who are driving or travel this would avoid the time and driving comfort to the family. The study was conducted in a specific research, Accidents can be reduced sense of control by police. Therefore, it is suggested Police are particularly abundant Rahvar police presence on the roads and country roads prevent the increase in the accident rate. Due to the impact of depression in traffic accidents researcher suggests Drivers who want to be public, Tests of intelligence, psychology, depression and ... received, and if successful, a certificate is issued for the driving public.

Acknowledgments At the end of the Almighty God for the success of the research and study of Imam Mahdi (AS) that can double as a petty appreciated my attention in this study.

References [1] Dewas, DA., (2012), Surveys in Social Research, H. Nayebi, Tehran, Nashr-e- Ney [2] Rahmani Firouzjah et al.,(2005), "The sociological causes of traffic accidents in the city of Babylon" Babylon Branch [3] Sydman, S., (2012), contention votes in sociology, Jalili, Hadi, Tehran, Nashr-e- Ney [4] Farzaneh, S.(2007), A Sociological Inquiry Death Caused By Automobile Accidents In Iran and India,Islamic Azad University, Babol Branch, Babol, Iran



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