sociology of organization

CHAPTER I

INTRODUCTION TO SOCIOLOGY OF ORGANIZATION.

SOCIOLOGY OF ORGANIZATION

INTRODUCTI

ON.

CONCEPTUAL -MEANINGSociology Of Organization is like a structured –

process that tries to focus the individuals who interact with Common –Objectives. It is also a subject that includes Social and Economic institution with an arranged hierarchy.

DEFINITIONSOCIOLOGY OF ORGANIZATION’ is a study of

formal and informal aspects of Organization ; Communication ; Control role of Environment –Organizational –Effectiveness and The Study Of Structure and Function Of Organization

Sociology Of Organization.(Conceptual Meaning and Definition )

No

Category Sociology Of Organization Organization

1. Meaning It is a holistic view and also a most important branch of Sociology that views various aspect of Organization.

It is a way of looking into the people who join with some common objectives

2. History They are the recent developments

They are found throughout the society

3. Nature. They are something commonly fixed to all the fields in that

They many vary depending up on the size and structure.

4. Universality and Applicability

They are something more associated with Legal Social causes along with Economic aspects ;Political and Social Aspects

They include more of economic aspects.

5 Classification

They can be divided into various section

They are of Two Types (Small and Large)

Differences Between Organization and Sociology Of Organization

NATURE

Organization which is termed and defined as the ‘Process of identifying and grouping the work to be performed ;defining ;delegating responsibility and authority and establishing relationships for the purpose of enabling people to work most effectively together in accomplishing objectives ‘ is something that is present in this society right from 18th century ;19th century till today

It would be also better to term ‘Organization’ as the evolution of Industrial Revolution.

(Evolution Of The Term Organization.)

The word organization has been derived from the word Organism which means a structure of inter-related parts

Hence the ultimate aim of ‘Organization ‘ is to strike a balance or to unite as well as integrate these components effectively for the purpose of attaining common –goal

Though the concept of ‘Organization ‘ is not entirely new a clear cut idea about the concept of ‘Organization was brought about by Robert Owen and Taylor through their ‘Humanitarian approach and Scientific-Management Approach.

(Evolution Of The Term Organization.)

‘Sociology Of Organization’ a great discipline and a vast branch of ‘Sociology’ is a structured process in which the individuals interact .It can also be called as the study of ‘Formal and Informal aspects of organization’

This branch of ‘Sociology’ is something that occurred in the 18TH Century ( England ) Industrial –Revolution that changed the course of ‘Human –History’

Just not only Economic –Changed were brought in this .It also changed the pattern of human –relation ;Eased the human life ; and gave luxuries and comforts; luxuries to men

(Evolution Of The Term Sociology Of Organization)

Today these Industries (organization ) gradually resulted in the continuous process of ‘Industrialization’

Because of this Agricultural Economy Slowly turned in-to

Industrial Economy.Industrial areas slowly developed in-to

towns and cities.Urbanization beganCapitalism began

(Evolution Of The TermSociology Of Organization)

Capitalist Economy was born.Social Classes with class hatreds began.Social Institutions and Social values

underwent changeNew fear ;anxiety ; problems roseAll these gaps ;issues posed a great threat to

society which posed a great threat to society. Which in –turn was resolved by ‘Sociology Of Organization’ Or Industrial Sociology Or Organizational Behaviour Or Organizational Psychology which deals all the complexities of industry .

(Evolution Of Sociology Of Organization)

As a specialized branch of Sociology. Industrial Sociology in it’s classical style was developed by Max Weber and Durkheim

Initially they were conducted in comparative grounds in a Wider –Scale in U.S.

The development of Trade Union ;Labour legislations (New –Deal Economic Policy); The rise of Human Relations and much more contributed to the development of this branch in America.

The famous experiments of ‘Hawthorne Works in Chicago and Western Electric Company too contributed to further development.

Emergence Of Sociology Of Organization (Early –Developments)

After further developments the branch was restricted only to specific problems

Though complex problems were dealt a majority was left behind.

Only simple issues were dealt.The complex issues were not only left behind

they became more complicated.

Emergence Of Sociology Of Organization (Between–Developments)

A lot of ‘Sociological –Thinking is happening and going on.

Today a lot of ‘Systematic –Research is happening on.

Today they are of lot of importance to all organizations.

Emergence Of Sociology Of Organization (Today.)

P GisbertSociology of Industry is the application of the

sociological approach to the reality and problems of Industry

• Charles.B.Spaudling Industrial Sociology centers it’s attention on the

social Organization of factory ;the store and the office .This focus includes not only the interactions of people playing roles in the organization but also the ways in which their work roles are inter-related with other aspects of their life.

(Defining Sociology Of Organization)Definitions.

Industrial ApproachThis approach is all about the use of the term

‘Industry’ Which may be defined as ‘The Application

of complex and sophiscated methods to the production of economic goods and services’. In order to improve the quality and quantity of goods machines are used; Which is said to be originated from the 18th century.(Industrial –Revolution)

Approaches To Sociology Of Organization.

Industrial Approach –Features.Man in some way or the other ;has always

been industrialHe has also used tools to satisfy his needsToday the modern Industry which uses the

modern and sophiscated techniques are far more better than the others. ( Wherein the term industry is derived from latin word meaning resourcefulness and usefulness )


Industrial Approach –Critical EvaluationPositives(+)Realization of better Industrial UsageHighlighting the importance of better machines.Negatives(-) Implies too much dependence on machinesSpeaks man as a person highly dependent on

machinesAs far as many countries are concerned ;Still

there are traditional methods and traditional occupation


Sociological ApproachSociological approach can be termed as the use

of “Social and sociological use and techniques towards the study of industry”.


Sociological Approach –Features. A complex reality like ‘Industry’ can be

studied from various points of view.Technology; Physical;

Psychological ;Economical ; Sociological aspects can all be dealt.

Sociology is an essential aspects of ‘Science Of Society ; ‘Science Of Social Relationships’ ; Associations and Institutions .


Sociological Approach –Critical Evaluation.They are scientific.They analyze the social relationships and the

system they assume.They are rational and empirical.They examine various Industrial

Organizations and Institutions .Even the Inter-Relationships of various

Organizations Industry- Other Organizations of Society are dealt.


Features ;Characteristics Nature. They are an applied discipline.They are concerned with the study of human relations

that grow and operate in the field of disciplineThey also focus on sociological concepts that have

relevance to Industry.They focus on the patterns of role in industrial

organizations.They are also studied by other disciplines .-Industrial

management ; Industrial Engineering; Industrial Psychology ; and Industrial Economics.

Though the study may be in different ways . Sometimes they overlap .

Scope Of Sociology Of Organization.

1.Industrial Engineering.They deal about the design of products and

equipments.2. Industrial Management.It is ,more of art than science where the management

aspects are dealt.3. Industrial Psychology.Deals about the various aspects Of Human –

Resource .4.Industrial Economics.Matters related to wage ;Salary Administration

Taxation etc.

Scope Of Sociology Of Organization

5.Sociology Of Organization.They deal about the total aspect of organization .They

deal about 3 important aspects of organization.1. Management Organization.(Refers to the

relationship between the management and workers along with the policies and formulations)

2. Informal Organization.(Informal relationships developed by the workers themselves.)

3. Union Organization.(Deals about the role of trade unions and the participation of workers in trade unions)

Scope Of Sociology Of Organization

They study about various aspects of organization.They deal about the various un-rests in industries along

with solutions.They have reduced the gap between the industries and

workers by developing friendly relationships.They have stresses the importance of trade unions.They have thrown the light on the living and working

conditions of industrial workers.They have paved a way of better –Industrial Working

Conditions.They have stressed the importance of better’

Management Policies through their Sociological Studies’

Importance Of Sociology Of Organization.

It studies the relationship between the industries and industrial workers along with the Political; Economical; Social ;Educational and others.

It has also analyzed the process of ‘Industrialization’

along with ‘Urbanization’ .Finally they have paved a great way to

many ‘Planned Industrial –Growth.

Importance Of Sociology Of Organization.

ORGANIZATION

OR

BUSINESS

OR

INDUSTRY

(Nature ;Typolo

gy;

Importance.)

Meaning.The word ‘Organization’ has come from the

word ‘Organism’ meaning a structure of inter-related and inter –dependent parts or components. The parts or components of organization consists of men ; machines ; materials ;methods ;money ;functions authority and responsibility. However the ultimate aim of organization is to integrate these components efficiently and effectively for the purpose of attaining common –goals.

Organization – A Conceptual Understanding.

Definition.1.Allen ‘Organization is the process of identifying and

grouping the work to be performed ;defining and delegating responsibility and authority and establishing relationships for the purpose of enabling people to work most efficiently together in accomplishing objectives.

2.Kimball and Kimball‘Organization embraces the duties of designing the

departments and the personnel that are to carry work ;defining their functions and specifying relations that are to exist between the departments and individuals.


Definition.3. Wheeler‘Organization is the structural framework

of duties and responsibilities required of personnel in performing various functions within the company.

4.Haney‘Organization is a harmonious adjustment

of specialized parts for the accomplishment of some common purpose or purposes.


Process Of Organization.Step 1(Formation Phase Or Initial phase)1.Planning2.Organizing3.Co-ordination.Step 2(Middle –phase Or Organizing Phase)1.Division Of Work (Drawing lines or marking the work

depending on the company strategies. Care should be taken to see the entire work of organization is given to all members of the organization starting from line manger to that of H.R manger to in order to increase efficiency and performance of the organization.


Process Of Organization.2. Grouping Of Activities.( A step clearly similar to the

nature and also closely related .Grouping of activities is highly essential .Care should be taken to ensure that all loose activities are grouped under one head or

co –ordination should be made 3.Assingment Of Work (Similar to division of labour

except that here activities are divided based on the departments ;occupations ;qualifications etc .Usually in assigning the work the organization (management) or senior head will play a great role. A most important step after ‘Division of Labour ‘ because only through this step all loose activities can be co –ordinated.


Process Of Organization.4.Delegation of Authority ( A employee who is designed

with more jobs and works definitely needs some level of authority -To carry out the works and responsibility. This phase of transferring the work from or by superior to sub-ordinate is only termed as Delegation of Authority.)

5. Creation Of Accountability( A sub-ordinate who has been given the task of accomplishing the work or task must be accountable for his work to his superior or to any higher authority.)

6. Defining Relationships. ( Meaning every sub –ordinate should know who his superior is and in the same manner the superior should know who is their sub –ordinate.)


PROCESS OF

ORGANIZATION

(DIAGRAMATIC

–

REPRESNTATIO

N)

Principles / Essentials /Features of a good organization.1.Objective ( Clear cut idea and principles of organization)2.Division Of Work3.Authorithy and Responsibility4.Delegation5.Balance6.Responsibility being an absolute one ( They are never

created rather they come immediately after the creation of job –tasks)

7.Unity Of Command(One superior –One sub –ordinate and being accountable as dual leadership will create confusion.)

8.Unity Of Direction (Planned activities having same objectives under one head leadership.)

Organization – A Conceptual Understanding

Principles / Essentials /Features of a good organization.

9.Disriction between line and staff functions. 10. Simplicity.11.Flexiblity.


Characteristics.1.Identity2. Deliberate and Conscious Creation3.Relationship between work and authority4.Purpose Creation5.Co-ordination of activities6.Structure.7.Rationality8.Hirerachy and Division Of Labour


Organization –As a structure.Organizations Or Business need to function in long –

run .Though it’s characteristics ;essentials define it .It is only through the Organizational Structure the real meaning or existence happen.

1.Organization structure explains the position and official relationships between the various individuals working in an organization.

2.It helps in better understanding of organization.3.It is also analyzes i. Who is the top most official in an organization?ii. Who are the departmental heads ;What are their functions?iii. Who are the subordinate staff in each department?iv. Etc


Organization –Element Of Feeling.Organizations don’t come just like that rather they

need to be formed .When one speaks about formation of organization it is often traced to the people’s involvement .Which is only termed as management. It is only through the management the ‘Success Or Failure or The Strongness or Weakness is determined.’ However today a lot of organizations have realized the importance of human labour as people of emotions.


Integrative and Pattern Maintainace.It is highly difficult to find any organization without

any goals. Though all goals are planned and efforts are made to improvise them. It is only through the Integrative and Pattern Maintainace the real objectives are identified. The integrative and pattern maintenance do the following.

1.Individual (The various personality traits of an individual along with his motives and attitudes are something very important .Integrative and Pattern Maintainace deals about this by examing ‘What he wants to do for the organization.’


Integrative and Pattern Maintainace.2.Formal Organization. (Authority and responsibility are

the most important one of any organization and also a great inter-related and inter-dependent aspect)

3.Informal Organization ( They address how behaviourial aspects needs to be adjusted to the norms)

4.Physical Setting.(Working conditions along with various social ;psychological emotional aspects)

5.Role or Action6.Communication7.Decision Making8.Balance.


DIFFERENT

TYPES OF

ORGANIZATION

AND

MODULES OF

ORGANIZATION

.

Organization or Organizations may have different purposes however earning profit is the most common goal of every organization.

However it should be noted that every organization tends to differ

In SizeIn StructureIn Areas of Operation. Etc • All these differences may cause some level of

confusion .Which is thus resolved by Modules of Organization and Typology.

Different Types Of Organization.

Typology of Organization or Classification of Organization or Different Organizations can be divided on four types.

1. Based on Structure2. Based on Operation3. Based on Performance4. Based on Organizational –Behaviour.• Modules of Organization can be classified into four types1. Autocratic2. Custodial3. Supportive4. Collegial.


MODULES OF ORGANIZATION.

MODULES OF ORGANIZATION.Organizations differ in the quality of Organizational –

Behaviour that they develop.These differences are substantially caused by different

models of organizational –behaviour that dominate the management’s thought in each organization.

These differences tend to dominate different ideologies and assumptions of a person/manger/industry.

The underlying principle in this theory or model is that ; ‘THEY ACT AS ACCORDING TO THEIR THOUGHT’

Keith –Davis has suggested and has also defined four models of organization.

Different Types Of Organization and Modules Of Organization.

MODULES OF ORGANIZATION. Autocratic –Module. (Power ;Authority) The autocratic model depends on power. Those who are in command must have

the power to demand “you do this-or else,” meaning that an employee who does not follow orders will be penalized.

In an autocratic environment the managerial orientation is formal, official authority. This authority is delegated by right of command over the people to it applies.

Under autocratic environment the employee is obedience to a boss, not respect for a manager.

The psychological result for employees is dependence on their boss, whose power to hire, fire, and “perspire” them is almost absolute.

The boss pays minimum wages because minimum performance is given by employees. They are willing to give minimum performance-though sometimes reluctantly-because they must satisfy subsistence needs for themselves and their families. Some employees give higher performance because of internal achievement drives, because they personally like their boss, because the boss is “a natural-born leader,” or because of some other factor; but most of them give only minimum performance.

Different Types Of Organization and Modules Of Organization.

MODULES OF ORGANIZATION. Custodial (Economic –Resources ) A successful custodial approach depends on economic resources. The resulting managerial orientation is toward money to pay wages and

benefits. Since employees’ physical needs are already reasonably met, the employer

looks to security needs as a motivating force. If an organization does not have the wealth to provide pensions and pay other benefits, it cannot follow a custodial approach.

The custodial approach leads to employee dependence on the organization. Rather than being dependence on their boss for their weekly bread, employees now depend on organizations for their security and welfare.

Employees working in a custodial environment become psychologically preoccupied with their economic rewards and benefits.

As a result of their treatment, they are well maintained and contended. However, contentment does not necessarily produce strong motivation; it may produce only passive cooperation. The result tends to be those employees do not perform much more effectively than under the old autocratic approach.

Modules Of Organization.

Modules Of Organization. Supportive The supportive model depends on leadership instead of power or money.

Through leadership, management provides a climate to help employees grow and accomplish in the interests of the organization the things of which they are capable.

The leader assumes that workers are not by nature passive and resistant to organizational needs, but that they are made so by an inadequately supportive climate at work. They will take responsibility, develop a drive to contribute, and improve themselves if management will give them a chance. Management orientation, therefore, is to support the employee’s job performance rather than to simply support employee benefit payments as in the custodial approach.

Since management supports employees in their work, the psychological result is a feeling of participation and task involvement in the organization. Employee may say “we” instead of “they” when referring to their organization.

Employees are more strongly motivated than by earlier models because of their status and recognition needs are better met. Thus they have awakened drives for work.

Modules Of Organization.

Modules Of Organization. Collegial A useful extension of the supportive model is the collegial model. The term “collegial” relates

to a body of people working together cooperatively. The collegial model depends on management’s building a feeling of partnership with

employees. The result is that employees feel needed and useful. They feel that managers are contributing also, so it is easy to accept and respect their roles in their organization. Managers are seen as joint contributors rather than as bosses.

The managerial orientation is toward teamwork. Management is the coach that builds a better team

The employee’s response to this situation is responsibility. For example employees produce quality work not because management tells them to do so or because the inspector will catch them if they do not, but because they feel inside themselves an obligation to provide others with high quality. They also feel an obligation to uphold quality standards that will bring credit to their jobs and company.

The psychological result of the collegial approach for the employee is self-discipline. Feeling responsible, employees discipline themselves for performance on the team in the same way that the members of a football team discipline themselves to training standards and the rules of the game.

In this kind of environment employees normally feel some degree of fulfillment, worthwhile contribution, and self-actualization, even though the amount may be modest in some situation. This self-actualization will lead to moderate enthusiasm in performance.

Modules Of Organization

TYPES OF ORGANIZATION.

• Types Of Organization.The classical bureaucratic module of Weber has been

subject to varying degrees of criticisms and disapproval in the recent decades.

Nevertheless ;several of it’s assumptions are implemented in most organizations –Civil ;Military or industrial.

At the same time ;behavioural scientists and management theorists are searching for new models of organizations.

Today these classical bureaucratic module is being rectified; changed ;modified and re –defined .

This is only termed as Types of Organization.

Different Types Of Organization

Organizations –Based On Structure or SizeEvery organization differs just not alone in function ;but

also in structure. Structure or Size based industry is one of the most important typologies of Organization and this organization is often characterized by the following features

• People Oriented ( Just having one person will not form or create an industry rather they are formed by multiple persons)

• Number Oriented ( Just not one no’s but multiple numbers)

• Very Limited Investment and High Investment• Single or Multiple Business.


Organizations –Based On Structure.Organizations based on structure can be divided

of in-to three types.1. Small –Scale Organizations A small business, is a type of an organization that

is privately owned and operated, with a small number of employees and relatively low volume of sales. Small businesses are normally privately owned . The legal definition of "small" varies by country and by industry. However these organizations have employees within 15 no’s


http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Employee

Organizations –Based On Structure2. Large Scale Organizations.Large Scale Organizations or Big Business refers to

an organization that is quite huge and big in structure and as well in it’s sales

3.Medium Scale Organizations.These are the type of organizations that go hand in

hand along with the small scale organizations and they are termed as Small Scale Organizations Or Small Scale Business or Small scale enterprise. Sometimes they are also called as micro enterprise.


Organizations Based on Ownership or GroupsEvery Organization comes in-to existence only through the

people. Untill and Unless the people come ;no organizations can be formed .The Second type of organization is all about the above concept and this is termed as Organizations Bases on Ownership.

• Organizations Based On Ownership have some traits and they are of

1. People or Person –Oriented2. Staff Or Expert Leadership3. Legal or Judiciary Entity4. Profit or Economic Motives5. Social or Societial Motive


Organizations Based On Ownership or Groups. Organizations based on this type can be of 3 types.1. Private Owned Organization( Owned By Individuals entirely and solely)

This type of organization can be of the following types Sole Trading Joint –Hindu Family Business Multi –National Companies Corporate Houses Joint Stock Companies Partnership2. Public Owned Organization ( Opposite side of private based organizations

and owned by government) Public owned Organizations can be of Ration –Shops Co –Operatives. 3. Mixed Organizations (Owned by both public and private also termed as

Joint Collaborations)


Organizations –Based On Operation or LocalityThese are the type of organization based on area

or locality. Just like how ownership and structure plays an important role ;similarly even the Organizations based on areas of operation are also important and they are of five types.

1. Local ( blocks ;streets ;city)2. Regional (cities ;state)3. National( entire nation ;cities)4. International( all over the globe)5. Overseas( countries)

Different Types Of Organizations.

Organizations Based on Analysis Or Performance These type of organization can be divided into three

types.Parson’s Classification Or Performance ClassificationHugo’s ClassificationBlow’s Classification1. Parson’s Classification is divided into four types.

These classification are of four types and they areEconomic PoliticalIntegrativePattern

Different Types of Organization.

2. Hugo Classification.( People’s Orientation)1.Philanthrophic2. Voluntary3.Military3. Blow’s Classification.( Need’s Oriented)1.Mutual Benefit2.Business3.Service4.Common wealth and Common –Goal.

Different Types of Organization.

Organizations Based On Organizational –BehaviourOrganizations based on Organizational –Behaviour turns out the last

important type of organization. These are the type of organization that usually encompasses the organizational activities. These type or organization are of six type.

Formal Organization.• Also termed as official organization.• They are deliberately created for the establishment of rules and

regulations.• Formal organization are the most important types of organization

traditionally existing in organizations.• A formal organization is something that is similar to the typical to

the regular organization usually bound by rules and regulations .• They provide official relationships between the individuals• They are well established in rules and regulations.


Types Of Organization.Merits of Formal Organization.• They facilitate better communication

relationships between the members of an organization

• They provide better communication.• There will be better formal –motivation

atmosphere • Conflicts will be lesser.

Different Types Of Organization and Modules Of Organization

De Merits Of Formal Organization.• Too much of authorithism• Too much of red tapisim• Too much of head control

Different Types of Organizationand Modules of Organization.

Informal Organization.• Also termed as non-formal or spontaneous organization.• Something deliberately created.• They are the outcome of personal and social

relationships between an individual and organization.• They are not consciously and deliberately created –

rather created spontaneously because of social interactions between an individual and organization.

• Informal organizations are also created sometimes because of Friendship ;Identical tastes ;Preferences

• Sometimes they are also created because of dislikes in formal organization.

Different Types of Organizationand

Merits and De-Merits of Informal Organization.Merits.• Social needs are fulfilled.• Co –operation chances are greater.• Better personal relationships De-Merits.• Hierarchy chances are lesser.• Easy contact ( anyone can establish relationships)• Superiors may loose their importance• Rumors may spread• Employees may have a casual outlook.

Different Types of Organization

Line Organization.• Also termed as military organization.• Oldest form of organization.• Usually in this form of organization the

superior at the top makes decisions and communicates ;His decisions will be final based on which the work will be assigned to the subordinates.

• The sub-ordinated within his scope of authority performs the job given to him; Who in turn will pass on the work to the next sub –ordinate.


Merits and De-Merits of Line Organization. Merits.• Simple and easy to establish• No Complicated Relationships• They define who ;what ;when and what jobs should be

performed.• Authority and Responsibility are clearly defined.• Unity of command is there (One –head One –Sub ordinate)• Prompt decisions are there• Economical (No need of any additional supervisors)• Prompt Decisions can be taken• Scope for better supervision• Greater and Better Discipline is ensured in the organization.


De –Merits.Specialization goes down (The manager has to plan

for both functioning and executing of work assigned to him .The entire burden falls on him)

Overburdened with work.(Dual work performers)Chances Of Low Efficiency ( Because of dual work

task ; mental and physical tiredness)Down-word Communication. (Sub –Ordinates being

made to perform the task of the heads)Monopoly In Decision Making.(Head ;Line Managers

being the sole decision makers without taking into account of the needs and interests of the employees)


Line

Organization

–

Diagrammati

c

Representati

on.

Line and Staff Organization.• Staff experts ;who specialize in specific or a specialists in

specific areas ;assist the line personnel.• These people are only termed as experts .• They are the people who provide relief to the line personnel

when the latter are over burdened with work.• These experts have direct 1. control only on the sub –ordinates who have been assigned

to them2. Only advice or suggestions is possible 3. Their say or option related to decisions on vital or critical or

important issues are not possible• However it is up to the line –managers to decide what is

best in the suggestions given by the staff experts


Merits and De –Merits Merits.• Support ( Two way i.e. staff experts and line managers)• Relief from work burden (Work is actually shared)• Absence is taken care (Performing certain tasks done by

staff experts)• Better Suggestions –better decisions ( Advice given by staff

experts)• Faster and Swift performance( Because of sharing work)• Specialization• Overall Efficiency• Doing Work To Fullest Capacity.• Full Concentration


Demerits Conflicts will arise between the line mangers

and staff experts. Staff managers positions being in-

effective ;because of their positional in ability to influence decisions

No precise authority –superior relationship Cost of operation may be higher and

complicated. Suitable only for a large organization.


Functional Organization. These type of organization are suitable for large

scale organizations. In these type of organization there are separate

department to look after different lines of activities.

There are also special created departments for the organization.

Examples: The production unit ;The sales department etc.

Each department will be headed by a manager and will work according to hierarchy.

Different Types of Organizationand Modules of Organization

Merits and De –Merits.Merits. Specialization Each functional head looking after specific

activity No over burdening of work Maximum –Efficiency Better Concentration Specialization and Standardisation will lead

to mass production.


De –Merits. They are likely to go un-wide in the presence Of numerous departments and divisions. Securing maximum co-operation will not be

possible. Major decisions taken by heads will not reach

in time Decisions that needs to be taken will involve

the participation of all heads this sometimes may go into an argument.

They can be quite expensive and time consuming.


Committee Organization. A type of an organization developed by groups or by group of

people with whom the responsibility is entrusted for doing a particular job.

In simple word A Committee Organization is a group of persons entrusted with certain tasks.

These Committee Members are expected to discuss any kind of matters or issues ( The Problem under consideration in detail and come with a solution).

In this organization a number or a set of committees may be created depending up on the requirements.

However the heads of the department will be the members These Committees meet regularly and they will discuss the progress

of work. Sometimes a head committee may also be developed to review the

work.


Committee Organization –Types.Standing Or Permanent Committee.This is a type of committee that is or never cab be

dissolved. Although the membership changes among the members the committee will not be dissolved. The Board Of Directors is a best example.

Temporary or Ad-Hoc Committee.They are the type of committee created for temporary

time period. They are also created for a specific purpose. Once the work or a work report is done or accomplished they dissolve. Project Committee’s are the best example .


Committee Organization –Types. Executive Committee.A type of committee that has powers to make important decisions

for an enterprise. Advisory Committee.An advisory body is a type of committee that can make only

decisions not more that. Formal Committee.They are something similar to the normal organization usually

formed by rules and regulations .They have strict hierarchy and they also function according to the authority channels.

Informal Committee.They can called as the opposites of the formal committee. An

informal committee is something not created according to the rules.


Committee Organization – Merits and De-merits.Merits.• The scope for judgment is better here • Every member gets a chance to raise out their opinions.• The decisions taken here are something that will reflect

the overall ideas ;benefits and feelings of the organization.

• Proper Co-ordination will be there.• Understanding the problems and solutions is easy here.• Motivations and enthusiasms are high here.• Implications will be higher.• Diverse interests =Democratic –Opinions.


• Committee Organization – Merits and De-merits. De-Merits. They become more expensive The committee members needs to be paid high remuneration. A lot of perks and allowances should be given. Taking Decisions will be longer and implementation will be even

longer. Sometimes the committee might loose it’s purpose for which it has

been established. To reach a common goal ;need will be difficult. There are also chances that influential members might be a part of it. There is no fixed responsibility on the members of committee when it

comes to implementing decisions. Scape –Goatisrism will be higher. Sometimes the idea will behind the formation of committee would be

just organizational.


Types Of Organization.Project –Organization.• They become popular after world war 11• Management is the key word (whether it is a

large or small project)• In this project type there are specialists.• These specialists will co-ordinate among the

members


Merits and De-Merits Of Project Organization.Merits.• Individual projects can be suited and accommodated.• Specialized knowledge and skill can be used

whenever required.• Responsibility given to the individuals will be higher.De-Merits.• Time ;Money consumption is higher.• Decision making will become more complicated and

tough.• Dealing with the specialist will be come complicated.


Types Of Organization.- Matrix Organization.• Known as Multiple Command SystemIt has two chain command system.It flows both horizontally and vertically ( line

authority and Project authority)There will be separate departments

established for each specified task. However the departments have to share the resources with the rest of organization.

No one can claim exclusive rights.


Merits and De –Merits Of Matrix organization. Functional and theoretical benefits are there. Individual, projects can be suited well Greater and Better motivation. Promotes Communication De-Merits.• Dual Command –Confusion• Quick decisions impossible• Conflicts will be higher.• Project execution will be delayed.


OVERALL

EVALUATION

OF

ORGANIZATION

.

Vitality .Better Implementing Plans.Specialization.Optimum Resource and Use.Teamwork.Communication RelationshipCreativityCo0ordinationContinuity

Importance Of Organization.

One Superior-Sub-OrdinateCapable and Better LeaderA Good leaderRestricted and Little Membership Weightage to Honesty and IntegrityAdvance PreparationRecording Better Information and Communication

Steps To Make Organization Better.

A QUICK

RECAP.

Points To Be Rembered ( In accordance with question –bank) Sociology of organization also termed as Industrial

Sociology ;Organizational behaviour and Organizational Psychology is one of the important branches Of Sociology.

S Of Organization connects and inter connects various social sciences. While speaking about the elements associated with this branch they

are of four types. Organizational System ( Organization as a system) Organizational Elements ( Organization as a feeling element) Organizational Functions( Modules and types of organization) Organizational Integration ( Integration and Patter Mainatiance) Apart from the above prescribed types of organization there are also

other types of organization. Vertical organization Horizontal Organization Sloan –Model Organization

Recap ;

Points To Be Rembered ( In accordance with question –bank)

Recentralization Model Management IntegrationBasis theory x and Y modelLeadership and Integration ModelThere are two approaches in which the

Sociology of organization studies the industry they are

Industrial Approach andSociological (Social) Approach.

Recap

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