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TRANSCRIPT
SO
CIO
LO
GY
OF
WO
RK
AN
D
PRO
FESS
ION
AL
ET
HIC
S
Milj
enko
Ant
ić
T
EX
TB
OO
K
FAC
UL
TY
OF
CIV
IL E
NG
INE
ER
ING
Z
AG
RE
B
20
16
1
Cont
ents
1
. D
efin
itio
ns
of
bas
ic t
erm
s ............................................................ 5
Work
.................................................................................................. 6
Soci
olo
gy o
f W
ork
............................................................................ 9
Sum
mar
y ..
....................................................................................... 1
3
Exam
ple
s of
exam
ques
tions .
.......................................................... 1
4
2.
His
tory
of
Work
......................................................................... 1
5
Work
Epoch
s ................................................................................... 1
5
Epoch
of
tools
................................................................................. 1
6
Sum
mar
y ..
....................................................................................... 2
6
Exam
ple
s of
exam
ques
tion
............................................................ 2
8
3.
Cla
ssic
al T
heo
ries
of
the
Org
aniz
atio
n o
f W
ork
....................... 2
9
Pre
curs
ors
of
the
theo
ry o
f w
ork
org
aniz
atio
n ..
.............................. 2
9
Ad
am S
mit
h (
17
23
-1790)
............................................................... 3
0
Wis
low
Fre
der
ick
Tay
lor
(18
56
-1915) ........................................... 3
2
Fra
nk
Bu
nk
er G
ilb
reth
(1
868
-1924) ............................................... 3
4
Max
Web
er (
1864
-1920) .
................................................................ 3
5
Hen
ry F
ord
(1
84
1-1
925) ................................................................. 3
6
Sum
mar
y ..
....................................................................................... 3
7
Exam
ple
s of
exam
ques
tions .
.......................................................... 3
8
4.
Elt
on M
ayo's
Exper
imen
ts (
1880
-1949) .
................................... 4
1
Lif
e an
d c
aree
r of
May
o ..
................................................................ 4
1
Ex
per
imen
ts w
ith
lig
hti
ng ..
............................................................. 4
1
Exper
imen
ts w
ith r
elay
s .................................................................. 4
2
13
2
dis
reg
ard
of
eth
ics.
By
ad
her
ing
to
bu
sin
ess
eth
ics,
th
e co
mp
any
gai
ns
a re
pu
tati
on
, an
d g
reat
er s
atis
fact
ion
of
the
emp
loy
ee's
per
form
ance
.
Ther
efore
, m
anag
ers
must
dev
elop p
osi
tive
ethic
s.
6.
It i
s not
easy
to g
ive
unam
big
uo
us
answ
ers
to a
nu
mb
er o
f is
sues
in
the
fiel
d o
f b
usi
nes
s et
hic
s an
d t
her
efo
re m
any
iss
ues
rem
ain
to
be
the
sub
ject
of
dis
cuss
ion
of
the
theo
ry o
f b
usi
nes
s et
hic
s.
Exa
mpl
es o
f exa
m q
uest
ions
1.
Wh
at i
s se
xu
al h
aras
smen
t?
2.
Lis
t th
e m
ost
im
po
rtan
t ru
les
to
be
foll
ow
ed
by
mem
ber
s o
f th
e
acad
emic
co
mm
un
ity
to
pre
ven
t se
xu
al h
aras
smen
t!
3.
Wh
at i
s a
con
flic
t o
f in
tere
st?
Ho
w c
an a
lo
ve
affa
ir a
t th
e w
ork
pla
ce
cau
se a
co
nfl
ict
of
inte
rest
?
4.
In
wh
at
way
ca
n
a co
nfl
ict
of
inte
rest
th
at
aris
es
as
a re
sult
o
f
rela
tio
nsh
ips
in t
he
wo
rkp
lace
be
pre
ven
ted
?
5.
Wh
at s
ho
uld
th
e v
icti
m o
f se
xu
al h
aras
smen
t d
o?
6.
Ho
w s
ho
uld
man
ager
s, a
cco
rdin
g t
o F
ried
man
, re
solv
e th
e p
ote
nti
al
con
flic
t b
etw
een
eth
ics
and
lo
gic
of
pro
fit?
7.
Wh
at i
s en
lig
hte
ned
eg
ois
m?
8.
Wh
o a
re m
anag
ers
resp
on
sib
le t
o,
acco
rdin
g t
o F
reem
an's
th
eory
?
9.
Com
par
e F
ried
man
and F
reem
an's
th
eory
! S
up
po
rt t
his
com
par
iso
n
wit
h e
xam
ple
s!
10
. G
ive
fiv
e ex
amp
les
of
eth
ical
dil
emm
as t
hat
try
to
so
lve
the
theo
ry o
f
bu
sin
ess
eth
ics!
Giv
e y
ou
r o
wn
op
inio
n h
ow
th
is d
ilem
ma
sho
uld
be
reso
lved
, an
d s
pec
ify
th
e ar
gu
men
ts i
n s
up
po
rt o
f y
ou
r o
pin
ion
!
131
Sum
mar
y
1.
Sex
ual
har
assm
ent
is a
form
of
har
assm
ent
that
is
char
acte
rize
d b
y t
he
lack
o
f ac
cep
tan
ce
or
reje
ctio
n
of
the
oth
er
per
son
, an
d
inv
olv
es
rep
eate
d s
end
ing
of
un
wan
ted
ver
bal
an
d p
hy
sica
l su
gg
esti
on
s o
f a
sex
ual
nat
ure
to
an
oth
er p
erso
n,
ph
ysi
cal
assa
ult
, re
pea
ted
dis
clo
sure
of
un
wan
ted
jo
kes
an
d r
emar
ks
that
are
sex
ual
ly c
olo
red
, in
clu
din
g
refe
ren
ces
to s
ex a
nd
sex
ual
ori
enta
tio
n,
der
isio
n a
nd
rid
icu
le,
wh
ich
is a
sex
ual
ly co
lore
d,
dis
pla
y o
f se
xu
ally
o
ffen
siv
e an
d d
istu
rbin
g
mat
eria
l, r
equ
esti
ng
sex
ual
fav
ors
in
exch
ange
for
a sp
ecif
ic a
ct o
r
fail
ure
fro
m p
osi
tio
ns
of
auth
ori
ty.
2.
Pro
hib
itio
n
of
sex
ual
h
aras
smen
t d
oes
n
ot
ban
th
ose
ro
man
tic
or
sex
ual
rel
atio
nsh
ips
at t
he
wo
rkp
lace
gen
erat
ed b
y m
utu
al c
on
sen
t.
Ho
wev
er,
in s
uch
rel
atio
nsh
ips
con
flic
ts o
f in
tere
st m
ust
be
avo
ided
(fo
r ex
amp
le,
an
emp
loy
ee
is
pro
mo
ted
o
nly
b
ecau
se
on
e is
in
a
rela
tio
nsh
ip w
ith
his
/her
man
ager
).
3.
Pre
ven
tin
g s
exu
al h
aras
smen
t is
a v
ery
im
po
rtan
t el
emen
t o
f th
e co
de
of
eth
ics
and
th
at i
s w
hy
co
mp
anie
s m
ust
hav
e cl
ear
rule
s th
at w
ill
pre
ven
t su
ch b
ehav
ior
at t
he
wo
rkp
lace
.
4.
Th
ere
are
con
flic
tin
g
op
inio
ns
abo
ut
the
imp
ort
ance
o
f b
usi
nes
s
eth
ics.
F
ried
man
b
elie
ves
th
at
man
ager
s m
ust
st
riv
e so
lely
to
max
imiz
e p
rofi
ts, p
rov
ided
th
ey d
o n
ot
vio
late
law
s.
5.
Th
e th
eory
of
enli
gh
ten
ed e
go
ism
bel
ieves
that
man
ager
s m
ust
tak
e
care
n
ot
on
ly
of
sho
rt-t
erm
p
rofi
ts
bu
t al
so
of
emp
loy
ees,
th
e
env
iro
nm
ent,
cu
sto
mer
s, a
nd
su
pp
lier
s. T
his
th
eory
ho
lds
that
lo
ng
-
term
co
mp
lian
ce
wit
h
bu
sin
ess
eth
ics
bri
ngs
hig
her
pro
fits
th
an
2
Ex
pla
nat
ion
of
exp
erim
enta
l re
sult
s ................................................ 4
4
Th
e b
asic
ele
men
ts o
f M
ayo
's t
heo
ry ..
............................................ 4
5
Cri
tici
sm o
f M
ayo's
theo
ry ..
............................................................ 4
6
Co
nti
ng
ency
ap
pro
ach
in
so
cio
logy o
f w
ork
.................................. 4
7
Sum
mar
y ..
....................................................................................... 4
8
Exam
ple
s of
exam
ques
tions .
.......................................................... 4
9
5.
Sel
ecti
on o
f w
ork
ers
.................................................................. 5
1
How
to c
hoose
the
work
ers?
........................................................... 5
3
Appli
cati
on f
orm
an
d C
V ..
.............................................................. 5
3
Can
did
ate
test
ing ..
........................................................................... 5
5
Tas
k ..
............................................................................................... 5
7
Inte
rvie
w ......................................................................................... 5
7
How
to b
e se
lect
ed?
........................................................................ 5
9
Sum
mar
y ..
....................................................................................... 6
2
Exam
ple
s of
exam
ques
tions .
.......................................................... 6
3
6.
Work
moti
vat
ion ..
...................................................................... 6
5
Moti
vat
ion ..
..................................................................................... 6
5
Mas
low
's t
heo
ry o
f m
oti
vat
ion
........................................................ 6
6
McC
lell
and's
theo
ry o
f m
oti
vat
ion
................................................. 6
9
Met
ho
ds
of
enco
ura
gin
g w
ork
moti
vat
ion
...................................... 7
0
Sum
mar
y ..
....................................................................................... 7
2
Exam
ple
s of
exam
ques
tions .
.......................................................... 7
3
7.
R
ewar
din
g a
nd
pu
nis
hin
g w
ork
ers
............................................ 7
5
Th
e ro
le o
f re
war
d a
nd
pu
nis
hm
ent
in m
oti
vat
ion o
f w
ork
............ 7
5
Types
of
rew
ards ............................................................................. 7
6
Pri
ze m
on
ey ..
................................................................................... 7
7
3
Punis
hm
ent
of
work
ers .
................................................................... 8
0
Rule
s of
punis
hm
ent .
....................................................................... 8
1
Types
of
punis
hm
ent .
...................................................................... 8
3
Dis
cipli
nar
y m
eeti
ng
....................................................................... 8
5
Sum
mar
y ..
....................................................................................... 8
6
Exam
ple
s of
exam
ques
tions .
.......................................................... 8
7
8. W
ork
ing c
aree
r ............................................................................... 8
9
Intr
oduct
ion ..
................................................................................... 8
9
1. P
repar
atio
n ..
............................................................................... 8
9
3.
Tra
nsi
tio
n f
rom
sch
oo
l to
work
and i
nte
rnsh
ip p
erio
d ..
............. 9
2
4. P
erm
anen
t em
plo
ym
ent.
.............................................................. 9
3
5. R
etir
emen
t ................................................................................... 9
5
Unem
plo
ym
ent .
............................................................................... 9
6
Sum
mar
y ..
....................................................................................... 9
7
Exam
ple
s of
exam
ques
tions .
.......................................................... 9
8
9.
Pro
fess
ional
ism
.......................................................................... 9
9
Def
init
ions
of
pro
fess
ion ..
............................................................... 9
9
Char
acte
rist
ics
of
a pro
fess
ion ..
.................................................... 1
00
Sum
mar
y ..
..................................................................................... 1
09
Exam
ple
s of
exam
ques
tions .
........................................................ 1
10
10
. P
rofe
ssio
nal
an
d b
usi
nes
s et
hic
s ................................................. 1
11
Pro
fess
ional
eth
ics .
........................................................................ 1
11
Rel
atio
nsh
ip w
ith c
lien
ts ..
............................................................. 1
12
Rel
atio
nsh
ip o
f p
rofe
ssio
nal
s an
d f
ello
w c
oll
eagues
.................... 1
14
Co
mp
lian
ce w
ith
reg
ula
tions
........................................................ 1
15
Busi
nes
s et
hic
s .............................................................................. 1
16
13
0
4.
Is i
t et
hic
al t
o c
hec
k w
hat
the
can
did
ates
, w
ho
hav
e ap
pli
ed f
or
the
com
pet
itio
n f
or
the
job
, d
o i
n t
hei
r fr
ee t
ime
(wh
ich
was
th
e ca
se a
t T
-
com
)?
5.
Is i
t m
ora
l to
giv
e a
bri
be
to a
po
liti
cian
in
an
oth
er c
ou
ntr
y t
o g
et a
job
? Is
it
imm
ora
l ev
en t
ho
ug
h i
t is
a c
om
mo
n b
usi
nes
s p
ract
ice
in
that
sta
te?
6.
Sh
ou
ld s
tate
s al
low
em
plo
yer
s to
req
uir
e em
plo
yee
s to
wo
rk 6
0 h
ou
rs
a w
eek
? S
ho
uld
th
is w
ork
be
pre
ven
ted
ev
en i
f th
e em
plo
yee
ag
rees
to
wo
rk s
uch
lo
ng
ho
urs
? S
ho
uld
a 6
0-h
our
wee
k b
e ban
ned
even
for
emp
loy
ees
wh
o g
et s
o m
uch
wo
rk a
nd
ear
n 1
00
,00
0 b
uck
s p
er m
on
th?
7.
Is i
t m
ora
lly
rig
ht
to r
equ
ire
emp
loy
ees
to s
ign
a s
tate
men
t th
at i
n n
o
even
t th
ey w
ill
dis
clo
se t
rad
e se
cret
s? S
ho
uld
su
ch a
n a
gre
emen
t b
e
bin
din
g e
ven
if
a tr
ade
secr
et o
f th
e co
mp
any
's p
rod
uct
s is
har
mfu
l to
hea
lth
?
8.
Is
it
mo
rall
y
rig
ht
to
exp
ort
"d
irty
" te
chn
olo
gy
in
d
evel
op
ing
cou
ntr
ies?
Is
it u
nac
cep
tab
le e
ven
in
a s
itu
atio
n w
her
e p
eop
le i
n t
ho
se
cou
ntr
ies
wan
t th
is t
ech
no
log
y t
o g
et j
ob
s?
9.
Is i
t m
ora
l to
ex
po
rt,
wit
h t
he
hig
h f
ee,
rad
ioac
tiv
e w
aste
s to
co
un
trie
s
that
wan
t to
sto
re i
t an
d d
o n
ot
hav
e th
e p
rop
er c
on
dit
ion
s fo
r th
e
dis
po
sal
of
such
was
te?
10
. Is
it
mo
ral
to r
equ
ire
can
did
ates
fo
r th
e jo
b t
o m
ake
the
AID
S t
est?
Is
it m
ora
l n
ot
to a
ccep
t ca
nd
idat
es w
ho
can
do
ev
ery
thin
g b
ette
r th
an
thei
r co
mp
etit
ors
, b
ut
wh
o a
re H
IV-p
osi
tiv
e?
129
just
to
m
ake
more
m
oney
. In
o
ther
w
ord
s, en
lig
hte
ned
eg
ois
m is
p
artl
y
altr
uis
m b
ecau
se f
or
cari
ng
ab
ou
t o
ur
lon
g-t
erm
cli
ents
, w
e ea
rn a
lot
more
than
if
we
inte
nti
on
ally
dec
eiv
e th
em f
or
fast
er e
arn
ing
s. O
f co
urs
e, w
e h
ave
alre
ady
m
enti
on
ed
som
e o
ther
re
aso
ns
for
acti
ng
m
ora
lly
-
a se
nse
o
f
sati
sfac
tio
n d
ue
to h
on
est
wo
rk a
nd
abse
nce
of
fear
that
im
mora
l or
even
ille
gal
act
ion
s w
ill
even
tual
ly b
e d
isco
ver
ed a
nd
pu
nis
hed
. T
her
efo
re,
man
y
com
pan
ies
are
try
ing
to
ta
ke
care
n
ot
on
ly
of
the
clie
nts
an
d
the
loca
l
com
mu
nit
y b
ut
also
of
thei
r o
wn
em
plo
yee
s (i
n a
cco
rdan
ce w
ith
th
e M
ayo
's
reco
mm
end
atio
ns)
. S
o t
hey
bu
ild
fre
e k
ind
erg
arte
ns
wh
ich
are
in
corp
ora
ted
in t
he
com
pan
y,
co-f
inan
ce s
um
mer
vac
atio
ns
of
thei
r em
plo
yee
s, h
elp
th
em
when
th
e em
plo
yee
s re
loca
te,
etc.
T
hat
et
hic
al
beh
avio
r is
o
ften
v
ery
pro
fita
ble
co
nfi
rms
the
fact
th
at M
icro
soft
is
on
e o
f th
e m
ost
su
cces
sfu
l
com
pan
ies
in r
ecen
t d
ecad
es,
kn
ow
n f
or
giv
ing
lar
ge
do
nat
ion
s to
var
iou
s
hu
man
itar
ian
p
roje
cts.
O
bv
iou
sly
, a
go
od
im
age
of
the
com
pan
y
has
a
po
siti
ve
effe
ct o
n i
ts b
usi
nes
s o
per
atio
ns.
Ho
wev
er,
that
do
es n
ot
mea
n t
hat
it i
s al
way
s ea
sy t
o r
esp
ect
bu
sin
ess
eth
ics
wh
en t
he
log
ic o
f p
rofi
t co
nfl
icts
wit
h b
usi
nes
s et
hic
s. T
her
efo
re,
som
e o
f th
e m
any
eth
ical
dil
emm
as t
hat
aris
e ev
ery d
ay w
ill
be
list
ed a
t th
e en
d o
f th
is c
hap
ter
and
yo
u w
ill
pro
bab
ly
hav
e to
fac
e th
em d
uri
ng
yo
ur
life
tim
e:
1.
Is i
t al
low
ed t
o l
ie i
n t
he
com
mer
cial
s? I
s it
fin
anci
ally
ben
efic
ial?
Sh
ou
ld t
he
stat
e
pro
hib
it t
he
dis
clo
sure
of
inac
cura
te i
nfo
rmat
ion
in
the
com
mer
cial
s?
2.
Is
it
eth
ical
to
ad
ver
tise
p
rod
uct
s th
at
are
har
mfu
l to
h
ealt
h
(fo
r
exam
ple
, al
coh
ol)
?
3.
Is i
t m
ora
l th
at c
om
pan
ies
con
tro
l th
e e-
mai
ls o
f th
eir
emp
loy
ees
and
chec
k w
hat
co
nte
nt
they
rea
d o
n t
he
net
du
rin
g w
ork
ing
ho
urs
?
4
Sh
ou
ld w
e re
spec
t b
usi
nes
s et
hic
s? ..
............................................. 1
17
Sum
mar
y ..
..................................................................................... 1
21
Ex
amp
les
of
exam
qu
esti
ons .
........................................................ 1
22
11
. S
om
e is
sues
in
bu
sines
s et
hic
s ................................................. 1
23
Sex
ual
har
assm
ent .
........................................................................ 1
23
Wh
at s
ho
uld
vic
tim
s o
f se
xu
al h
aras
smen
t do?
............................ 1
25
Pro
fit
and
bu
sin
ess
ethic
s .............................................................. 1
26
Sum
mar
y ..
..................................................................................... 1
31
Ex
amp
les
of
exam
qu
esti
ons .
........................................................ 1
32
5
1. D
efin
ition
s of b
asic
term
s
Fil
l in
th
e ta
ble
. F
irst
an
swer
YE
S o
r N
O t
o t
he
qu
esti
on
s o
f w
het
her
so
met
hin
g i
s co
nsi
der
ed a
s w
ork
, an
d t
hen
sp
ecif
y t
he
crit
eria
by
wh
ich
yo
u
resp
on
ded
(e.
g.,
th
e en
erg
y i
nv
este
d):
A
CT
VIT
Y
IS I
T W
OR
K?
AS
SE
SS
ME
NT
A p
ries
t is
san
ctif
yin
g a
ho
use
.
A w
ork
er i
s w
eari
ng
a t
oo
l fr
om
on
e si
de
of
the
hal
l to
th
e o
ther
so
th
at h
is s
up
erv
iso
r w
ou
ld n
ot
giv
e h
im
som
e o
ther
tas
k.
Ch
ild
ren
are
bu
ild
ing
a s
and
cas
tle.
An
off
icer
is
sho
oti
ng
at
a ta
rget
.
Wai
tin
g f
or
a b
oss
a d
riv
er i
s d
rin
kin
g c
off
ee i
n a
ca
fé.
An
off
icer
is
sitt
ing
on
th
e to
ilet
wai
tin
g f
or
the
end
o
f th
e w
ork
day
.
A G
erm
an t
each
er i
s w
atch
ing
a p
lay
at
a th
eate
r in
th
e G
erm
an l
ang
uag
e.
An
an
imat
e la
dy
is
per
suad
ing
gu
ests
at
the
bar
to
o
rder
a b
ott
le o
f w
his
key
.
A h
ou
sew
ife
is k
nit
tin
g s
ock
s.
Far
mer
s ar
e th
row
ing
fru
it i
nto
th
e ri
ver
to
pro
test
ag
ain
st l
ow
pri
ces.
A s
tud
ent
is w
riti
ng
an
ess
ay.
A m
an i
s d
igg
ing
a p
it a
nd
th
en f
illi
ng
it
agai
n.
A d
og
is
bit
ing
a b
urg
lar.
A w
ife
is c
oo
kin
g d
inn
er f
or
her
hu
sban
d.
An
ts a
re b
uil
din
g t
hei
r n
est.
12
8
pat
ien
t, f
org
ive
the
do
cto
r w
ho
un
nec
essa
rily
did
th
e su
rger
y (
of
cou
rse,
if
yo
u s
urv
ived
th
e o
per
atio
n)?
If
yo
u b
elie
ve
that
a d
oct
or
can
no
t o
per
ate
du
e
to e
thic
al r
easo
ns,
do
yo
u t
hin
k t
hat
th
e o
wn
er o
f th
e co
nst
ruct
ion
co
mp
any
sho
uld
in
stal
l fi
lter
s th
at w
ou
ld p
rev
ent
the
po
llu
tio
n o
f th
e en
vir
on
men
t,
even
if
the
law
did
no
t re
qu
ire
it (
bec
ause
of
po
llu
tio
n a
nd
peo
ple
can
als
o
get
ver
y s
ick
an
d e
ven
die
)? S
o,
sho
uld
lo
gic
of
pro
fit
be
abo
ve
the
no
rms
of
bu
sin
ess
and
pro
fess
ion
al e
thic
s?
No
t al
l th
eori
sts
shar
e F
ried
man
's o
pin
ion
. E
dw
ard
F
reem
an (2
00
6)4
5
stat
es t
hat
man
ager
s ar
e re
spo
nsi
ble
no
t o
nly
to
th
e o
wn
ers
of
shar
es b
ut
also
to t
he
loca
l co
mm
un
ity
, su
pp
lier
s, c
ust
om
ers
and
em
plo
yee
s in
th
e co
mp
any
.
Mar
ian
ne
Jen
nin
gs
(20
03
) ca
lls
this
th
eory
"s
cho
ol
of
enli
gh
ten
ed
self
ish
nes
s" a
nd
say
s: "
In l
ine
wit
h t
his
sch
oo
l, t
he
man
ager
is
resp
on
sib
le
no
t o
nly
to
sh
areh
old
ers
bu
t al
so
to
the
wid
er
com
mu
nit
y.
En
lig
hte
ned
ego
ism
is
bas
ed o
n t
he
no
tio
n t
hat
so
cial
ly r
esp
on
sib
le b
usi
nes
s is
in
lo
ng
term
m
ore
pro
fita
ble
th
an
trad
itio
nal
eg
ois
m."
46
Sch
oo
l o
f en
lig
hte
ned
self
ish
nes
s w
ou
ld a
rgu
e th
at i
t is
in
th
e b
uil
din
g c
on
trac
tor'
s se
lf-i
nte
rest
to
pro
tect
th
e en
vir
on
men
t, e
ven
wh
en t
he
law
does
not
requir
e it
fro
m h
im,
bec
ause
if
lo
cal
peo
ple
se
e th
at
he
po
llu
tes
the
env
iro
nm
ent,
th
ey
wil
l
bo
yco
tt h
is p
rod
uct
s, t
he
entr
epre
neu
r w
ill
get
a b
ad r
epu
tati
on
, an
d h
e w
ill
no
t su
ccee
d a
t th
e m
ark
et.
Als
o,
the
ow
ner
of
the
clin
ic w
ill
also
ban
kru
pt
if
it b
eco
mes
kn
ow
n t
hat
pat
ien
ts w
ere
op
erat
ed e
ven
wh
en i
t w
as n
ot
nee
ded
,
45 F
reem
an,
Ed
war
d E
., 2
00
6,
A S
tak
eho
lder
Th
eory
or
the
Mo
der
n C
apit
alis
m,
u
Jennin
gs,
Mar
ianne
M., B
usin
ess
Ethi
cs: C
ase
Stud
ies
and
Sele
cted
Rea
ding
s, T
hom
son,
Mas
on
, p
p. 6
3-8
.
46 J
enn
ing
s, M
aria
nn
e M
., 2
00
3,
Sch
oo
ls o
f T
hought
on S
oci
al R
esponsi
bil
ity,
in
Jen
nin
gs,
M
aria
nn
e M
(e
d.)
, Bu
sine
ss:
Its L
egal
, Et
hica
l an
d G
loba
l En
viro
nmen
t, T
ho
mso
n,
Mas
on
, p
p. 4
6-7
.
127
Wo
uld
yo
u b
e in
tere
sted
in
an
yth
ing
els
e o
ther
th
an t
o r
etu
rn t
he
inv
este
d
mo
ney
an
d,
po
ssib
ly,
to g
et p
rofi
t? H
ow
ever
, th
e q
ues
tio
n a
rise
s: w
hat
if
yo
ur
com
pan
y i
s p
oll
uti
ng
th
e en
vir
on
men
t? D
o y
ou
nee
d t
o t
ake
care
of
the
peo
ple
wh
o l
ive
nea
r y
ou
r co
mp
any
? O
r o
ne
sho
uld
co
nti
nu
e to
th
ink
on
ly o
f
the
pro
fit?
Fri
edm
an's
res
po
nse
wo
uld
be
po
siti
ve.
It
is n
ot
yo
ur
ob
lig
atio
n
to c
are
abo
ut
the
env
iro
nm
ent,
un
less
th
e la
w f
orc
es y
ou
to
do
so
. F
ried
man
bel
iev
es t
hat
it
is n
ot
the
du
ty o
f a
bu
sin
ess
man
to
tak
e ca
re o
f th
e co
mm
on
go
od
. It
is
stat
e's
resp
on
sib
ilit
y.
So
, if
th
e g
ov
ern
men
t h
as b
een
neg
lig
ent
and
has
no
t p
asse
d l
egis
lati
on
on
en
vir
on
men
tal
pro
tect
ion
, th
e en
trep
ren
eur
has
th
e ri
gh
t to
po
llu
te.
In o
ther
wo
rds,
th
e en
trep
ren
eur
do
es n
ot
nee
d t
o b
e
"mo
re
Ch
rist
ian
th
an
the
Po
pe.
" T
he
entr
epre
neu
r h
as
the
rig
ht,
u
nd
er
exis
tin
g l
egis
lati
on
, to
ach
iev
e th
e m
axim
um
am
ou
nt
of
earn
ing
s.
Ho
wev
er,
such
Fri
edm
an's
att
itu
de
rais
es m
any
do
ub
ts.
Su
pp
ose
th
at
the
fin
es f
or
po
llu
tin
g t
he
env
iro
nm
ent
are
smal
l, a
nd
set
tin
g t
he
air
and
wat
er p
uri
fier
is
ver
y e
xp
ensi
ve.
Are
yo
u a
llo
wed
to
vio
late
th
e la
w i
n t
his
case
, re
gula
rly
pay
the
fines
and t
hus
incr
ease
yo
ur
pro
fits
co
mp
ared
to
th
e
situ
atio
n w
hen
yo
u t
ake
mea
sure
s to
pro
tect
th
e en
vir
on
men
t? I
f p
rofi
t is
yo
ur
sole
res
po
nsi
bil
ity
, w
hy
sh
ou
ld t
he
law
be
abo
ve
yo
ur
pro
fit?
An
oth
er
exam
ple
: Y
ou
ow
n a
pri
vat
e cl
inic
th
at p
erfo
rms
hea
rt s
urg
ery.
A p
atie
nt,
to
whom
man
y o
ther
doct
ors
rec
om
men
ded
a r
isk
y h
eart
su
rger
y,
com
es t
o
yo
u.
Yo
u,
as a
su
rgeo
n a
nd
th
e o
wn
er o
f th
e cl
inic
kn
ow
th
at t
his
ris
ky
oper
atio
n i
s not
nee
ded
, but
you c
an e
arn
10
0,0
00
Eu
ros
from
this
oper
atio
n.
Leg
ally
y
ou
ca
nn
ot
hav
e a
pro
ble
m
bec
ause
y
ou
ca
n
alw
ays
pre
sen
t
do
cum
enta
tio
n f
rom
do
cto
rs w
ho
rec
om
men
ded
su
rger
y.
Do
yo
u n
eed
to
foll
ow
Fri
edm
an i
n t
his
cas
e, w
ho
say
s th
at p
rofi
t (a
nd p
oss
ibly
the
law
) is
the
on
ly t
hin
g y
ou
nee
d t
o t
ake
into
acc
ou
nt?
Wo
uld
yo
u,
if y
ou
wer
e th
e
6
Wor
k
Alt
ho
ug
h w
e fe
el t
hat
we
kn
ow
wh
at w
ork
re
ally
is,
fu
lfil
lin
g t
he
abo
ve
tab
le s
ho
ws
that
it
is n
ot
alw
ays
easy
to
ass
ess
wh
eth
er a
n a
ctu
al
acti
vit
y r
eall
y p
rese
nts
wo
rk.
Th
eref
ore
, si
nce
th
e co
urs
e is
cal
led
So
cio
log
y
of
Work
and P
rofe
ssio
nal
Eth
ics,
it
is n
eces
sary
to
fir
st d
efin
e th
e n
oti
on
of
wo
rk. A
cco
rdin
g t
o p
hy
sics
, w
ork
is
the
ener
gy
tra
nsf
erre
d b
y t
he
acti
on
of
a
forc
e o
ver
a d
ista
nce
.1 H
ow
ever
, th
is d
efin
itio
n d
oes
no
t h
elp
us
mu
ch i
n t
he
soci
al s
cien
ces,
sin
ce w
e w
ou
ld n
ot
say f
or
a m
an w
ho i
s usi
ng f
orc
e to
turn
ov
er i
n b
ed w
hil
e sl
eepin
g,
that
he
is w
ork
ing
. T
her
efo
re,
we
pro
ceed
to
th
e
def
init
ion
s th
at
are
use
d
in
the
soci
olo
gy
o
f w
ork
. O
ne
of
the
mo
st
freq
uen
tly
use
d d
efin
itio
ns
stat
es t
hat
wo
rk i
s an
act
ivit
y t
hat
tra
nsf
orm
s
nat
ure
.2
Bu
t ev
en t
his
def
init
ion
do
es n
ot
seem
ap
pro
pri
ate.
Th
e re
aso
n i
s th
at
it i
s dif
ficu
lt t
o s
ay t
hat
the
per
son
, w
ho
lef
t a
lot
of
gar
bag
e af
ter
hav
ing
a
pic
nic
an
d d
id t
ran
sfo
rm n
atu
re i
n a
n i
nap
pro
pri
ate
way
, w
ork
ed d
ilig
entl
y.
A d
efin
itio
n w
hic
h i
s oft
en m
enti
oned
say
s: a
wo
rk i
s a
pai
d a
ctiv
ity
. A
nd
ind
eed
, in
ev
ery
day
sp
eech
, th
e w
ork
is
oft
en i
den
tifi
ed w
ith
a p
aid
act
ivit
y.
Fo
r ex
amp
le,
pro
ud
par
ents
of
a g
irl,
wh
o h
as j
ust
gra
du
ated
at
the
Fac
ult
y
of
Civ
il
En
gin
eeri
ng
an
d
has
g
ot
a co
nst
ruct
ion
jo
b
at
a co
nst
ruct
ion
com
pan
y,
wil
l sa
y t
o t
hei
r n
eigh
bors
, “sh
e ha
s fi
nall
y st
arte
d w
orki
ng”.
And
they
fo
rget
all
th
e d
ish
es s
he
was
hed
, tr
ash
sh
e th
rew
aw
ay,
all
dep
artu
res
to
1
Cro
atia
n En
cycl
oped
ic D
ictio
nary
(H
rvat
ski
enci
klop
edijs
ki r
ječn
ik),
20
04
.,
No
vi
Lib
er, Z
agre
b, V
ol
9, p
p. 6
6.
2 G
rint,
Kei
th,
The
Soci
olog
y of
Wor
k, 2
005., P
oli
ty P
ress
, C
ambri
dge,
pp. 6.
7
the
sto
re,
so a
ll h
er p
rev
iou
s w
ork
bef
ore
em
plo
ym
ent.
Th
us,
th
e q
ues
tio
n
aris
es:
is o
nly
a p
aid
act
ivit
y c
on
sid
ered
as
wo
rk?
Sh
ou
ld t
he
ho
use
kee
per
-
wh
o d
oes
all
th
e h
ou
sew
ork
, ta
kes
car
e o
f h
er f
ou
r ch
ild
ren
, k
nit
s so
cks
and
sen
ds
the
cut
cou
po
ns
to G
lori
a's
con
test
s –
be
con
sid
ered
as
an i
dle
per
son
bec
ause
sh
e d
oes
no
t ea
rn h
er s
alar
y?
It
is t
he
fem
inis
t o
rgan
izat
ion
s th
at
firm
ly d
eman
ded
th
at t
he
wo
rk a
t hom
e sh
ould
als
o b
e co
nsi
der
ed a
s w
ork
.
Th
eref
ore
, in
19
96
th
e C
on
ven
tio
n o
n h
ou
se w
ork
was
ad
op
ted
wh
ich
mad
e
wo
rk a
t h
om
e eq
ual
to
wo
rk a
t th
e w
ork
pla
ce.
Wh
at i
s im
po
rtan
t to
us
is t
he
def
init
ion
, ac
cord
ing
to
wh
ich
, p
aid
wo
rk a
ctiv
ity
is
no
t ad
equ
ate,
bec
ause
it
leav
es o
ut
a n
um
ber
o
f w
ork
fo
rms.
It
ca
n be
seen
fr
om
th
e fo
llow
ing
fict
itio
us
exam
ple
. Im
agin
e tw
o h
ou
sew
ives
wh
o k
nit
ted
sw
eate
rs f
or
thei
r
hu
sban
ds.
If
the
wo
rk i
s a
pai
d a
ctiv
ity
, th
en t
hei
r ac
tiv
ity
co
uld
no
t b
e
con
sid
ered
wo
rk b
ecau
se n
eith
er o
ne
no
r th
e o
ther
wo
uld
sel
l th
eir
swea
ters
,
no
r w
ou
ld t
hey
rec
eiv
e p
aym
ent
for
thei
r w
ork
. B
ut,
if
we
assu
med
th
at
thes
e w
omen
kni
tted
sw
eate
rs f
or th
e ot
her
wom
an’s
hus
band
and
sol
d th
ese
swea
ters
, th
en,
in
that
ca
se
it
wou
ld
turn
o
ut
that
b
oth
w
om
en
wo
rked
bec
ause
th
ey w
ere
pai
d f
or
thei
r ac
tiv
itie
s. T
hu
s, a
lth
ou
gh
th
ere
wer
e tw
o
pro
du
ced
sw
eate
rs i
n b
oth
cas
es,
in t
he
firs
t ca
se i
t is
no
t p
oss
ible
to
tal
k
abo
ut
the
wo
rk,
and
in
th
e se
con
d i
t is
. A
fter
all
, if
we
acce
pt
the
def
init
ion
that
wo
rk i
s a
pai
d a
ctiv
ity
, th
en t
hat
wo
uld
mea
n t
hat
bef
ore
mo
vin
g t
o t
he
com
mo
dit
y-m
on
etar
y e
con
om
y p
eop
le d
id n
ot
wo
rk a
t al
l.
Wo
rk i
s al
so d
efin
ed a
s an
act
ivit
y c
on
trar
y t
o l
eisu
re t
ime.
3
So,
when
we
per
form
an a
ctiv
ity t
hat
giv
es u
s ple
asure
by i
tsel
f, t
hen
we
do
no
t w
ork
, an
d w
hen
we
per
form
an
act
ivit
y t
hat
bri
ng
s u
s b
enef
its,
then
w
e d
o
wo
rk.
Ho
wev
er,
even
th
is
def
init
ion
is
n
ot
bet
ter
than
th
e
3 I
bid
., p
. 8.
12
6
reco
rds
of
all
case
s o
f h
aras
smen
t, t
her
efo
re w
rite
wh
o,
wh
at,
wh
ere,
when
an
d
how
(a
nd
poss
ibly
w
hy)
one
has
bee
n
har
asse
d.
It
is
par
ticu
larl
y i
mp
ort
ant
to c
oll
ect
evid
ence
an
d w
itn
esse
s to
be
able
to
init
iate
leg
al a
ctio
n i
n t
he
even
t th
at t
he
com
pan
y f
ails
to t
ake
the
nec
essa
ry m
easu
res
to s
top
sex
ual
har
assm
ent.
Prof
it an
d bu
sine
ss e
thic
s
In th
e p
rev
iou
s an
aly
sis,
th
ere
are
bas
ic ru
les
of
pro
fess
ion
al an
d
bu
sin
ess
eth
ics.
Ho
wev
er,
bu
sin
ess
has
nev
er b
een
bas
ed s
ole
ly o
n e
thic
al
jud
gm
ents
. T
he
pri
mar
y m
oti
ve
of
ever
y e
mp
loy
er i
s al
way
s a
pro
fit.
Th
us
the
qu
esti
on
ari
ses:
wh
at t
o d
o i
f so
meo
ne
has
to
ch
oo
se b
etw
een
lu
crat
ive
earn
ings
- w
hic
h c
an b
e ac
hie
ved
by
dis
resp
ecti
ng
bu
sin
ess
eth
ics
- an
d
eth
ical
bu
sin
ess,
wh
ich
in
a c
erta
in s
itu
atio
n w
ill
no
t re
sult
in
a l
ucr
ativ
e
pro
fit?
Nei
ther
eco
no
mis
ts n
or
theo
rist
s o
f b
usi
nes
s et
hic
s hav
e a
uniq
ue
answ
er t
o t
he
qu
esti
on
. N
ob
el p
rize
-win
nin
g e
con
om
ist
Mil
ton
Fri
edm
an
arg
ues
th
at m
anag
ers
sho
uld
tak
e o
nly
th
e lo
gic
of
pro
fit.
An
d t
he
titl
e o
f h
is
fam
ou
s ar
ticl
e -
Th
e S
oci
al R
esp
on
sib
ilit
y o
f B
usi
nes
s is
to
In
crea
se i
ts
Pro
fits
- p
rese
nts
his
bas
ic a
rgu
men
t.44 W
hy
sh
ou
ld m
anag
ers,
as
agen
ts o
f
the
ow
ner
's c
om
pan
y,
care
on
ly a
bo
ut
pro
fit?
Fri
edm
an e
xp
lain
s th
is b
y t
he
fact
th
at t
he
com
pan
y o
wn
ers
inv
est
thei
r ow
n m
oney
, an
d i
s th
eref
ore
in
thei
r in
tere
st t
o m
ake
as m
uch
pro
fit
fro
m t
he
inv
estm
ent.
In
dee
d,
imag
ine
that
yo
u h
ave
sold
yo
ur
ow
n h
om
e an
d i
nv
est
it i
n a
co
nst
ruct
ion
fir
m.
44 F
ried
man
, M
ilto
n,
20
00
, Th
e So
cial
Res
pons
ibili
ty o
f Bus
ines
s is t
o In
crea
se it
s Pr
ofits
, in
Die
nh
art,
Jo
hn
W.,
Bus
ines
s, In
stitu
tions
and
Eth
ics:
A T
ext w
ith C
ases
and
Re
adin
gs, O
xfo
rd U
niv
ersi
ty P
ress
, O
xfo
rd, pp.
233
-7.
125
Wha
t sho
uld
vict
ims o
f sex
ual h
aras
smen
t do?
It
is
reco
mm
end
ed
that
p
erso
ns
wh
o
bel
iev
e th
at
they
h
ave
bee
n
sex
ual
ly h
aras
sed
(ap
pli
es t
o a
ll t
he
vic
tim
s o
f h
aras
smen
t, r
egar
dle
ss o
f
wh
ich
ty
pe
of
acti
vit
y
was
inv
olv
ed,
incl
ud
ing
b
oth
m
ale
and
fe
mal
e
stu
den
ts),
sh
ou
ld p
roce
ed a
s fo
llo
ws:
1.
Ver
bal
ly i
nfo
rm t
he
per
son
th
at h
as b
een
dis
turb
ing
yo
u,
that
yo
u d
o
no
t w
ant
to b
e d
istu
rbed
in
th
is w
ay a
ny
lo
ng
er.
2.
If t
he
har
assm
ent
con
tin
ues
, w
rite
a f
orm
al l
ette
r to
th
e p
erso
n w
ho
has
bee
n h
aras
sin
g y
ou
. In
a l
ette
r sp
ecif
y t
he
case
s in
whic
h y
ou h
ave
bee
n h
aras
sed
, in
dic
ate
that
yo
u h
ave
bee
n o
ffen
ded
by
su
ch b
ehav
ior
and
th
at
fro
m
no
w
on
y
ou
w
ant
to
hav
e so
lely
p
rofe
ssio
nal
rela
tio
nsh
ip.
Ret
ain
a c
op
y o
f th
e le
tter
fo
r y
ou
rsel
f an
d y
ou
mu
st s
tate
the
dat
e w
hen
th
e le
tter
was
sen
t. I
t is
rec
om
men
ded
th
at a
t th
e ti
me
of
han
din
g
the
lett
er
to
that
p
erso
n
ther
e sh
ould
be
anoth
er
per
son
pre
sent
who c
an l
ater
confi
rm t
hat
yo
u h
ave
del
iver
ed t
he
lett
er.
3.
If t
he
har
assm
ent
do
es n
ot
stop e
ven
then
, both
ora
lly a
nd i
n w
riti
ng,
no
tify
th
e p
erso
n w
ho
is
sup
erio
r to
th
e p
erso
n w
ho
dis
turb
s y
ou
. A
pre
sid
ent
of
the
Fac
ult
y E
thic
s C
om
mit
tee
and
a D
ean
are
co
mp
eten
t
for
such
cas
es a
t F
acu
lty
of
Civ
il E
ng
inee
rin
g i
n Z
agre
b.
4.
If t
he
har
assm
ent
con
tin
ues
ev
en a
fter
th
at g
et h
elp
fro
m o
uts
ide
the
com
pan
y
wh
ere
yo
u
are
emp
loy
ed,
pri
mar
ily
as
k
for
hel
p
of
the
pro
secu
tors
to
ev
entu
ally
su
e th
e em
plo
yee
an
d th
e co
mp
any
th
at
tole
rate
s su
ch
beh
avio
r.
Stu
den
ts
(mal
e o
r fe
mal
e)
can
as
k
for
assi
stan
ce a
nd
may
co
nta
ct t
he
Eth
ics
Co
mm
itte
e o
f th
e U
niv
ersi
ty o
f
Zag
reb
. It
is
imp
ort
ant
to n
ote
th
at t
he
har
asse
d p
erso
n s
ho
uld
kee
p
8
pre
vio
us
on
es.
Fir
stly
, w
hen
Ro
nal
do
sco
res
a g
oal
fo
r R
eal
Mad
rid
, h
e is
gen
ero
usl
y p
aid
, b
ut
he,
mo
st l
ikel
y,
enjo
ys
pla
yin
g s
occ
er.
Sec
on
dly
, ly
ing
in b
ed w
ith t
he
flu d
oes
not
repre
sent
work
, an
d y
et w
e w
ould
rat
her
be
at
wo
rk t
han
to
su
ffer
fro
m t
he
con
seq
uen
ces
of
the
dis
ease
. F
rom
all
th
is w
e
can
co
ncl
ud
e th
at i
t is
no
t ea
sy t
o d
efin
e w
ork
. N
o w
on
der
th
en,
that
Kei
th
Gri
nt
(2005.)
co
ncl
udes
th
at
"an
obje
ctiv
e d
efin
itio
n
of
wo
rk
is
no
t
po
ssib
le."
4
How
ever
, it
is
dif
ficu
lt t
o a
gre
e w
ith
his
sta
tem
ent.
As
the
exis
tin
g
def
init
ion
s in
th
e li
tera
ture
are
no
t sa
tisf
acto
ry,
we
wil
l o
ffer
an
alt
ern
ativ
e
def
init
ion
: w
ork
is
the
pro
cess
of
crea
tin
g u
sefu
l p
rod
uct
s an
d s
erv
ices
. T
his
def
init
ion
in
clu
des
an
y u
sefu
l w
ork
, an
d c
ann
ot
be
red
uce
d s
ole
ly t
o t
he
pai
d
acti
vit
y. In
th
e en
d,
it i
s im
po
rtan
t to
men
tio
n t
he
bas
ic e
lem
ents
of
wo
rk
pro
cess
, n
amel
y:
1.
Wo
rker
s;
2.
Wo
rk o
bje
cts
(th
ose
bei
ng
pro
cess
ed),
may
be
nat
ura
l m
ater
ials
(e.
g.
wo
od
, st
on
e, i
ron
, o
re)
or
raw
mat
eria
ls;
3.
Mea
ns
for
wo
rk (
wit
h t
hem
wo
rk o
bje
cts
are
bei
ng
pro
cess
ed -
to
ols
,
mac
hin
es).
4 I
bid
., p
. 8.
9
Soci
olog
y of
Wor
k
In o
rder
to
def
ine
soci
olo
gy
of
wo
rk,
it i
s n
eces
sary
- a
fter
we
def
ined
wo
rk –
to
def
ine
soci
olo
gy
. T
her
e is
no
maj
or
con
tro
ver
sy a
bo
ut
def
inin
g
this
ter
m a
mong s
cien
tist
s. T
he
sim
ple
st d
efin
itio
n i
s th
at s
oci
olo
gy
is
a
scie
nce
o
f h
um
an
soci
ety
. O
ther
d
efin
itio
ns
dif
fer
on
ly
a li
ttle
. S
o,
for
exam
ple
, D
ina
Ken
dal
l d
efin
es s
oci
olo
gy
as
"a s
yst
emat
ic s
tud
y o
f h
um
an
soci
ety
an
d s
oci
al i
nte
ract
ion
." 5
Alo
ng
wit
h g
ener
al s
oci
olo
gy
th
at d
eals
wit
h
soci
ety
in
g
ener
al,
ther
e ar
e al
so
spec
ial
soci
olo
gie
s th
at
exam
ine
var
iou
s se
gm
ents
o
f so
ciet
y su
ch as
, fo
r ex
amp
le,
soci
olo
gy
o
f re
lig
ion
,
soci
olo
gy
of
the
vil
lag
e, s
oci
olo
gy
of
pro
fess
ion
s, s
oci
olo
gy
of
cult
ure
, et
c.
Th
eref
ore
, so
cio
log
y o
f w
ork
is
a sp
ecia
l so
cio
log
y a
nd
can
be
def
ined
as
the
bra
nch
o
f so
cio
log
y
that
st
ud
ies
soci
al
asp
ects
o
f w
ork
.5
Ever
y s
cien
ce a
nd s
cien
tifi
c dis
cipli
ne,
in
clu
din
g s
oci
olo
gy
of
wo
rk,
has
its
ow
n
sub
ject
s an
d
rese
arch
m
eth
od
s.
Th
e m
ain
su
bje
cts
of
rese
arch
in
soci
olo
gy
of
wo
rk a
re t
he
foll
ow
ing
:
1.
Dev
elo
pm
ent
of
tech
niq
ues
an
d
tech
no
log
ies,
es
pec
iall
y
adv
ance
d
tech
no
log
y
(fo
r ex
amp
le,
a st
ud
y
of
the
evo
luti
on
o
f in
form
atio
n
tech
no
log
y a
nd
its
ap
pli
cati
on
s in
th
e w
ork
pro
cess
);
2.
So
cial
gro
up
s an
d s
oci
al p
roce
sses
th
at t
ake
pla
ce d
uri
ng
wo
rk (
for
exam
ple
, a
stu
dy
of
inte
rper
son
al r
elat
ion
s at
th
e w
ork
pla
ce);
6
5 H
alad
in,
Stj
epan
, 1993., T
ehnolo
gij
a i
org
aniz
acij
a: u
vod u
soci
olo
gij
u r
ada
i or
gani
zaci
je, D
rušt
vo z
a or
gani
zaci
ju g
rađe
nja,
Zag
reb,
p. 8
. 6 R
aw m
ater
ials
are
ite
ms
that
are
the
resu
lt o
f ea
rlie
r m
anufa
cturi
ng p
roce
sses
an
d a
re u
sed f
or
furt
her
pro
cess
ing a
nd a
dm
inis
trat
ion (
e.g., c
ast
iron).
Tec
hnolo
gy i
s a
set
of
pro
cedure
s th
at ar
e ap
pli
ed in
th
e m
anu
fact
ure
o
f a
pro
du
ct.
So
, co
nst
ruct
ion
te
chnolo
gy i
ncl
udes
pro
cess
es u
sed i
n t
he
const
ruct
ion.
12
4
sub
ject
ivit
y o
f te
ach
er's
gra
din
g.
It i
s im
po
rtan
t to
em
ph
asiz
e th
at,
alth
ou
gh
this
rel
atio
nsh
ip i
s n
ot
pro
hib
ited
, th
e te
ach
er s
ho
uld
co
mp
lete
ly a
vo
id t
he
sed
uct
ion
o
f a
stu
den
t, b
ecau
se th
e st
ud
ents
, ri
gh
tly
, m
ay p
erce
ive
such
atte
mp
ts
as
sex
ual
h
aras
smen
t.
Sim
ply
p
ut,
if
su
ch
a re
lati
on
ship
d
oes
hap
pen
, it
mu
st f
irst
be
a co
nse
qu
ence
of
the
stu
den
t's i
nit
iati
ve
rath
er t
han
teac
her
's.
Of
cou
rse,
if
the
stu
den
t w
ants
a r
elat
ion
ship
bec
ause
th
e st
ud
ent
expec
ts
a so
met
hin
g
in
retu
rn,
then
th
ere
is
also
a
har
sh
vio
lati
on
o
f
pro
fess
ion
al
eth
ics.
T
hes
e p
roce
du
res
app
ly
on
ly
to
case
s in
w
hic
h
a
rom
anti
c o
r se
xu
al r
elat
ion
ship
der
ived
on
th
e b
asis
of
mu
tual
co
nse
nt.
If
a
pro
fess
or
bla
ckm
ails
a s
tud
ent,
it
is t
hen
a s
erio
us
bre
ach
of
pro
fess
ion
al
eth
ics,
wh
ich
is
clea
rly
sta
ted
in
th
e C
od
e o
f th
e U
niv
ersi
ty o
f Z
agre
b i
n
Art
icle
12
(3
):
Sex
ual
har
assm
ent
is a
form
of
har
assm
ent
that
is
char
acte
rize
d
by
th
e la
ck
of
acce
pta
nce
o
r re
ject
ion
of
the
oth
er
per
son,
and
it
inv
olv
es r
epea
ted
sen
din
g o
f u
nw
ante
d v
erb
al a
nd
ph
ysi
cal
sug
ges
tio
ns
of
a se
xu
al
nat
ure
to
an
oth
er
per
son
, p
hy
sica
l as
sau
lt,
rep
eate
d
dis
clo
sure
of
un
wan
ted
jo
kes
an
d r
emar
ks
that
are
sex
ual
ly c
olo
red
, in
clu
din
g r
efer
ence
s to
sex
an
d s
exual
ori
enta
tio
n,
der
isio
n a
nd
rid
icu
le,
whic
h
is
a se
xual
ly
colo
red,
dis
pla
y
of
sex
ual
ly
off
ensi
ve
and
d
istu
rbin
g m
ater
ial,
req
ues
tin
g s
exu
al f
avo
rs i
n e
xch
ang
e fo
r a
spec
ific
ac
t o
r fa
ilu
re f
rom
po
siti
on
s o
f au
tho
rity
. It
is
im
po
rtan
t to
n
ote
th
at
the
atte
mp
ted
ex
tort
ion
o
f se
xu
al
inte
rco
urs
e o
n t
he
bas
is o
f th
reat
enin
g (
for
exam
ple
, y
ou
wil
l n
ot
pas
s th
e
exam
) m
ay
be
pu
nis
hab
le
by
la
w
bec
ause
th
e C
roat
ian
C
rim
inal
C
od
e
(Art
icle
19
1 (
1))
sta
tes
that
fo
rcin
g s
exu
al i
nte
rco
urs
e b
y a
bu
sin
g a
n o
ffic
ial
po
siti
on
is
a cr
imin
al o
ffen
se f
or
wh
ich
on
e co
uld
be
sen
ten
ced
up
to
th
ree
yea
rs i
n p
riso
n.
123
11.
Som
e is
sues
in b
usin
ess e
thic
s
Sexu
al h
aras
smen
t
It
is
no
t al
way
s ea
sy
to
def
ine
wh
at
sex
ual
h
aras
smen
t is
. F
or
exam
ple
, so
me
ow
ner
s o
f re
stau
ran
ts
and
b
ars
req
uir
e w
aitr
esse
s to
b
e
dre
ssed
pro
vo
cati
vel
y i
n o
rder
to
att
ract
gu
ests
. Is
su
ch a
req
uir
emen
t a
form
of
sex
ual
h
aras
smen
t o
f an
em
plo
yee
? C
an
som
e co
mp
lim
ents
to
an
emplo
yee
, re
ferr
ing
to
the
par
ts
of
her
b
od
y,
be
con
sid
ered
as
se
xu
al
har
assm
ent?
Is
te
llin
g
dis
tast
efu
l jo
kes
w
ith
se
xu
al
con
ten
t se
xu
al
har
assm
ent?
S
om
e of
thes
e is
sues
do
n
ot
hav
e so
lid
an
d
un
amb
igu
ou
s
answ
ers.
A
dd
itio
nal
ly,
var
iou
s so
ciet
ies
per
ceiv
e th
e co
nce
pt
of
sex
ual
har
assm
ent
dif
fere
ntl
y.
For
exam
ple
, u
niv
ersi
ties
in
th
e U
.S.
hav
e a
ver
y
rest
rict
ive
po
licy
reg
ard
ing
th
e p
oss
ible
rel
atio
nsh
ip b
etw
een
a t
each
er a
nd
a
stu
den
t.43 A
gen
eral
rec
om
men
dat
ion
in
th
e U
.S.
is t
hat
su
ch r
elat
ion
ship
s
mu
st b
e av
oid
ed a
t al
l co
sts.
In
co
ntr
ast,
th
e U
niv
ersi
ty o
f Z
agre
b h
as a
mo
re
lib
eral
ap
pro
ach
. T
he
Co
de
of
Eth
ics
of
the
Un
iver
sity
of
Zag
reb
in
Art
icle
12
(4)
stat
es
that
"t
he
volu
nta
ry
nat
ure
o
f se
xu
al
rela
tio
nsh
ips
bet
wee
n
mem
ber
s o
f th
e ac
adem
ic c
om
mu
nit
y i
s not
consi
der
ed a
s har
assm
ent
and i
s
con
sid
ered
as
th
e ar
ea
of
pri
vac
y."
H
ow
ever
, in
th
e ev
ent
of
such
a
rela
tio
nsh
ip,
a p
rofe
sso
r sh
ou
ld n
oti
fy t
he
dea
n s
o t
hat
an
oth
er p
rofe
sso
r
exam
ines
th
e st
ud
ent
inv
olv
ed.
Th
is
is
do
ne
in
ord
er
to
avo
id
any
43 S
ee,
for
exam
ple
, th
e R
ule
s o
n s
exu
al h
aras
smen
t an
d v
olu
nta
ry s
exual
and
rom
anti
c re
lati
onsh
ips,
S
tanfo
rd
Univ
ersi
ty,
whic
h
is
avai
lable
on
the
web
site
h
ttp
://a
dm
ing
uid
e.st
anfo
rd.e
du
/23
_2
.pd
f
10
3.
Th
e im
pac
t o
f w
ork
o
n
fun
ctio
nin
g
of
the
wh
ole
so
ciet
y
and
th
e
imp
act
of
soci
ety
o
n w
ork
(f
or
ex.,
to
w
hic
h ex
ten
t co
nte
mp
ora
ry
lab
or
mig
rati
on
aff
ects
cu
ltu
re i
n a
so
ciet
y,
and v
ice
ver
sa,
to w
hic
h
exte
nt
the
gro
win
g d
iffe
ren
ces
of
soci
ety
aff
ect
wo
rk).
7
So
cio
log
y o
f w
ork
use
s th
e sa
me
rese
arch
met
ho
ds
that
can
als
o b
e
fou
nd
in
o
ther
so
cial
sc
ien
ces.
T
he
mo
st
imp
ort
ant
of
wh
ich
ar
e th
e
foll
ow
ing
:
1.
Ex
per
imen
t.
We
can
sa
y
that
th
e ex
per
imen
t is
th
e m
ost
re
liab
le
met
ho
d o
f p
roo
f in
sci
ence
bec
ause
it
allo
ws
con
tro
l o
f th
e co
nd
itio
ns
and
is
ola
tes
the
ph
eno
men
on
th
at
we
wis
h
to
exp
lore
. T
hu
s,
the
exp
erim
ent
is o
ften
use
d i
n s
oci
olo
gy
of
wo
rk,
wh
ich
wil
l b
e sh
ow
n i
n
the
foll
ow
ing
ch
apte
rs.
In t
he
clas
sic
typ
e o
f ex
per
imen
t tw
o g
rou
ps
are
form
ed,
an e
xp
erim
enta
l g
rou
p a
nd
a c
on
tro
l g
rou
p.
Co
nd
itio
ns
in
the
exp
erim
enta
l g
rou
p c
han
ge,
wh
ile
con
dit
ion
s in
th
e co
ntr
ol
gro
up
stay
th
e sa
me,
an
d t
hen
lat
er,
the
test
res
ult
s o
f th
e tw
o g
rou
ps
are
com
par
ed.
2.
Ob
serv
atio
n.
Th
e b
igg
est
adv
anta
ge
of
an e
xp
erim
ent
- co
ntr
ol
of
the
con
dit
ion
s -
has
its
do
wn
sid
e. I
t d
oes
no
t nec
essa
rily
mea
n t
hat
peo
ple
wil
l b
ehav
e in
a r
eal
situ
atio
n i
n t
he
sam
e w
ay a
s in
th
e ex
per
imen
tal
con
dit
ion
s. T
her
efo
re,
the
rese
arch
ers
use
ob
serv
atio
n a
s a
rese
arch
met
ho
d.
Du
rin
g t
he
ob
serv
atio
n t
hey
rec
ord
rea
ctio
ns
of
emp
loy
ees
in
real
wo
rkin
g c
on
dit
ion
s.
3.
Ob
serv
atio
n
wit
h
par
tici
pat
ion
. It
is
p
oss
ible
th
at
du
rin
g
the
ob
serv
atio
n,
the
emp
loy
ees
do
n
ot
reac
t in
th
e sa
me
way
as
th
ey
wo
uld
rea
ct i
f th
ey k
new
th
at t
hey
wer
e b
ein
g o
bse
rved
. T
her
efo
re,
som
e re
sear
cher
s o
bse
rve
un
der
co
ver
wh
ile
they
par
tici
pat
e at
wo
rk
11
pro
cess
. A
n e
xam
ple
of
such
a s
tud
y w
ou
ld b
e a
scie
nti
st w
ho
wo
rked
as
a co
nst
ruct
ion
w
ork
er,
and
at
th
e sa
me
tim
e h
e o
bse
rved
spo
nta
neo
us
beh
avio
r o
f em
plo
yee
s.
4.
Su
rvey
. A
su
rvey
is
a m
eth
od
of
scie
nti
fic
rese
arch
wh
ich
, o
n t
he
bas
is o
f st
and
ard
ized
qu
esti
on
s, e
xam
ines
att
itu
des
, b
elie
fs o
r o
pin
ion
s
of
emp
loy
ees.
T
he
surv
ey
can
o
bta
in
ver
y
imp
ort
ant
dat
a o
n
inte
rper
son
al
rela
tio
nsh
ips
at
the
wo
rkp
lace
, sa
tisf
acti
on
o
f
emp
loy
ees,
a
po
ten
tial
so
urc
e o
f co
nfl
ict
bet
wee
n
wo
rker
s,
etc.
Th
eref
ore
, su
rvey
s ar
e n
ot
on
ly u
sed
by
sci
enti
sts
bu
t al
so b
y m
any
com
pan
ies
that
see
k t
o u
se q
ues
tio
nn
aire
s to
gat
her
as
mu
ch u
sefu
l
info
rmat
ion
on
th
e si
tuat
ion
in t
he
com
pan
y a
s th
ey c
an.
5.
Inte
rvie
w.
Un
lik
e co
nv
enti
on
al
surv
ey,
in
wh
ich
in
form
atio
n
are
ob
tain
ed o
n t
he
bas
is o
f w
ritt
en r
esp
on
ses
of
pre
def
ined
qu
esti
on
s,
du
rin
g in
terv
iew
s a
rese
arch
er g
ets
ora
l re
spo
nse
s o
n th
e b
asis
o
f
con
ver
sati
on
s w
ith
res
po
nd
ents
. T
he
adv
anta
ge
of
inte
rvie
w i
s th
at i
t
allo
ws
resp
on
den
ts t
o e
xp
ress
th
emse
lves
more
cle
arly
about
som
e
issu
es,
sin
ce i
n s
urv
eys
mo
st e
mp
loy
ees
hav
e to
cho
ose
bet
wee
n t
he
pro
po
sed
an
swer
s (a
lth
ou
gh
in
th
e so
-cal
led
'o
pen
ty
pe'
of
a su
rvey
resp
on
den
ts a
re a
llo
wed
to
fo
rmu
late
a r
esp
on
se o
n t
hei
r o
wn
). I
n
oth
er w
ord
s, t
he
inte
rvie
ws
can
get
a w
ider
ran
ge
of
info
rmat
ion
th
an
a su
rvey
. H
ow
ever
, th
e g
reat
est
adv
anta
ge
of
surv
eys
lies
in
th
e fa
ct
that
it
is a
mu
ch f
aste
r an
d c
hea
per
way
to
do
th
e re
sear
ch i
n a
sh
ort
er
per
iod
o
f ti
me
and
it
co
ver
s a
larg
e n
um
ber
o
f re
spo
nd
ents
. In
add
itio
n,
the
surv
ey
is
stat
isti
call
y
easi
er
to
pro
cess
b
ecau
se
of
stan
dar
diz
ed a
nsw
ers.
12
2
Exa
mpl
es o
f exa
m q
uest
ions
1.
Wh
at i
s p
rofe
ssio
nal
eth
ics?
2.
Wh
at i
s th
e p
un
ish
men
t fo
r v
iola
tin
g t
he
un
wri
tten
eth
ical
ru
les?
3.
Wh
at a
re t
he
bas
ic e
lem
ents
of
pro
fess
ion
al e
thic
s?
4.
Wh
at s
ho
uld
a p
rofe
ssio
nal
rel
atio
nsh
ip w
ith
cli
ents
be
bas
ed o
n?
5.
Wh
at s
ho
uld
a p
rofe
ssio
nal
rel
atio
nsh
ip w
ith
co
llea
gu
es b
e b
ased
on
?
6.
Wh
at i
s b
usi
nes
s et
hic
s?
7.
Wh
at a
re t
he
sou
rces
of
bu
sin
ess
eth
ics?
8.
What
is
the
"pri
soner
's d
ilem
ma"
an
d w
hat
is
its
sig
nif
ican
ce f
or
the
anal
ysi
s o
f b
usi
nes
s et
hic
s?
9.
Wh
at a
re t
he
po
ssib
le b
enef
its
of
eth
ical
bu
sin
ess?
10
. W
hat
are
th
e tr
ansa
ctio
n c
ost
s an
d h
ow
do
es b
usi
nes
s et
hic
s af
fect
thei
r re
du
ctio
n?
121
Sum
mar
y
1.
Pro
fess
ion
al et
hic
s is
a
set
of
rule
s o
f co
nd
uct
fo
r m
emb
ers
of
a
par
ticu
lar
pro
fess
ion
. It
co
nsi
sts
of
wri
tten
an
d
un
wri
tten
ru
les
of
beh
avio
r.
2.
Pro
fess
ion
al et
hic
s is
a
set
of
rule
s o
f co
nd
uct
fo
r m
emb
ers
of
a
par
ticu
lar
pro
fess
ion
. It
co
nsi
sts
of
wri
tten
an
d
un
wri
tten
ru
les
of
beh
avio
r.
3.
Pro
fess
ion
al
eth
ics
con
sist
s o
f ru
les
of
con
du
ct
tow
ard
s cl
ien
ts,
coll
eag
ues
, an
d r
ule
s ab
ou
t co
mp
lian
ce i
n t
he
pro
fess
ion
.
4.
Co
mm
un
icat
ion
w
ith
cl
ien
ts
sho
uld
b
e b
ased
o
n
an
emo
tio
nal
neu
tral
ity
, al
tru
ism
, re
ject
ion
of
bri
ber
y a
nd
co
rru
pti
on
.
5.
Att
itu
de
tow
ard
s co
llea
gu
es s
ho
uld
be
bas
ed o
n e
qu
alit
y,
sup
po
rt a
nd
shar
ing
of
kn
ow
led
ge.
6.
The
most
im
port
ant
thin
g i
n t
he
pro
fess
ional
eth
ics
is c
om
pli
ance
wit
h
rule
s,
and
co
nsu
mer
p
rote
ctio
n,
and
af
ter
that
co
lleg
iali
ty
amo
ng
pro
fess
ion
als.
7.
Busi
nes
s et
hic
s is
a s
et o
f bel
iefs
an
d n
orm
s w
hic
h d
eter
min
e w
hat
is
mo
ral
and
wh
at i
s im
mora
l b
usi
nes
s.
8.
Bu
sin
ess
eth
ics
is b
ased
on
so
cial
, p
rofe
ssio
nal
an
d i
nd
ivid
ual
eth
ics.
9.
Eth
ical
b
ehav
ior
is
ben
efic
ial
bec
ause
it
in
crea
ses
the
ov
eral
l
effi
cien
cy
of
the
com
pan
y,
red
uce
s tr
ansa
ctio
n
cost
s,
impro
ves
rep
uta
tio
n,
giv
es r
epu
tati
on
an
d c
ause
s a
sen
se o
f sa
tisf
acti
on
.
10
. A
do
pti
on
an
d e
nfo
rcem
ent
of
law
s th
at p
un
ish
im
mo
ral
beh
avio
r is
a
pre
req
uis
ite
for
com
pli
ance
wit
h b
usi
nes
s et
hic
s.
12
6.
Sec
on
dar
y a
nal
ysi
s o
f ex
isti
ng
dat
a. T
he
rese
arch
er d
oes
no
t al
way
s
gat
her
dat
a by him
self
. T
her
e is
al
way
s a
po
ssib
ilit
y o
f ad
dit
ion
al
anal
ysi
s o
f d
ata
wh
ich
hav
e al
read
y b
een
gat
her
ed.
Th
us,
fo
r ex
amp
le,
it i
s poss
ible
to c
arry
out
a re
sear
ch o
n t
he
num
ber
of
labor
forc
e an
d
skil
led
lab
or
forc
e in
th
e co
nst
ruct
ion
in
du
stry
on
th
e b
asis
of
dat
a th
at
are
reg
ula
rly
co
llec
ted
by
th
e C
roat
ian
Cen
tral
Bu
reau
of
Sta
tist
ics.
Eac
h
of
thes
e m
eth
od
s h
as
its
adv
anta
ges
an
d
dis
adv
anta
ges
.
Th
eref
ore
, th
e b
est
way
to
do
res
earc
h i
s th
e o
ne
that
co
mb
ines
var
iou
s
met
ho
ds
of
dat
a co
llec
tio
n i
n o
rder
to
min
imiz
e w
eak
nes
ses
of
on
e m
eth
od
by
u
sin
g
add
itio
nal
m
eth
od
s.
Th
us,
fo
r ex
amp
le,
the
stu
dy
, w
hic
h
use
s
inte
rvie
ws
and
su
rvey
s, co
uld
an
aly
ze th
e o
pin
ion
o
f a
larg
e n
um
ber
o
f
emp
loy
ees
and
th
en,
late
r co
mp
lem
ent
thes
e 'a
rid
' re
spo
nse
s w
ith
far
mo
re
sub
stan
tial
an
swer
s th
at c
ou
ld b
e g
ath
ered
fro
m t
he
inte
rvie
ws
of
a sm
all
nu
mb
er o
f p
rop
erly
sel
ecte
d e
mp
loy
ees.
Is i
t n
eces
sary
fo
r st
ud
ents
at
the
Fac
ult
y o
f C
ivil
En
gin
eeri
ng
to
hav
e
a co
urs
e ca
lled
So
cio
log
y o
f W
ork
an
d P
rofe
ssio
nal
Eth
ics?
Her
e o
nly
th
e
mo
st i
mp
ort
ant
arg
um
ents
in
fav
or
of
a co
urs
e ca
lled
So
cio
log
y o
f W
ork
an
d
Pro
fess
ion
al E
thic
s w
ill
be
pre
sen
ted
:
1.
A
ver
y
imp
ort
ant
par
t o
f th
e w
ork
o
f ci
vil
en
gin
eers
co
nsi
sts
of
wo
rkin
g
wit
h
peo
ple
. A
fter
al
l,
on
e o
f th
e ch
arac
teri
stic
s o
f
con
stru
ctio
n i
s em
plo
ym
ent
of
a la
rge
nu
mb
er o
f la
bo
rers
, b
ecau
se
con
stru
ctio
n b
elo
ng
s to
th
e ca
teg
ory
of
lab
or-
inte
nsi
ve
acti
vit
y.
Oth
er
cou
rses
at
this
fac
ult
y t
rain
fu
ture
civ
il e
ng
inee
rs h
ow
to
ch
oo
se a
nd
use
ap
pro
pri
ate
mat
eria
ls i
n t
he
con
stru
ctio
n,
and
th
ey a
lso
tea
ch t
hem
to
dev
elo
p
qu
alit
y
bu
ild
ing
p
lan
s,
etc.
S
oci
olo
gy
o
f W
ork
an
d
13
Pro
fess
ion
al E
thic
s te
ach
es t
hem
to
man
age
peo
ple
an
d d
evel
op
go
od
rela
tio
nsh
ips
at t
he
wo
rkp
lace
, an
d a
ll o
f th
is c
om
bin
ed h
as a
po
siti
ve
effe
ct o
n p
rod
uct
ivit
y.
2.
Res
pec
t o
f p
rofe
ssio
nal
an
d b
usi
nes
s et
hic
s is
an
ess
enti
al e
lem
ent
of
bu
ild
ing
a l
on
g-t
erm
bu
sin
ess
succ
ess
of
com
pan
ies.
All
hig
h-q
ual
ity
bu
sin
ess
sch
oo
ls
hav
e b
usi
nes
s et
hic
s co
urs
e in
th
eir
curr
icu
lum
.
Th
eref
ore
, th
is c
ou
rse
pro
vid
es a
bas
ic k
no
wle
dg
e in
th
is a
rea,
wh
ich
wil
l b
e an
im
po
rtan
t el
emen
t o
f w
ork
of
the
futu
re c
ivil
en
gin
eers
.
3.
In p
ract
ice,
it
has
bee
n p
roven
th
at t
he
fun
dam
enta
l k
no
wle
dg
e in
th
e
soci
al s
cien
ces,
esp
ecia
lly
of
app
lied
sci
ence
s, h
as a
po
siti
ve
imp
act
on
th
e w
ork
ing
eff
icie
ncy
of
the
mem
ber
s of
the
tech
nic
al i
nte
llig
ence
in g
ener
al,
and
civ
il e
ng
inee
rs i
n p
arti
cula
r. B
ecau
se o
f th
is,
the
mo
st
elit
e F
acu
ltie
s o
f C
ivil
En
gin
eeri
ng
in
th
e w
orl
d i
ncl
ud
e u
p t
o 2
0%
of
cou
rses
fr
om
th
e ar
ea
of
soci
al
scie
nce
s.
At
the
Fac
ult
y
of
Civ
il
En
gin
eeri
ng
in
Zag
reb
, th
is p
erce
nta
ge
is m
uch
lo
wer
, b
ut
stil
l th
e
exis
tin
g c
ou
rse
in t
he
soci
al s
cien
ce e
nab
les
stu
den
ts t
o a
cqu
ire
bas
ic
kn
ow
led
ge
and
sk
ills
of
this
are
a.
Sum
mar
y
1.
Wo
rk i
s a
pro
cess
of
crea
tin
g u
sefu
l p
rod
uct
s an
d s
erv
ices
.
2.
So
cio
log
y o
f w
ork
is
a sc
ien
ce t
hat
stu
die
s th
e so
cial
asp
ects
of
wo
rk.
3.
Su
bje
cts
of
rese
arch
in
th
e so
cio
log
y o
f w
ork
are
: th
e d
evel
op
men
t o
f
tech
niq
ues
an
d w
ork
tec
hn
olo
gie
s, s
oci
al g
rou
ps
and
pro
cess
es t
hat
occ
ur
du
rin
g
the
wo
rk
acti
vit
y,
and
im
pac
t o
f th
e w
ork
o
n
the
fun
ctio
nin
g o
f th
e w
ho
le s
oci
ety
an
d t
he
infl
uen
ce o
f so
ciet
y o
n w
ork
.
12
0
fun
ctio
nin
g,
bu
t th
at
we
sim
ply
d
id
no
t k
no
w
use
it
p
rop
erly
. S
o,
the
sale
sman
w
ho
re
pla
ces
a p
rod
uct
ac
qu
ires
a
go
od
re
pu
tati
on
an
d
the
ind
ivid
ual
wil
l n
ot
on
ly b
uy
fro
m h
im b
ut
he
wil
l al
so r
ecom
men
d h
im t
o h
is
clo
se f
rien
ds.
In
th
is c
ase,
th
e b
enef
its
of
com
pli
ance
wit
h b
usi
nes
s et
hic
s
wil
l b
e m
utu
al,
bec
ause
b
oth
o
f th
em,
the
bu
yer
an
d th
e se
ller
, w
ill
be
sati
sfie
d.
Th
ere
is a
lso
th
e im
mat
eria
l re
war
d f
or
eth
ical
bu
sin
ess,
an
d i
t is
a
feel
ing
of
sati
sfac
tio
n t
hat
per
vad
es t
he
man
wh
ose
ho
nes
t w
ork
en
able
d h
im
and
his
fam
ily
to
hav
e a
dec
ent
liv
ing
. O
f co
urs
e, e
ven
a t
hie
f ca
n g
et r
ich
,
bu
t n
ever
thel
ess,
h
e is
st
ill
hau
nte
d
by
th
e fe
ar
that
h
is
thie
ver
y
wil
l
even
tual
ly b
e d
isco
ver
ed.
Mo
reo
ver
, it
is
a
qu
ite
dif
fere
nt
feel
ing
w
hen
peo
ple
get
ric
h b
y w
riti
ng
an
d s
elli
ng
th
eir
ow
n q
ual
ity
bo
ok
s, t
han
get
tin
g
enri
ched
fro
m r
ob
ber
y.
Wea
lth
gai
ned
th
rou
gh
ho
nes
t w
ork
cau
ses
a h
igh
er
self
-est
eem
an
d
resp
ect
for
oth
ers,
w
hil
e th
e w
ealt
h
gai
ned
th
rou
gh
dis
gra
cefu
l co
nd
uct
oft
en c
ause
s co
nte
mpt
of
oth
ers,
an
d u
net
hic
al p
erso
n
can
fee
l re
mo
rse.
Ho
wev
er,
it i
s im
po
rtan
t to
no
te t
hat
th
e st
ate
of
law
, w
hic
h p
un
ish
es
vio
lati
on
s o
f th
e la
w,
is
a p
rere
qu
isit
e fo
r th
e d
evel
op
men
t o
f b
usi
nes
s
eth
ics.
If
tho
se w
ho
vio
late
mo
ral
and
leg
al r
ule
s ar
e co
nst
antl
y a
vo
idin
g
pu
nis
hm
ent
then
mo
re a
nd
mo
re p
eople
res
ort
to
un
eth
ical
bu
sin
ess.
In
ev
ery
soci
ety
so
me
crim
inal
s su
ccee
d t
o c
on
ceal
th
e tr
aces
of
thei
r cr
imes
, b
ut
ther
e is
a b
ig d
iffe
ren
ce b
etw
een
a s
oci
ety
in
wh
ich
a s
ucc
ess
of
an u
net
hic
al
ind
ivid
ual
is
an e
xem
pti
on
an
d t
he
soci
ety
in
wh
ich
th
e su
cces
s o
f th
is t
yp
e
hap
pen
s in
a m
ajo
rity
of
thes
e ca
ses.
119
riv
er b
ecau
se h
e w
ill
hav
e a
hig
her
pro
fit
than
if
he
inst
alls
ex
pen
siv
e w
aste
wat
er p
uri
fier
in
th
e p
lan
t. H
ow
ever
, th
e w
aste
wat
er c
an c
ause
can
cer
to
peo
ple
wh
o l
ive
alo
ng
th
e ri
ver
. T
her
efo
re,
the
ben
efit
of
the
ind
ivid
ual
, th
at
is t
o s
ay t
he
fact
ory
ow
ner
, is
pai
d w
ith
th
e h
ug
e ex
pen
se o
f th
e co
mm
un
ity
-
dea
th a
nd
ser
iou
s il
lnes
ses.
Th
e si
tuat
ion
bec
om
es u
nb
eara
ble
if
ever
yo
ne
beh
aved
lik
e fa
cto
ry o
wn
er,
wh
o a
lso
may
dev
elo
p c
ance
r b
ecau
se o
ther
pla
nts
may
dis
char
ge
tox
ic g
ases
in
th
e ci
ty w
her
e th
e o
wn
er l
ives
. T
hu
s, t
he
com
mu
nit
y
has
a
lot
mo
re
ov
eral
l b
enef
its
fro
m
eth
ical
b
ehav
ior
than
un
eth
ical
.
Eth
ical
b
ehav
ior
red
uce
s w
hat
is
in
ec
onom
ics
call
ed
tran
sact
ion
cost
s, n
amel
y t
he
cost
s o
f co
ntr
ol.
Fo
r ex
amp
le,
imag
ine
that
in
ou
r o
wn
apar
tmen
t w
e co
nst
antl
y l
ive
in f
ear
that
ou
r h
ou
sem
ates
are
go
ing
to
ro
b u
s
and
we
con
stan
tly
hav
e to
hid
e o
ur
mo
ney
. S
uch
a l
ife
wo
uld
be
a co
nst
ant
sou
rce
of
stre
ss a
nd
fru
stra
tio
n.
So
a q
ual
ity
civ
il e
ng
inee
r w
ill
rath
er w
ork
for
a co
mp
any
wh
ere
the
ow
ner
wil
l n
ever
dep
rive
him
of
his
sal
ary,
or
vac
atio
n o
r tr
eat
him
unet
hic
ally
. T
hus,
the
May
o's
exper
imen
ts h
ave
show
n
that
hu
man
e an
d e
thic
al t
reat
men
t o
f em
plo
yee
s ca
n o
ften
ach
ieve
bet
ter
bu
sin
ess
resu
lts
than
un
eth
ical
co
nd
uct
. W
e w
ou
ld r
ath
er d
o b
usi
nes
s w
ith
a
par
tner
wh
om
we
con
sid
er f
air,
and w
ho w
ill
not
dec
eiv
e u
s, t
han
wit
h a
per
son
wh
o i
s d
ish
on
est.
Th
eref
ore
, ad
her
ence
to
bu
sin
ess
eth
ics
sim
pli
fies
ou
r w
ork
as
wel
l as
fam
ily
eth
ics
(not
stea
ling e
ach o
ther
's m
oney
) m
akes
ou
r li
ves
eas
ier.
Res
pec
t fo
r b
usi
nes
s et
hic
s af
fect
s th
e re
puta
tion.
For
exam
ple
, if
we
bo
ug
ht
a p
rod
uct
wh
ich
bro
ke
do
wn
an
d a
sal
esm
an i
s im
med
iate
ly r
ead
y t
o
rep
lace
th
e p
rod
uct
p
urc
has
ed,
we
wil
l ra
ther
b
uy
p
rod
uct
s fr
om
th
is
sale
sman
th
an f
rom
th
e o
ne
wh
o w
ill
try
to
co
nv
ince
us
that
th
e p
rod
uct
was
14
4.
Th
e m
ost
im
po
rtan
t m
eth
od
s o
f re
sear
ch i
n t
he
soci
olo
gy
of
wo
rk a
re:
exp
erim
ent,
o
bse
rvat
ion
, o
bse
rvat
ion
w
ith
p
arti
cip
atio
n,
surv
eys,
inte
rvie
ws
and
sec
on
dar
y a
nal
ysi
s o
f ex
isti
ng
dat
a.
5.
So
cio
log
y
of
wo
rk
and
p
rofe
ssio
nal
et
hic
s en
able
s fu
ture
ci
vil
eng
inee
rs t
o c
arry
ou
t a
qu
alit
y m
anag
emen
t o
f em
plo
yed
wo
rker
s.
Exa
mpl
es o
f exa
m q
uest
ions
1.
Wh
y i
s it
no
t ac
cep
tab
le t
o d
efin
e w
ork
as
a p
aid
act
ivit
y?
2.
Wh
at i
s w
ork
?
3.
Wh
at i
s so
cio
log
y?
4.
Ex
pla
in
the
dif
fere
nce
b
etw
een
g
ener
al
soci
olo
gy
an
d
spec
ial
soci
olo
gie
s?
5.
Giv
e th
ree
exam
ple
s o
f sp
ecia
l so
cio
log
ies!
6.
Wh
at i
s th
e so
cio
log
y o
f w
ork
?
7.
Wh
at a
re t
he
sub
ject
s o
f re
sear
ch i
n s
oci
olo
gy
of
wo
rk?
8.
Wh
at a
re t
he
met
ho
ds
of
rese
arch
in
so
cio
log
y o
f w
ork
?
9.
Wh
at i
s th
e m
ain
ad
van
tag
e an
d d
isad
van
tag
e o
f u
sin
g t
he
exp
erim
ent
in t
he
so
cial
sci
ence
s?
10
. W
hat
is
the
mea
nin
g o
f th
e so
cial
sci
ence
s in
gen
eral
, an
d S
oci
olo
gy
of
Wo
rk a
nd
Pro
fess
ion
al E
thic
s, e
spec
iall
y i
n t
he
educa
tion o
f ci
vil
eng
inee
rs?
15
2. H
isto
ry o
f Wor
k
If
we
assu
me
that
th
e m
an a
pp
eare
d o
n e
arth
...
on
e m
illi
on y
ears
ago a
nd
that
this
tim
e is
red
uce
d t
o t
he
rela
tiv
e d
ura
tio
n o
f o
ne
ho
ur
...
then
th
e m
an s
pen
t ...
55 m
inute
s in
th
e P
aleo
lith
ic c
ult
ure
( t
he
Old
Sto
ne
Ag
e).
5
min
ute
s ag
o h
e en
tere
d t
he
Neo
lith
ic c
ult
ure
... 1
5 s
econds
ago h
e beg
an
to p
rin
t b
oo
ks,
an
d t
he
Fir
st I
nd
ust
rial
Rev
olu
tio
n b
egan
on
ly f
ive
seco
nd
s ag
o.
Th
e p
erio
d i
n w
hic
h a
man
mak
es c
ars
is l
ess
than
... o
ne
seco
nd.
(Ch
. W
alk
er).
P
rep
arat
ion
fo
r th
e le
ctu
re:
Wat
ch t
he
film
by
Ch
arli
e C
hap
lin
's M
od
ern
T
imes
.
Wor
k E
poch
s
His
tory
of
wo
rk c
an b
e d
ivid
ed i
nto
th
ree
per
iod
s:
1.
Ep
och
of
too
ls (
fro
m c
reat
ion
of
a m
an t
ill
the
dis
cov
ery
of
the
stea
m
eng
ine
in 1
78
5);
2.
Ind
ust
rial
ep
och
(fr
om
17
85
til
l th
e d
isco
ver
y o
f el
ectr
on
ic c
om
pu
ter
in 1
94
6);
3.
Po
stin
du
stri
al e
ra (
fro
m 1
94
6 t
ill
tod
ay).
Th
e ep
och
of
too
ls i
s p
rim
aril
y c
har
acte
rize
d b
y t
he
use
of
hu
man
an
d
anim
al l
abo
r, w
hil
e in
th
e in
du
stri
al e
ra d
riv
ers
of
pro
du
ctio
n a
re b
eco
min
g
foss
il f
uel
s, a
nd l
ater
on t
he
elec
tric
ity (
The
Sec
ond I
ndust
rial
Rev
olu
tion).
In a
n e
ra o
f in
form
atio
n t
ech
no
log
y,
wh
ich
is
call
ed t
he
Po
st-i
nd
ust
rial
era
,
the
fou
nd
atio
n o
f p
rog
ress
bec
om
es t
he
use
of
info
rmat
ion
th
at l
ead
s to
th
e
scie
nti
fic-
tech
nic
al r
evo
luti
on
.
11
8
bas
ed o
n t
he
foll
ow
ing
sto
ry.
A p
oli
cem
an c
atch
es t
wo
bu
rgla
rs,
bu
t th
ere
is
no
t en
ou
gh
ev
iden
ce a
gai
nst
th
em.
So
, h
e sa
ys
to b
oth
of
them
, (p
riso
ner
s
are
no
t al
low
ed t
o c
om
mu
nic
ate
and
do
no
t k
no
w w
het
her
th
e o
ther
on
e w
ill
con
fess
th
e cr
ime)
: "I
f b
oth
of
yo
u a
dm
it t
hat
yo
u c
om
mit
ted
a c
rim
e, y
ou
wil
l re
ceiv
e u
p t
o f
ive
yea
rs i
n p
riso
n.
If y
ou
co
nfe
ss a
nd
yo
ur
coll
eag
ue
do
es n
ot,
yo
u w
ill
be
acq
uit
ted
fo
r co
op
erat
ing
, an
d y
ou
r co
llea
gu
e w
ill
get
six
yea
rs i
n p
riso
n.
Bu
t if
he
con
fess
es,
and
yo
u d
o n
ot,
yo
u w
ill
go
to
six
yea
rs i
n p
riso
n,
and
he
wil
l b
e ac
qu
itte
d.
Fin
ally
, if
nei
ther
of
yo
u a
dm
it
com
mit
tin
g t
he
crim
e, y
ou
wil
l ea
ch g
et o
ne
yea
r in
pri
son
fo
r u
nau
tho
rize
d
po
sses
sio
n o
f w
eap
on
s."
Gra
ph
ic p
rop
osa
l ca
n b
e p
rese
nte
d l
ike
this
:
A
ad
mit
ted
th
e cr
ime
A d
id n
ot
adm
it
B a
dm
itte
d
A5, B
542
A6
, B
0
B d
id n
ot
adm
it
A0, B
6
A1
, B
1
So
, if
A c
on
fess
es,
he
can
get
fiv
e o
r ze
ro y
ear
in j
ail.
If
he
do
es n
ot
adm
it t
he
crim
e, h
e ca
n g
et s
ix o
r o
ne
yea
r im
pri
son
men
t. I
f A
is
an e
go
tist
,
it i
s b
ette
r fo
r h
im t
o c
on
fess
. T
he
sam
e ap
pli
es t
o B
. H
ow
ever
, if
bo
th a
re
ego
ists
, th
ey w
ill
bo
th e
nd
up
fiv
e y
ears
in
pri
son
, an
d i
f th
ey a
re b
oth
altr
uis
ts,
they
wil
l be
in j
ail
for
on
ly a
yea
r. "
Pri
son
er's
dil
emm
a" i
llu
stra
tes
wh
y e
thic
al b
ehav
ior
can
be
use
ful
- if
on
e d
oes
no
t w
atch
on
ly o
ne'
s o
wn
inte
rest
al
l p
arti
es ar
e b
ette
r o
ff.
If th
e ab
ov
e p
riso
ner
s b
ehav
e et
hic
ally
tow
ard
s ea
ch o
ther
(fo
rget
fo
r a
mo
men
t th
e b
road
er c
om
mu
nit
y a
nd
th
e fa
ct
that
th
ey c
ame
into
pri
son
fo
r b
urg
lary
), t
hen
th
ey w
ill
be
bet
ter
off
th
an t
o
thin
k
on
ly
abo
ut
on
e's
self
. T
her
e is
a
sim
ilar
si
tuat
ion
in
th
e so
ciet
y.
Eg
ois
tica
l fa
cto
ry o
wn
er c
an b
enef
it i
f h
e re
leas
es t
ox
ic c
hem
ical
s in
to t
he
42 Y
ears
in p
riso
n.
117
firs
t w
e w
ill
answ
er t
he
qu
esti
on
wh
at t
he
ori
gin
of
bu
sin
ess
eth
ics
is a
nd
why i
t ex
ists
at
all.
Ther
e ar
e th
ree
mai
n s
ourc
es o
f busi
nes
s et
hic
s. T
he
firs
t so
urc
e is
the
pro
fess
ion
al e
thic
s. I
ts r
ule
s ar
e sp
read
th
rou
gh
ou
t o
ther
pro
fess
ion
s. T
he
seco
nd
so
urc
e is
so
cial
eth
ics.
Eac
h c
om
mu
nit
y h
as i
ts o
wn
gen
eral
mo
ral
no
rms,
wh
ich
in
tu
rn a
ffec
ts t
he
way
peo
ple
beh
ave
at t
he
wo
rkp
lace
. S
o,
for
exam
ple
, ed
uca
tio
n t
hat
an
in
div
idu
al a
cqu
ires
in
th
e fa
mil
y w
ill
hav
e a
sig
nif
ican
t im
pac
t o
n h
is b
ehav
ior
at t
he
wo
rkp
lace
. If
th
e fa
mil
y f
ost
ers
auth
ori
tari
an
beh
avio
r,
then
th
at
beh
avio
r w
ill
pre
vai
l in
busi
nes
s
org
aniz
atio
ns.
If,
at
the
soci
ety
lev
el,
no
ne
care
s ab
ou
t th
e v
uln
erab
le g
rou
ps
(fo
r ex
amp
le,
ther
e is
n
o
un
iver
sal
hea
lth
care
),
then
th
e busi
nes
s
org
aniz
atio
ns
wil
l p
rob
ably
als
o l
ack
th
e sp
irit
of
soli
dar
ity
. A
nd
eco
no
mic
situ
atio
n in
th
e co
un
try
af
fect
s b
usi
nes
s et
hic
s. It
is
h
ard
to
ex
pec
t th
at
peo
ple
wil
l fo
llo
w t
he
hig
hes
t et
hic
al s
tan
dar
ds
if t
hey
hav
e to
fig
ht
for
thei
r
mer
e ex
iste
nce
. S
ure
ly,
it i
s ea
sier
to i
nsi
st o
n r
espec
ting b
usi
nes
s et
hic
s if
peo
ple
hav
e a
go
od
in
com
e, t
han
if
they
can
no
t li
ve
fro
m t
hei
r o
wn
sal
arie
s.
Ho
wev
er,
wh
eth
er
the
stan
dar
ds
of
bu
sin
ess
eth
ics
wil
l b
e re
spec
ted
,
dep
end
s o
n e
ach
in
div
idu
al.
Th
eref
ore
, th
e th
ird
so
urc
e o
f b
usi
nes
s et
hic
s is
ind
ivid
ual
et
hic
s. T
he
ow
ner
o
f th
e co
nst
ruct
ion co
mpan
y has
to
dec
ide
wh
eth
er t
o o
ffer
a b
rib
e to
get
a j
ob
, an
d a
t th
e sa
me
tim
e th
e p
erso
n w
ho
was
off
ered
th
e b
rib
e m
ust
dec
ide
wh
eth
er t
o v
iola
te b
usi
nes
s et
hic
s.
Shou
ld w
e re
spec
t bus
ines
s eth
ics?
To
an
swer
th
is q
ues
tio
n,
we
wil
l p
rov
ide
an e
xam
ple
fro
m r
elat
ed
scie
nce
s. I
n p
oli
tica
l sc
ien
ce a
nd
eco
no
mic
s th
ere
is a
ver
y p
op
ula
r g
ame
theo
ry.
On
e o
f th
e m
ost
po
pu
lar
gam
es i
s th
e "p
riso
ner
's d
ilem
ma"
wh
ich
is
16
Epo
ch o
f too
ls
Ep
och
of
too
ls i
s th
e lo
ng
est
per
iod i
n t
he
his
tory
of
man
kin
d a
nd
it
last
ed a
pp
rox
imat
ely
on
e m
illi
on
yea
rs,
fro
m t
he
Pal
eoli
thic
tim
es t
o t
he
18
th c
entu
ry.
Sin
ce t
his
was
th
e lo
ng
est
epo
ch,
we
wil
l b
reak
it
up
in
to f
ive
sub
epo
chs:
Pale
olith
ic p
erio
d
Ab
ou
t a
mil
lio
n y
ears
ag
o,
it w
as w
ork
th
at d
iffe
ren
tiat
ed m
an f
rom
oth
er li
vin
g sp
ecie
s. A
lso
, p
lan
nin
g,
env
isio
nin
g a
nd
d
esig
nin
g o
f fu
ture
wo
rk a
re w
hat
mak
es a
hu
man
dif
fere
nt
from
anim
al w
ork
(if
the
anim
al
acti
vit
y c
an b
e ca
lled
wo
rk).
Th
eref
ore
, H
alad
in (
19
93
) co
ncl
ud
es t
hat
th
e
wo
rk i
s an
act
ivit
y t
hat
is
only
typic
al f
or
man
.7 I
n p
reh
isto
ric
tim
es a
man
alre
ady
u
sed
p
rim
itiv
e to
ols
fo
r h
un
tin
g.
He
firs
t p
roce
ssed
a b
on
e o
f a
hu
nte
d a
nim
al t
hat
co
uld
be
use
d a
s a
too
l (w
eap
on
) in
th
e h
un
t, a
nd
th
en h
e
star
ted
mak
ing
sto
ne
too
ls.
He
also
org
aniz
ed a
div
isio
n o
f la
bo
r w
hic
h w
as
init
iall
y b
ased
on
ag
e an
d g
end
er.
Alt
ho
ug
h t
he
anim
als
are
fam
ilia
r w
ith
a
pri
mit
ive
div
isio
n
of
lab
or,
m
an's
ad
van
tag
e is
th
e ab
ilit
y
of
ver
bal
com
mu
nic
atio
n t
hat
all
ow
s a
far
gre
ater
lab
or
div
isio
n a
nd
org
aniz
atio
n.
In
the
Pal
eoli
thic
p
erio
d
man
's
org
aniz
atio
n
of
hu
nti
ng
ex
ceed
ed
anim
al's
hu
nti
ng
by
far
. T
he
firs
t se
ttle
men
ts w
ere
cav
es t
hat
peo
ple
ver
y c
aref
ull
y
sele
cted
(in
th
e v
icin
ity
of
dri
nk
ing
wat
er,
faci
ng
so
uth
, w
ith
a t
erra
ce i
n
7 H
alad
in, op. ci
t., pp. 15.
17
front
of
the
cave)
. In
lat
e P
aleo
lith
ic p
erio
d p
eop
le b
egan
bu
ild
ing
hu
ts a
nd
du
go
uts
.8
Neo
lithi
c
Neo
lith
ic c
ult
ure
sta
rted
ab
ou
t 1
0,0
00
yea
rs a
go.
Whil
e duri
ng t
he
Pal
eoli
thic
p
erio
d
peo
ple
li
ved
b
y
hu
nti
ng
an
d
fish
ing
, in
th
e N
eoli
thic
per
iod
th
ey b
egan
to
en
gag
e in
far
min
g.
In t
he
Neo
lith
ic t
exti
le p
rod
uct
ion
(clo
thes
) d
evel
op
ed
firs
t,
then
ca
ttle
b
reed
ing
, fa
rmin
g,
po
tter
y,
and
met
allu
rgy
. C
han
ges
in
th
e w
ay o
f w
ork
cau
sed
th
e o
ther
ch
ang
es a
s w
ell,
incl
udin
g t
he
emer
gen
ce o
f ar
chit
ectu
re.
The
firs
t se
ttle
men
ts (
vil
lag
es)
wer
e
bu
ilt
nea
r ag
ricu
ltu
ral
area
s, a
nd
lat
er t
he
dev
elo
pm
ent
of
citi
es a
lso
sta
rted
.
Th
e fi
rst
city
in
his
tory
was
Jer
ich
o (
abo
ut
10
00
0 y
ears
ag
o).
Jer
ich
o's
bu
ild
ing
s w
ere
mad
e fr
om
a m
ixtu
re o
f st
on
e an
d e
arth
(an
d l
ater
bri
ck).
Th
e
wal
ls w
ere
pla
ster
ed w
ith
lim
e, a
nd
do
ors
co
ver
ed w
ith
lea
ther
. T
he
firs
t
furn
itu
re,
wo
od
en f
loo
rs a
nd
pav
ed r
oad
s w
ere
also
mad
e in
th
at p
erio
d.9
Anc
ient
Per
iod
Par
ticu
larl
y
sig
nif
ican
t im
pac
t o
n
the
div
isio
n
of
lab
or
was
th
e
org
aniz
atio
n o
f ri
ver
irr
igat
ion
s. I
n a
nci
ent
civ
iliz
atio
ns
ther
e w
as a
new
div
isio
n o
f la
bo
r th
at g
ener
ated
new
pro
fess
ion
s: s
old
iers
, cr
afts
men
, sc
rib
es,
law
yer
s, d
oct
ors
, m
erch
ants
, cl
erk
s, a
nd
th
e te
chn
olo
gy
of
con
stru
ctio
n w
as
bei
ng
esp
ecia
lly
dev
elo
ped
. T
her
efo
re,
the
bu
ild
ing
act
ivit
y f
rom
th
e an
cien
t
per
iod
ca
n,
even
to
day
, b
e co
nsi
der
ed
as
tech
no
log
ical
m
arv
els.
F
or
exam
ple
, th
e G
reat
Wal
l o
f C
hin
a is
th
e la
rges
t b
uil
din
g f
acil
ity
ev
er b
uil
t.
8 S
ee H
awkes
, Ja
cquet
t, 1
966., P
reth
isto
rija
(H
isto
rija
čov
ječa
nstv
a: k
ultu
rni
i na
učni
razv
oj, s
veza
k 1.
). N
apri
jed
, Z
agre
b, p
- 1
-25
8.
9 F
or
a des
crip
tion o
f th
e N
eoli
thic
cult
ure
s se
e ib
id., p
p. 259
-419
11
6
Pro
fess
ion
als
are
no
t o
nly
en
cou
nte
red
at
the
mar
ket
wit
h t
hei
r fe
llo
w
pro
fess
ional
s, b
ut
also
wit
h m
ember
s of
oth
er p
rofe
ssio
ns.
Th
eref
ore
, in
th
e
rest
o
f th
is
chap
ter
we
wil
l d
iscu
ss
the
con
cep
t o
f b
usi
nes
s et
hic
s th
at
incl
ud
es g
ener
al m
ora
l ru
les
in b
usi
nes
s re
lati
on
ship
s.
Bus
ines
s eth
ics
Jon
es (
20
04
) d
efin
es e
thic
s as
a s
et o
f m
ora
l p
rin
cip
les
and
bel
iefs
abo
ut
wh
at i
s ri
gh
t o
r w
ron
g.4
1 T
hu
s, b
usi
nes
s et
hic
s is
a s
et o
f o
ur
bel
iefs
abo
ut
wh
at w
e co
nsi
der
as
mo
ral
and
im
mora
l b
usi
nes
s. B
usi
nes
s et
hic
s is
a
bro
ader
co
nce
pt
of
pro
fess
ion
al
eth
ics,
b
ecau
se
it
incl
ud
es
all
typ
es
of
occ
up
atio
ns.
It
is i
mp
ort
ant
to n
ote
th
at t
he
cod
e o
f b
usi
nes
s et
hic
s is
no
t as
stro
ng
as
the
cod
e o
f co
nd
uct
fo
r p
rofe
ssio
nal
eth
ics.
Fo
r ex
amp
le,
sup
po
se
that
a c
on
stru
ctio
n c
om
pan
y g
ets
a jo
b i
n a
co
un
try
wh
ere
it i
s co
mm
on
fo
r
un
der
age
lab
or
forc
e to
wo
rk o
n t
he
site
. Is
it
mo
rall
y r
igh
t to
hir
e a
15
-yea
r
old
in
th
is c
ase?
Is
it m
ora
l to
em
plo
y a
6-y
ear-
old
, w
hic
h i
s a
real
ity
in
Pak
ista
n?
Of
cou
rse,
mo
st p
eop
le w
ou
ld i
mm
edia
tely
say
no
, b
ut
wh
at i
f
thes
e ch
ild
ren
are
ho
mel
ess,
wh
ich
was
bes
t p
ort
ray
ed i
n t
he
mo
vie
Slu
md
og
Mil
lio
nai
re?
Is i
t im
mora
l to
hir
e th
em i
f w
e k
no
w t
hat
th
eir
on
ly a
lter
nat
ive
is b
egg
ing
in
th
e st
reet
s? I
s it
mo
ral
to d
o e
xp
erim
ents
on
an
imal
s to
tes
t
cosm
etic
pro
duct
s? I
s it
mora
l to
mo
nit
or
emp
loy
ees
du
rin
g w
ork
ing
ho
urs
(see
th
e m
ott
o a
t th
e b
egin
nin
g o
f th
e ch
apte
r)?
Bu
sin
ess
eth
ics
anal
yze
s
such
iss
ues
, so
me
of
wh
ich
wil
l b
e st
ud
ied
in
th
e n
ext
chap
ter.
Ho
wev
er,
41 J
on
es,
Gar
eth
R.,
20
04
, O
rgan
izat
iona
l The
ory,
Des
ign,
and
Cha
nge:
Tex
t and
C
ases
, P
ears
on E
duca
tion I
nte
rnat
ional
, U
pper
Sad
dle
Riv
er, p. 45.
115
on
ly
crea
te
go
od
re
lati
on
ship
s,
bu
t al
so
incr
ease
s th
e li
kel
iho
od
o
f a
succ
essf
ul
lon
g t
erm
bu
sin
ess.
Com
plia
nce
with
regu
latio
ns
Co
mp
lian
ce w
ith
reg
ula
tio
ns
is n
ot
on
ly a
leg
al,
bu
t it
is
also
an
eth
ical
ob
lig
atio
n o
f a
pro
fess
ion
al.
So
, w
hen
bu
ild
ing
a h
ou
se,
a ci
vil
en
gin
eer
mu
st o
bey
sta
tic
reg
ula
tio
ns,
reg
ula
tio
ns
on
pro
tect
ion
ag
ain
st e
arth
qu
akes
and
fir
e, e
tc.
Str
ict
adh
eren
ce t
o r
egu
lati
ons
giv
es c
lien
ts t
he
confi
den
ce t
hat
a p
rofe
ssio
nal
w
ill
del
iver
q
ual
ity
w
ork
an
d,
ther
efo
re,
that
is
th
e m
ost
imp
ort
ant
elem
ent
of
pro
fess
ion
al e
thic
s. S
om
etim
es e
thic
al r
ule
s (a
ltru
ism
tow
ard
th
e cl
ien
t, c
oll
egia
lity
an
d r
egu
lato
ry c
om
pli
ance
) m
ay c
om
e in
to
con
flic
t. F
or
exam
ple
, th
e te
ach
er m
ay a
sk h
is c
oll
eag
ue
to l
et h
is s
on
's
frie
nd
to
pas
s th
e ex
am.
Ho
wev
er,
in t
his
cas
e th
e te
ach
er m
ust
no
t fo
llo
w
the
rule
of
coll
egia
lity
bec
ause
reg
ula
tory
co
mp
lian
ce i
s m
ore
im
po
rtan
t th
an
coll
egia
lity
. A
lso
, th
e p
rofe
ssio
nal
m
ust
re
fuse
cl
ien
t's
req
ues
t if
it
is
ille
git
imat
e, f
or
exam
ple
, th
e v
eter
inar
ian
mu
st r
efu
se a
req
ues
t b
y f
arm
ers
to i
ssu
e a
cert
ific
ate
that
th
e p
ig,
wh
ich
was
to
be
slau
gh
tere
d,
is h
ealt
hy
, if
he
kn
ow
s th
at t
his
is
no
t tr
ue.
If t
her
e is
a c
onfl
ict
bet
wee
n t
he
inte
rest
s o
f th
e cl
ien
t an
d c
oll
egia
lity
,
then
th
e in
tere
st o
f th
e cu
sto
mer
is
mo
re i
mp
ort
ant.
Fo
r ex
amp
le,
if a
stu
den
t
is
exam
ined
b
efo
re
the
com
mit
tee,
an
d
if
a p
rofe
sso
r w
ho
h
ad
tau
gh
t
reques
ts f
rom
coll
eagues
to f
ail
the
studen
t, f
ello
w p
rofe
sso
rs m
ust
ref
use
the
req
ues
t o
f th
eir
coll
ege
if t
hey
th
ink
th
at t
he
stu
den
t h
as d
emo
nst
rate
d
suff
icie
nt
kn
ow
led
ge
for
pas
sin
g
the
exam
. S
o,
in
the
firs
t p
lace
o
f
pro
fess
ional
eth
ics
is r
egula
tory
com
pli
ance
, th
en t
he
pro
tect
ion
of
the
clie
nt
and
at
the
end
co
mes
co
lleg
iali
ty.
18
So
me
Ro
man
bu
ild
ing
s ar
e st
ill
in u
se (
wat
er s
up
pli
es,
road
s).
Th
e G
reat
Py
ram
id o
f G
iza
cov
ers
the
area
of
5.3
hec
tare
s, c
on
sist
s o
f 2
.3 m
illi
on
hea
vy
gra
nit
e b
lock
s w
hic
h w
eig
h a
bo
ut
2.3
tons.
It
was
buil
t by 1
00,0
00
peo
ple
ov
er 2
0 y
ears
. T
he
anci
ent
Eg
yp
t al
read
y k
new
ab
ou
t th
e p
rofe
ssio
n
of
civ
il e
ng
inee
rs.
Ch
ief
des
ign
er o
f th
e p
yra
mid
was
a p
erso
nal
ad
vis
er t
o
Ph
arao
h,
and
co
nst
ruct
ion
wo
rker
s w
ere
hig
hly
sp
ecia
lize
d.
Ho
wev
er,
it i
s
imp
ort
ant
to n
ote
th
at a
nci
ent
per
iod
in
tro
du
ced
sla
ver
y a
s th
e w
ors
t fo
rm o
f
exp
loit
atio
n o
f la
bo
r.10
Mid
dle
Age
s
Co
mp
ared
to
an
cien
t p
erio
d,
the
per
iod
of
Eu
rop
ean
Mid
dle
Ag
es w
as
tech
no
log
ical
ly l
ess
dev
elo
ped
. R
ebir
th o
f E
uro
pe
star
ted
in
th
e 1
0th
cen
tury
wit
h t
he
emer
gen
ce o
f u
niv
ersi
ties
an
d r
esto
rati
on
of
citi
es.
Hy
dro
po
wer
star
ted
to
be
use
d i
n t
he
pro
du
ctio
n o
f te
xti
les
in t
he
13
th c
entu
ry.
As
in
anci
ent
tim
es,
in t
he
Mid
dle
Ag
es,
the
gre
ates
t ac
hie
vem
ents
in
th
e fi
eld
of
wo
rk
wer
e ac
hie
ved
in
th
e co
nst
ruct
ion
in
du
stry
, p
arti
cula
rly
in
th
e
con
stru
ctio
n
of
reli
gio
us
bu
ild
ing
s.
A
pro
fess
ion
o
f a
mas
ter
bu
ild
er,
a
fore
run
ner
of
tod
ay's
arc
hit
ects
an
d c
ivil
en
gin
eers
, w
as e
stab
lish
ed.
Urb
an
bea
uty
of
som
e m
edie
val
to
wn
s re
mai
ned
un
surp
asse
d t
o t
his
day
.
Peri
od fr
om 1
6th
to 1
8th
cent
ury
In t
his
per
iod
, th
e sc
op
e o
f th
e st
ates
was
in
crea
sin
g w
hic
h e
nab
led
mas
s p
rod
uct
ion
. A
lso
, co
lon
izat
ion
of
new
co
nti
nen
ts l
ed t
o g
lob
al d
ivis
ion
10 G
reat
anci
ent
civil
izat
ions
wer
e an
alyze
d i
n W
ooll
ey,
Leo
nar
d,
1966., O
rigi
ns
of C
ivili
zatio
n (H
isto
ry o
f M
anki
nd:
Cul
tura
l an
d Sc
ient
ific
Dev
elop
men
t), V
olu
me
1,
Book 2
.),
Forw
ard,
Zag
reb,
espec
iall
y p
ages
211
-41.
For
a des
crip
tion o
f th
e em
ergen
ce
of
the
firs
t ci
ties
se
e M
um
ford
, L
ewis
, 1961.,
The
City
in
His
tory
: Its
Ori
gins
, Its
Tr
ansf
orm
atio
ns, a
nd It
s Pro
spec
ts, H
arco
urt
, B
race
an
d W
orl
d, N
ew Y
ork
.
19
of
lab
or.
Tex
tile
in
du
stry
, w
hic
h u
sed
th
e en
erg
y o
f w
ater
, w
as p
rog
ress
ing
fast
est.
T
he
div
isio
n
of
lab
or
in
man
ufa
ctu
res
dra
mat
ical
ly
incr
ease
d
pro
du
ctiv
ity
, b
ecau
se
pro
du
ctiv
ity
w
as
incr
easi
ng
ly
dep
end
ent
on
th
e
org
aniz
atio
n o
f w
ork
, an
d l
ess
on i
nd
ivid
ual
sk
ills
. D
esp
ite
the
incr
ease
d
pro
du
ctiv
ity
of
lab
or,
wo
rkin
g c
on
dit
ion
s w
ere
det
erio
rati
ng
(1
4 t
o 1
6 h
ou
rs
of
a d
ull
wo
rk i
n n
ois
y,
stuff
y a
nd u
nhea
lth
y w
ork
ing e
nvir
onm
ents
). A
nd
the
sett
lem
ents
of
wo
rker
s w
ho
wo
rked
in
man
ufa
ctu
res
wer
e al
so e
xtr
emel
y
inh
um
ane
pla
ces
to l
ive
in.
At
that
tim
e, s
lav
ery
was
in
tro
du
ced
in
bo
th
Nort
h
and
South
A
mer
ica.
T
her
efo
re,
the
per
iod
fr
om
th
e 16th
to
18th
cen
tury
was
fu
ll o
f co
ntr
asts
, w
hic
h w
as r
efle
cted
in
th
e p
rese
rvat
ion
of
the
neg
ativ
e ch
arac
teri
stic
s o
f p
rev
iou
s ep
och
s, b
ut
also
in
th
e p
rocl
amat
ion
of
a
new
ep
och
- t
he
epo
ch o
f th
e m
ach
ine
- th
at w
ill
fun
dam
enta
lly
ch
ang
e
hu
man
ity
. H
ow
ever
, b
efo
re w
e g
et t
o s
ho
w t
he
ind
ust
rial
ag
e, w
e w
ill
list
th
e
mo
st i
mp
ort
ant
com
mo
n c
har
acte
rist
ics
of
the
epo
ch o
f to
ols
(ep
och
s o
f
craf
t).
As
Hal
adin
sta
ted
(1
99
3),
"W
ork
in
the
craf
t ta
kes
pla
ce m
ost
ly b
y
usi
ng h
ands
and t
ools
... T
ypic
ally
th
ere
is a
sm
all
nu
mb
er o
f w
ork
ers
-
incl
ud
ing
th
e m
aste
rs
and
p
ract
ical
ly
no
d
ivis
ion
o
f la
bo
r in
su
ch
a
wo
rksh
op
...
Th
e w
ork
is
usu
ally
do
ne
and
ord
ered
by
th
e p
iece
an
d t
he
clie
nt,
who o
rder
ed i
t, i
s know
n .
.. I
n a
dd
itio
n t
o m
aste
r w
ho
se q
ual
ific
atio
ns
are
un
iver
sal
...
in t
he
wo
rksh
op
, th
ere
are
also
his
ass
ista
nts
(jo
urn
eym
en)
and
stu
den
ts (
app
ren
tice
s)."
11 O
f co
urs
e, s
uch
wo
rk c
ou
ld n
ot
reac
h m
ass
pro
du
ctio
n.
Mas
s p
rod
uct
ion
beg
an t
o b
e ac
hie
ved
by
fo
rmin
g m
anu
fact
ure
s,
and
was
fu
lly
rea
lize
d o
nly
in
th
e in
du
stri
al e
ra.
11 H
alad
in, op. ci
t., pp. 33-4
.
11
4
asso
ciat
ions.
How
ever
, ev
ery p
rofe
ssio
nal
mu
st d
ecid
e fo
r h
imse
lf w
het
her
or
no
t to
beh
ave
eth
ical
ly.
Th
eref
ore
, it
is
imp
ort
ant
that
eth
ical
beh
avio
r
bec
om
es
a h
abit
o
f p
rofe
ssio
nal
s,
no
t ju
st
beh
avio
r b
ased
o
n
fear
o
f
pu
nis
hm
ent.
Rel
atio
nshi
p of
pro
fess
iona
ls a
nd fe
llow
col
leag
ues
Th
ere
are
thre
e b
asic
ele
men
ts o
f p
rofe
ssio
nal
rel
atio
nsh
ips
to c
oll
eag
ues
:
equ
alit
y,
sup
po
rt a
nd
kn
ow
led
ge
tran
sfer
. E
qu
alit
y m
ean
s th
at p
rofe
ssio
nal
s
sho
uld
tr
eat
each
o
ther
as
eq
ual
in
div
idu
als.
T
hu
s, fo
r ex
amp
le,
it is
an
un
pro
fess
ion
al c
on
du
ct i
f a
law
yer
wan
ts t
o s
teal
a c
lien
t fr
om
his
fel
low
coll
ege.
An
d n
ot
on
ly t
hat
: If
a c
lien
t w
ants
to
ch
ang
e th
e la
wy
er,
the
law
yer
is o
bli
gat
ed t
o c
all
his
coll
eague
and a
sk h
im f
or
per
mis
sio
n.
If t
he
clie
nt
has
no
t se
ttle
d
all
deb
ts
wit
h
the
firs
t la
wy
er,
the
seco
nd
sh
ou
ld
refu
se
to
repre
sent
him
unti
l his
fel
low
law
yer
is
no
t p
aid
. T
hu
s, p
rofe
ssio
nal
s ca
n
rela
te
to
each
o
ther
as
eq
ual
s an
d
equ
al,
and
th
at
wil
l re
sult
in
th
e
rela
tio
nsh
ip o
f m
utu
al s
up
po
rt.
Fo
r ex
amp
le,
if a
stu
den
t o
ffen
ds
a p
rofe
sso
r
and
th
e p
rofe
sso
r se
eks
to
pu
nis
h
a st
ud
ent
bec
ause
, h
is
coll
eag
ues
ar
e
ob
lig
ed t
o s
up
po
rt t
his
pro
fess
or.
Fo
r p
rofe
ssio
nal
s it
is
in
app
rop
riat
e to
k
eep
th
eir
kn
ow
led
ge
to
them
selv
es.
Th
ey a
re o
bli
ged
to
sh
are
that
kn
ow
led
ge
wit
h c
oll
eag
ues
. O
f
cou
rse,
if
a ci
vil
en
gin
eer
fin
ds
a n
ew,
bet
ter
qu
alit
y m
ater
ial
for
pla
ster
, h
e
has
th
e fi
rst
rig
ht
to p
aten
t an
d p
rote
ct h
is i
nven
tion,
but
afte
r th
at h
e sh
ould
fam
ilia
rize
his
co
llea
gu
es w
ith
th
e in
ven
tio
n,
and
ad
vis
e th
em o
n t
he
use
of
new
m
ater
ials
. In
sh
ort
, p
rofe
ssio
nal
s m
ust
b
e co
llea
gu
es
wh
o
mu
tual
ly
sup
po
rt e
ach
oth
er.
Act
ing
in
acc
ord
ance
wit
h p
rofe
ssio
nal
eth
ics
do
es n
ot
113
clie
nts
, re
gar
dle
ss o
f w
ho
th
e cl
ien
t is
. T
he
surg
eon
mu
st m
ake
ever
y e
ffo
rt
to s
ave
the
war
cri
min
al w
ho
has
bee
n w
ou
nd
ed i
n b
attl
e. A
law
yer
mu
st
def
end
a s
eria
l k
ille
r an
d r
apis
t b
y u
sin
g a
ll t
he
kn
ow
led
ge
and
sk
ills
on
e
has
. A
pro
fess
or
wh
o a
ccep
ts t
o g
ive
a le
ctu
re s
ho
uld
no
t le
ctu
re b
adly
if
he/
she
mak
es 1
0 e
uro
s p
er h
ou
r an
d b
ette
r if
he
mak
es 1
00
euro
s p
er h
ou
r.
Of
cou
rse,
we
hav
e al
read
y i
nd
icat
ed t
hat
pro
fess
ion
al a
sso
ciat
ion
s h
ave
the
task
of
fig
hti
ng
fo
r th
e h
igh
tar
iffs
of
mem
ber
s o
f th
e p
rofe
ssio
n.
Ho
wev
er,
reg
ard
less
o
f th
e ta
riff
s,
the
pro
fess
ion
als
mu
st
do
th
eir
bes
t w
hil
e
per
form
ing
wo
rk.
If t
he
clie
nt
do
es n
ot
wan
t to
pay
th
e an
tici
pat
ed t
arif
f, t
he
pro
fess
ion
al m
ay r
efu
se t
o w
ork
, b
ut
if o
ne
acce
pts
the
job,
then
one
has
to
do
a q
ual
ity
jo
b.
2. T
he e
ffec
t on
cust
omer
's b
enef
it an
d al
trui
sm.
Pro
fess
ion
als
dif
fer
fro
m n
on
-pro
fess
ion
als
in s
uch
a w
ay t
hat
th
eir
pro
fit
sho
uld
no
t, i
n a
ny
cas
e, b
e th
e o
nly
mo
tiv
e fo
r w
ork
. U
niv
ersi
ty p
rofe
sso
r
mu
st l
ov
e th
eir
wo
rk a
nd
str
ive
to b
ette
r co
nv
ey t
hei
r k
no
wle
dg
e to
stu
den
ts
and
th
eir
sch
ola
rly
wo
rks
sho
uld
co
ntr
ibu
te t
o s
oci
ety
. A
ph
ysi
cian
's p
rim
ary
ob
ject
ive
mu
st b
e th
e h
ealt
h o
f h
is p
atie
nts
. A
civ
il e
ng
inee
r m
ust
, in
so
me
par
ts,
be
an a
rtis
t. I
t is
no
co
inci
den
ce t
hat
the
Nob
el l
aure
ate
Ivo
And
rić
dev
ote
d
his
b
est
wo
rks
to
bri
dg
es,
bel
iev
ing
th
at
they
ar
e a
sym
bo
l of
con
nec
tio
n
bet
wee
n
peo
ple
. T
hu
s,
the
pro
fess
ion
als
mu
st
stri
ve
for
the
wel
fare
of
thei
r cl
ien
ts a
nd
hav
e th
e in
trin
sic
mo
tiv
atio
n t
o w
ork
.
3. P
rofe
ssio
nals
mus
t rej
ect b
ribe
ry a
nd fa
vori
tism
Fro
m ev
ery
thin
g w
ritt
en it
is
cl
ear
that
a p
rofe
ssio
nal
is
ob
lig
ated
to
refu
se a
ny
im
mo
ral
acts
, in
clu
din
g b
riber
y,
nep
oti
sm,
and f
avori
tism
. T
o
ensu
re
this
, w
e n
eed
th
e le
gis
lati
on
an
d
clea
r ru
les
of
pro
fess
ion
al
20
Indu
stri
al A
ge
Th
e In
du
stri
al A
ge
beg
an w
ith
th
e in
ven
tio
n o
f th
e st
eam
en
gin
e in
17
85
, an
d t
hat
yea
r is
co
nsi
der
ed t
o b
e th
e b
egin
nin
g o
f th
e F
irst
In
du
stri
al
Rev
olu
tio
n.
Th
e S
eco
nd
In
du
stri
al R
evo
luti
on
beg
an w
ith
th
e in
ven
tio
n o
f
elec
tric
gen
erat
or
in 1
87
0.
The
firs
t m
oder
n m
ovin
g a
ssem
bly
appea
red i
n
the
mea
t in
du
stry
in
th
e U
nit
ed S
tate
s (C
inci
nn
ati
and
Ch
icag
o).
Hen
ry F
ord
intr
od
uce
d
the
mo
vin
g
asse
mb
ly
in
auto
mo
bil
e in
du
stry
in
1
91
3.
Th
is
enab
led
th
e m
ass
pro
du
ctio
n o
f ca
rs,
and
a d
rast
ic d
rop
in
thei
r pri
ce.
The
car
wo
uld
so
on
bec
om
e av
aila
ble
fo
r th
e av
erag
e A
mer
ican
. T
her
e w
as a
max
imu
m
sim
pli
fica
tio
n
of
the
pro
ced
ure
in
th
e o
rgan
izat
ion
o
f w
ork
.
How
ever
, ex
per
tise
of
emplo
yee
s at
the
mo
vin
g a
ssem
bly
was
on
th
e lo
wer
lev
el t
han
th
e ex
per
tise
of
form
er c
raft
smen
. A
str
ict
div
isio
n o
f m
anu
al a
nd
inte
llec
tual
wo
rk w
as c
reat
ed.
Man
ual
wo
rker
s b
ecam
e a
sup
ple
men
t o
f th
e
mac
hin
e. S
pec
iali
zati
on
of
lab
or
was
sig
nif
ican
tly
in
crea
sin
g,
and
th
us
the
hie
rarc
hic
al s
tru
ctu
re o
f th
e co
mp
any
was
als
o b
ein
g s
et u
p.
Org
aniz
atio
n o
f
wo
rk in
th
e fa
cto
ry b
ecam
e si
mil
ar to
o
rgan
izat
ion
in
th
e m
ilit
ary
. T
he
glo
bal
d
ivis
ion
o
f la
bo
r w
as b
ein
g es
tab
lish
ed,
bec
ause
m
ass
pro
du
ctio
n
req
uir
ed e
xp
ort
of
larg
e q
uan
tity
of
pro
du
cts.
Po
or
nat
ion
s b
ecam
e p
rim
aril
y
pro
du
cers
o
f ra
w
mat
eria
ls
and
th
e ri
ch
of
fin
ish
ed
go
od
s.
A
tren
d
of
ind
ust
rial
izat
ion
an
d
urb
aniz
atio
n
star
ted
-
farm
ers
go
to
th
e ci
ties
an
d
bec
om
e w
ork
ers.
Fro
m t
he
mid
-20
th c
entu
ry,
the
tert
iary
sec
tor
(ser
vic
es)
bec
ame
the
dom
inan
t ec
onom
ic
sect
or.
T
he
per
cen
tag
e o
f p
eop
le
wh
o
wo
rked
in
th
e ad
min
istr
atio
n a
lso
in
crea
sed
. T
he
Ind
ust
rial
Ag
e re
ach
ed i
ts
pea
k d
uri
ng
Wo
rld
War
II
wh
en a
ll t
he
war
rin
g s
tate
s in
crea
sed
th
eir
war
pro
du
ctio
n t
o t
he
max
imu
m.
Ho
wev
er,
just
at
that
tim
e th
e P
ost
-In
du
stri
al
Ag
e, w
hic
h l
aste
d u
nti
l th
e p
rese
nt
day
, b
egan
to
em
erg
e.
21
Post
-indu
stri
al A
ge
In t
he
20
th c
entu
ry,
a n
ew p
erio
d,
for
wh
ich
th
e m
ost
co
mm
on
ly u
sed
term
s ar
e th
e P
ost
ind
ust
rial
Ag
e o
r th
e A
ge
of
Au
tom
atio
n,
beg
an i
n t
he
19
50
s. T
he
mo
st s
ign
ific
ant
inv
enti
on
s th
at e
nab
led
th
e d
evel
op
men
t o
f th
is
per
iod
wer
e th
e fo
llo
win
g:
1.
Pro
du
ctio
n o
f th
e fi
rst
nu
clea
r re
acto
r. (
19
42
);
2.
Co
nst
ruct
ion
of
the
firs
t co
mp
ute
rs (
19
46
);
3.
Intr
od
uct
ion
of
rob
ots
in
man
ufa
ctu
rin
g;
4.
Dis
cov
ery
of
the
Inte
rnet
(1
96
9).
The
most
im
port
ant
conse
quen
ces
of
the
imp
lem
enta
tio
n
of
thes
e
inv
enti
on
s in
th
e p
rod
uct
ion
wer
e:
1.
Ter
tiar
y
sect
or
of
the
econ
om
y
(th
e se
rvic
e se
cto
r),
par
ticu
larl
y
adm
inis
trat
ion
w
as
gro
win
g.
(In
th
e U
.S.,
7
5%
o
f th
e p
op
ula
tio
n
wo
rked
in
th
e te
rtia
ry s
ecto
r, 2
2%
in
in
du
stry
an
d l
ess
than
3%
in
agri
cult
ure
)
2.
Th
e p
erce
nta
ge
of
the
po
pu
lati
on
em
plo
yed
in
ag
ricu
ltu
re a
nd
in
du
stry
was
dra
mat
ical
ly r
edu
ced
.
3.
Sci
ence
w
as
bec
om
ing
th
e m
ain
en
gin
e o
f g
row
th,
lead
ing
to
scie
nti
fic
and
te
chn
olo
gic
al re
vo
luti
on
. U
niv
ersi
ties
in
teg
rate
d w
ith
ind
ust
ry a
nd
po
liti
cal
stru
ctu
res.
4.
In
som
e in
du
stri
es
(pet
roch
emic
als,
p
ow
er
pla
nts
) 9
0%
o
f th
e
pro
du
ctio
n w
as f
ull
y a
uto
mat
ed.
5.
Wo
men
w
ere
bei
ng
m
assi
vel
y
emp
loy
ed
(cau
ses:
w
ars,
h
ou
seh
old
cho
res
sim
pli
fied
, re
du
ctio
n o
f b
irth
ra
tes,
div
orc
e, fe
min
ism
, new
job
s, r
edu
cin
g t
he
mea
nin
g o
f p
hy
sica
l la
bo
r, t
ech
no
log
ical
ad
van
ces)
.
11
2
wil
l n
ot
vio
late
th
is u
nw
ritt
en r
ule
alt
ho
ug
h t
her
e is
no
fo
rmal
pen
alty
fo
r
vio
lati
on
of
this
ru
le.
Vio
lati
on
of
wri
tten
sta
nd
ard
s o
f co
nduct
may
res
ult
in e
xpuls
ion f
rom
the
pro
fess
ion
al
asso
ciat
ion
s an
d
pro
hib
itio
n
of
furt
her
p
rofe
ssio
nal
acti
vit
ies.
An
ex
amp
le o
f w
ritt
en s
tan
dar
d i
s th
at p
rofe
ssio
nal
mu
st r
esp
ect
leg
al r
egu
lati
on
s o
n c
on
stru
ctio
n.
Of
cou
rse,
th
e st
ate
can
pu
nis
h t
he
vio
lato
r
of
that
sta
nd
ard
, b
ut
the
task
of
a p
rofe
ssio
nal
ass
oci
atio
n i
s to
pre
ven
t th
at
such
v
iola
tio
ns
even
o
ccu
r. F
or
som
e o
ffen
ses
pro
fess
ion
als
wil
l n
ot
be
leg
ally
p
un
ish
ed,
bu
t a
pro
fess
ion
al
asso
ciat
ion
ca
n
pu
nis
h
him
/her
. A
n
exam
ple
o
f su
ch
an
off
ense
is
a
dis
clo
sure
o
f co
nfi
den
tial
ity
. S
o,
if
a
def
end
ant
con
fid
ed t
o h
is d
efen
se-a
tto
rney
, an
d h
e to
ld h
is c
oll
eag
ues
his
clie
nt's
sec
ret,
th
e st
ate
is u
nli
kel
y t
o p
rose
cute
a l
awy
er,
bu
t th
e B
ar w
ou
ld
hav
e to
p
un
ish
a
law
yer
b
ecau
se
of
such
im
mo
ral
beh
avio
r as
w
ritt
en
stan
dar
ds
of
law
eth
ics
pro
hib
it d
iscl
osu
re o
f d
efen
dan
t's s
ecre
ts.
Th
ere
are
thre
e b
asic
ru
les
that
m
ake
pro
fess
ional
et
hic
s,
whic
h
are:
th
e ru
les
of
beh
avio
r to
war
ds
cust
om
ers,
co
llea
gu
es
and
th
e ru
les
of
resp
ecti
ng
reg
ula
tio
ns
in t
he
pro
fess
ion
.
Rel
atio
nshi
p w
ith c
lient
s
Rel
atio
nsh
ip w
ith
cli
ents
is
bas
ed o
n t
hre
e fu
nd
amen
tal
pri
nci
ple
s:
1. E
mot
iona
l neu
tral
ity a
nd n
on-d
iscr
imin
ator
y ap
proa
ch
Acc
ord
ing
to
th
is p
rin
cip
le,
a p
rofe
ssio
nal
sh
ou
ld n
ot
dis
crim
inat
e am
on
g
his
/her
cli
ents
, an
d e
spec
iall
y o
ne
mu
st n
ot
dis
crim
inat
e ag
ain
st c
lien
ts o
n
the
bas
is o
f n
atio
nal
ori
gin
, ra
ce,
clas
s, g
end
er o
r se
xu
al o
rien
tati
on
. S
o,
a
pro
fess
ion
al sh
ou
ld p
rov
ide
the
hig
hes
t q
ual
ity
se
rvic
e to
ea
ch o
f h
is
111
10. P
rofe
ssio
nal a
nd b
usin
ess e
thic
s
In G
od W
e Tr
ust.
All o
ther
s we
mon
itor.
(Th
e m
ott
o o
f th
e co
mp
any
wh
o s
et u
p c
amer
as i
n a
ll o
ffic
es).
Pre
par
atio
n f
or
the
lect
ure
: m
ovie
“A
Bea
uti
ful
Min
d”
Prof
essi
onal
eth
ics
We
stat
ed
in
the
pre
vio
us
chap
ter
that
o
ne
of
the
fundam
enta
l
char
acte
rist
ics
of
pro
fess
ion
alis
m
is
the
resp
ect
for
pro
fess
ional
et
hic
s,
wh
ich
is
def
ined
as
a se
t o
f ru
les
of
con
du
ct f
or
mem
ber
s o
f a
par
ticu
lar
pro
fess
ion
. W
hil
e ev
ery
pro
fess
ion
has
its
ow
n s
pec
ific
s, i
t is
nec
essa
ry t
o
spec
ify
th
e ru
les
that
sh
ou
ld b
e fo
llow
ed b
y m
ember
s o
f al
l p
rofe
ssio
ns.
Fir
stly
, it
is
imp
ort
ant
to n
ote
th
at t
her
e ar
e w
ritt
en a
nd
un
wri
tten
eth
ical
rule
s an
d t
hat
th
ey a
re b
oth
im
po
rtan
t el
emen
ts o
f p
rofe
ssio
nal
eth
ics.
An
exam
ple
of
un
wri
tten
ru
le i
s th
e ru
le t
hat
pro
fess
ion
als
sho
uld
no
t ch
arg
e fo
r
thei
r p
rofe
ssio
nal
ser
vic
es t
o m
emb
ers
of
the
imm
edia
te f
amil
y a
nd b
est
frie
nd
s (a
lth
ou
gh
th
ey m
ay c
har
ge
thei
r o
wn
fee
s).
Th
is r
ule
is
men
tio
ned
nei
ther
in
th
e la
w n
or
in t
he
stat
ute
of
pro
fess
ion
al a
sso
ciat
ion
s, a
nd
we
con
sid
er i
t as
an
un
wri
tten
ru
le.
Ho
wev
er,
a p
rofe
ssio
nal
wh
o w
ou
ld v
iola
te
this
rule
is
likel
y t
o e
xper
ience
cri
tici
sm f
rom
his
co
llea
gu
es,
wh
o w
ou
ld
trea
t him
as
a
gre
edy per
son an
d w
ould
p
rob
ably
av
oid
h
im (i
sola
tio
n).
Bec
ause
eac
h o
f u
s ca
res
abo
ut
the
op
inio
ns
of
oth
ers,
esp
ecia
lly
th
e o
pin
ion
of
ou
r co
llea
gu
es (
and
fam
ily
an
d f
rien
ds)
, th
e v
ast
maj
ori
ty o
f p
rofe
ssio
nal
s
22
6.
New
tec
hn
olo
gie
s d
o n
ot
rep
lace
ju
st p
hy
sica
l w
ork
, b
ut
also
mak
e
inte
llec
tual
wo
rk m
uch
eas
ier
(Wo
rd,
Ex
cel,
etc
.).
Ch
ang
es d
id n
ot
on
ly h
app
en i
n t
he
area
of
pro
duct
ion,
but
wer
e fe
lt
in a
ll a
reas
of
soci
ety.
The
mo
st i
mp
ort
ant
are
the
foll
ow
ing
:
1.
Fre
qu
ent
chan
ges
o
f re
sid
ence
-
a n
um
ber
o
f so
cial
co
nta
cts
are
incr
easi
ng
, b
ut
the
lon
g l
asti
ng
fri
end
ship
s ar
e d
iffi
cult
to
mai
nta
in.
2.
Dis
inte
gra
tio
n o
f th
e ex
ten
ded
fam
ily
.
3.
Th
ank
s to
th
e In
tern
et,
mo
st
of
the
scie
nti
fic
and
cult
ura
l
ach
iev
emen
ts o
f h
um
anit
y b
eco
me
avai
lab
le t
o e
ver
y i
nd
ivid
ual
.
4.
Ho
wev
er,
on
e o
f th
e b
igg
est
pro
ble
ms
of
mo
der
n h
um
anit
y b
eco
mes
a
stea
dy
in
crea
se o
f so
cial
dif
fere
nce
s n
ot
on
ly w
ith
in c
ou
ntr
ies,
bu
t
bet
wee
n d
evel
op
ed a
nd
no
n-d
evel
op
ed c
ou
ntr
ies
as w
ell
(par
ticu
larl
y
dis
adv
anta
ged
are
Afr
ican
co
un
trie
s).
Cha
ract
eris
tics o
f mod
ern
labo
r
Alt
ho
ug
h t
he
Po
st-I
nd
ust
rial
Era
beg
an i
n t
he
fift
ies
of
the
last
cen
tury
and c
onti
nues
to t
his
day
, in
the
earl
y 1
990
-ies
the
chan
ges
that
led
to n
ew,
mo
re d
rast
ic c
han
ges
in
th
e fi
eld
of
work
and s
oci
ety i
n g
ener
al t
ook p
lace
.
Th
ese
new
ch
ang
es a
re c
alle
d g
lob
aliz
atio
n,
wh
ich
can
be
def
ined
as
the
pro
cess
of
eco
no
mic
, p
oli
tica
l an
d c
ult
ura
l in
tegra
tio
n o
f th
e w
orl
d.
Th
ese
chan
ges
wer
e ca
use
d b
y t
he
foll
ow
ing
ev
ents
. F
irst
ly,
the
coll
apse
of
the
So
vie
t U
nio
n
and
th
e C
om
mu
nis
t b
loc
in
Eas
tern
E
uro
pe
enab
led
th
e
eco
no
mic
an
d p
oli
tica
l co
nn
ecti
ons
no
t o
nly
in
Eu
rop
e b
ut
thro
ug
ho
ut
the
wo
rld
. S
eco
nd
ly,
the
emer
gen
ce o
f th
e In
tern
et e
nab
led
th
e w
orl
d t
o c
on
nec
t
thro
ug
h i
nfo
rmat
ion
, an
d t
his
had
a s
ign
ific
ant
imp
act
no
t o
nly
on
wo
rk,
bu
t
also
in
al
l ar
eas
of
soci
ety.
Thir
dly
, im
pro
vem
ent
of
tran
spo
rt
faci
liti
es
23
stim
ula
ted
ov
eral
l m
igra
tio
n o
f peo
ple
, fr
om
touri
sts,
th
rou
gh
ed
uca
tio
n t
o
bu
sin
ess.
F
ou
rth
ly,
the
pro
cess
o
f g
lob
aliz
atio
n
stim
ula
tes
the
crea
tio
n,
exp
ansi
on
an
d st
ren
gth
enin
g o
f th
e ec
on
om
ic an
d p
oli
tica
l su
pra
nat
ion
al
org
aniz
atio
ns
such
as
the
Eu
rop
ean
U
nio
n,
NA
TO
an
d th
e W
orl
d T
rad
e
Org
aniz
atio
n.
Glo
bal
izat
ion
pro
cess
es h
ave
led
to
th
e fo
llo
win
g c
han
ges
in
the
fiel
d o
f w
ork
:
1.
Inte
llec
tual
wo
rk h
as i
ncr
easi
ng
ly r
epla
ced
ph
ysi
cal
lab
or.
Lin
ked
to
that
is
the
incr
easi
ng
ed
uca
tio
nal
lev
el o
f th
e p
op
ula
tio
n.
Fo
r ex
amp
le,
in t
he
Un
ited
Sta
tes
tod
ay,
abo
ut
50
% o
f m
emb
ers
of
on
e g
ener
atio
n
com
ple
ted
co
lleg
e. I
n d
evel
op
ed w
este
rn c
ou
ntr
ies,
th
e te
nd
ency
is
that
alm
ost
th
e en
tire
po
pu
lati
on
gra
du
ates
fro
m h
igh
sch
oo
l. S
o,
in
ord
er t
o b
e co
mp
etit
ive
in t
he
wo
rkfo
rce
at t
he
glo
bal
mar
ket
pla
ce,
a
per
son
mu
st h
ave
an a
deq
uat
e fo
rmal
ed
uca
tio
n.
2.
Th
e n
um
ber
of
peo
ple
wo
rkin
g a
t h
om
e si
gn
ific
antl
y i
ncr
ease
s. F
or
exam
ple
, to
day
, a
scie
nti
st d
oes
no
t h
ave
to g
o t
o w
ork
or
even
to
th
e
lib
rary
in
o
rder
to
w
rite
a
scie
nti
fic
pap
er.
Sea
rch
ing
th
rou
gh
dat
abas
es o
r lo
ok
ing
fo
r p
ub
lish
ed sc
ienti
fic
arti
cles
ca
n be
mad
e
thro
ug
h t
hei
r p
erso
nal
co
mp
ute
r at
ho
me.
Journ
alis
ts d
o n
ot
hav
e to
go
into
th
e n
ewsr
oo
m,
sin
ce
thei
r ar
ticl
es
may
be
sent
by
e-m
ail.
Sci
enti
sts
fro
m d
iffe
ren
t co
nti
nen
ts c
an w
ork
to
get
her
to
wri
te a
bo
ok
even
th
ou
gh
th
ey w
ill,
per
hap
s, n
ever
mee
t. T
hes
e ar
e ju
st s
om
e o
f th
e
nu
mer
ou
s ex
amp
les
of
pro
fess
ion
s th
at c
an b
e per
form
ed a
t ho
me.
Wo
rkin
g a
t h
om
e h
as m
any
ad
van
tag
es.
Fo
r ex
amp
le,
wo
rk a
t h
om
e
sav
es t
ime
that
wo
uld
oth
erw
ise
be
spen
t co
mm
uti
ng
to
an
d f
rom
wo
rk.
Th
is
is e
spec
iall
y i
mp
ort
ant
in l
arg
e ci
ties
wh
ere
ther
e is
a t
raff
ic c
oll
apse
at
a
11
0
3.
Pro
fess
ion
als
can
b
e re
cog
niz
ed b
y th
eir
titl
es w
hic
h ar
e ac
qu
ired
thro
ug
h e
du
cati
on
at
coll
ege.
4.
Pro
fess
ion
als
solv
e p
rob
lem
s o
n t
he
bas
is o
f sc
ien
tifi
c k
no
wle
dg
e.
5.
Ev
ery
pro
fess
ion
has
a m
on
op
oly
on
a p
arti
cula
r ty
pe
of
acti
vit
y.
6.
Pro
fess
ion
al a
sso
ciat
ion
s p
rote
ct t
he
inte
rest
s o
f th
e p
rofe
ssio
n a
nd
pro
fess
ion
als.
7.
Pro
fess
ional
lan
guag
e is
use
d f
or
easi
er u
nder
stan
din
g a
nd i
t cr
eate
s a
sen
se o
f co
nn
ecti
on
bet
wee
n t
he
mem
ber
s o
f a
par
ticu
lar
pro
fess
ion
.
8.
Pro
fess
ion
al a
ctiv
ity
req
uir
es c
om
ple
te d
evo
tio
n t
o t
he
pro
fess
ion
an
d
ther
efo
re p
rofe
ssio
nal
s m
ust
liv
e fr
om
per
form
ing
th
eir
pro
fess
ion
.
9.
Pro
fess
ion
als
mu
st m
ake
dec
isio
ns
ind
epen
den
tly
(au
ton
om
y),
mu
st
be
dev
ote
d t
o a
cli
ent
(alt
ruis
m)
and
hav
e th
e au
tho
rity
.
Exa
mpl
es o
f exa
m q
uest
ions
1.
Wh
at i
s p
rofe
ssio
nal
ism
?
2.
Lis
t at
lea
st s
even
fu
nd
amen
tal
det
erm
inan
ts o
f p
rofe
ssio
nal
ism
!
3.
Ho
w d
o p
rofe
ssio
nal
s d
iffe
r fr
om
cra
ftsm
en?
4.
Wh
at i
s th
e p
rofe
ssio
nal
mo
no
po
ly?
5.
Wh
at a
re t
he
fun
ctio
ns
of
pro
fess
ion
al a
sso
ciat
ion
s?
6.
Wh
y d
o p
rofe
ssio
nal
s u
se p
rofe
ssio
nal
lan
gu
age?
Giv
e an
ex
amp
le o
f
pro
fess
ional
ter
ms
in t
he
con
stru
ctio
n i
nd
ust
ry!
7.
Wh
at i
s th
e p
rofe
ssio
nal
au
ton
om
y?
8.
Wh
at i
s th
e p
rofe
ssio
nal
au
tho
rity
?
9.
Wh
at i
s th
e p
rofe
ssio
nal
alt
ruis
m?
Giv
e an
ex
amp
le!
109
pro
fess
ion
al o
ffic
er w
ho
do
es h
is j
ob
fo
r th
e sa
ke
of
the
ho
mel
and
, th
ereb
y
risk
ing
his
ow
n l
ife.
So
, eg
oti
stic
al b
ehav
ior
and
neg
lect
of
a cl
ien
t is
a
char
acte
rist
ic o
f u
np
rofe
ssio
nal
ism
. O
f co
urs
e, t
he
pro
fess
ion
al h
as t
he
rig
ht
to
char
ge
a cl
ien
t fo
r th
e w
ork
do
ne
- in
acc
ord
ance
wit
h r
ates
set
by
th
e
pro
fess
ion
al c
ham
ber
. B
ut
earn
ing
s co
me
at t
he
end
an
d i
t is
th
e re
sult
of
go
od
wo
rk a
nd
alt
ruis
m,
and
it
is n
ot
an e
xcl
usi
ve
and
so
le o
bje
ctiv
e o
f th
e
pro
fess
ion
al.
Esp
ecia
lly
aty
pic
al f
or
pro
fess
ion
al w
ork
is
the
vio
lati
on
of
eth
ical
sta
nd
ard
s o
f th
e p
rofe
ssio
n i
n o
rder
to
get
so
me
add
itio
nal
pro
fit.
10) P
rofe
ssio
nals
mus
t res
pect
pro
fess
iona
l eth
ics.
Alt
ho
ug
h p
rofe
ssio
nal
eth
ics
is o
ne
of
the
mo
st i
mp
ort
ant
com
po
nen
ts
of
pro
fess
ion
alis
m,
it i
s m
enti
on
ed l
ast,
bec
ause
it
is t
he
sub
ject
of
stu
dy
in
the
foll
ow
ing
ch
apte
rs.
Sum
mar
y
1.
In e
ver
yday
lan
guag
e, t
he
term
pro
fess
ion
al (
as o
pp
ose
d t
o a
mat
eur)
mea
ns
a p
erso
n
wh
o
liv
es
by
p
erfo
rmin
g
an
acti
vit
y.
Th
e te
rm
pro
fess
ion
al i
s sy
no
ny
m f
or
a sp
ecia
list
. H
ow
ever
, so
cio
log
y d
efin
es
pro
fess
ion
alis
m a
s a
pro
fess
ion
th
at i
s b
ased
on
hig
her
ed
uca
tio
n,
and
com
ple
tio
n o
f u
niv
ersi
ty.
2.
Pro
fess
ional
ism
has
ten
maj
or
char
acte
rist
ics:
it
is b
ased
on
th
e h
igh
er
edu
cati
on
an
d
scie
nce
, it
h
as
a m
on
op
oly
, p
rofe
ssio
nal
s h
ave
a
pro
fess
ion
al a
sso
ciat
ion
, it
has
its
ow
n l
ang
uag
e an
d e
thic
s, i
t is
bas
ed
on
th
e au
ton
om
y,
auth
ori
ty a
nd
alt
ruis
m.
In a
dd
itio
n,
the
pro
fess
ion
al
liv
es f
rom
his
/her
ow
n p
rofe
ssio
n.
24
tim
e w
hen
peo
ple
go
to
wo
rk a
nd
ret
urn
fro
m w
ork
. W
ork
ing
at
ho
me
giv
es
a p
erso
n m
ore
tim
e to
be
wit
h t
he
fam
ily
an
d o
ften
pro
vid
es b
ette
r w
ork
ing
atm
osp
her
e th
an i
n t
he
off
ice.
Ho
wev
er,
wo
rkin
g a
t h
om
e h
as i
ts d
raw
bac
ks,
such
as,
fo
r ex
amp
le,
the
lack
of
per
son
al c
on
tact
wit
h o
ther
em
plo
yee
s.
Th
eref
ore
, co
mp
anie
s th
at
allo
w
wo
rk
at
ho
me
usu
ally
re
quir
e th
at
the
emp
loy
ee s
till
co
mes
to
th
e w
ork
pla
ce s
om
e d
ays
in o
rder
to
en
sure
th
e
nec
essa
ry
per
son
al
con
tact
s o
f em
plo
yee
s.
Des
pit
e th
ese
min
or
dis
adv
anta
ges
, it
is
cert
ain
th
at,
in t
he
futu
re,
a tr
end
of
wo
rkin
g a
t h
om
e is
goin
g t
o b
e ev
en m
ore
spre
ad.
1.
More
an
d m
ore
em
plo
yee
s hav
e fl
exib
le w
ork
ing
h
ou
rs.
Sin
ce an
incr
easi
ng
n
um
ber
o
f em
plo
yee
s is
en
gag
ed
in
inte
llec
tual
occ
up
atio
ns,
it
is
n
o lo
ng
er n
eces
sari
ly to
p
resc
rib
e th
eir
wo
rkin
g
ho
urs
fro
m 9
:00
a.m
. to
5:0
0 p
.m.
(or
6:0
0 p
.m.)
. G
iven
th
e fa
ct t
hat
emp
loy
ees
are
asse
ssed
acc
ord
ing
to
th
e w
ork
do
ne,
an
d n
ot
by
th
e
pre
sence
at
the
work
pla
ce,
it i
s lo
gic
al t
hat
they
are
all
ow
ed t
o d
ecid
e
wh
en t
o c
om
e to
wo
rk a
nd
lea
ve
wo
rk,
even
when
they
must
com
e to
the
wo
rkp
lace
.
2.
Th
ere
is a
big
lab
or
mig
rati
on
esp
ecia
lly
fro
m n
on
-dev
elo
ped
co
un
ties
to d
evel
op
ed o
nes
.
3.
En
gli
sh h
as b
eco
me
the
glo
bal
lan
gu
age
of
bu
sin
ess
com
mu
nic
atio
n
and
k
no
wle
dg
e o
f th
is
lan
gu
age
bec
om
es
alm
ost
n
eces
sary
pre
con
dit
ion
fo
r g
etti
ng
a w
ell-
pai
d j
ob
in
th
e er
a o
f g
lob
aliz
atio
n.
4.
Th
e m
anu
fact
uri
ng
p
roce
ss
is
tran
sfer
red
to
d
evel
op
ing
co
un
trie
s
wh
ere
lab
or
is c
hea
per
. W
hat
dev
elo
ped
co
un
trie
s se
ll a
re "
bra
nd
s".
Fo
r ex
amp
le,
Nik
e sh
oes
ar
e m
anu
fact
ure
d in
A
sia,
b
ut
the
pro
fit
rem
ain
s in
th
e co
mp
any
th
at o
wn
s th
is b
ran
d o
f sn
eak
ers.
Of
cou
rse,
25
in o
rder
fo
r su
ch a
ty
pe
of
org
aniz
atio
n t
o o
per
ate
succ
essf
ull
y,
it i
s
esse
nti
al t
o h
ave
a g
oo
d m
ark
etin
g t
hat
po
pu
lari
ze t
he
"bra
nd
", a
nd
the
nee
d
to
stim
ula
te
con
sum
ers
to
bu
y
the
pro
du
cts
of
larg
e
inte
rnat
ion
al
com
pan
ies
(Co
ca-C
ola
is
a
gre
at
exam
ple
of
such
mar
ket
ing
).
Ho
wev
er,
it i
s im
po
rtan
t to
no
te t
hat
wit
h t
hes
e re
lati
vel
y p
osi
tiv
e
ten
den
cies
in
co
nte
mp
ora
ry w
ork
, th
ere
are
also
man
y n
egat
ive
asp
ects
. F
or
exam
ple
, th
e n
um
ber
of
peo
ple
wh
o h
ave
a st
ead
y j
ob
is
red
uci
ng
in
th
e
wo
rld
. In
dev
elo
ped
co
un
trie
s, t
he
nu
mb
er o
f w
ork
ing
ho
urs
per
yea
r is
incr
easi
ng a
s w
ell
as t
he
tim
e it
tak
es t
o a
rriv
e at
wo
rk.
It s
ou
nd
s al
mo
st
un
bel
iev
able
, b
ut
acco
rdin
g
to
the
Wo
rld
W
ork
O
rgan
izat
ion
ar
ou
nd
2
mil
lio
n p
eop
le d
ie a
t th
e w
ork
pla
ce e
ver
y y
ear!
12
An
d s
lav
ery
sti
ll e
xis
ts.
Th
us,
fo
r ex
amp
le,
in 2
00
3 t
he
sale
of
74
chil
dre
n w
as d
isco
ver
ed.
Th
eir
par
ents
so
ld t
hem
at
a p
rice
of
40
do
llar
s p
er
chil
d.
Th
irte
en c
hil
dre
n f
rom
th
at g
rou
p d
ied
fro
m m
aln
utr
itio
n a
nd
dis
ease
.
Th
ere
is a
n i
nti
mid
atin
g f
act
that
358
ric
hes
t p
eop
le i
n t
he
wo
rld
ear
n
mo
re
than
th
ree
bil
lio
n
peo
ple
w
ho
ar
e th
e p
oo
rest
. T
his
m
ean
s th
at
a
mem
ber
of
the
firs
t g
rou
p e
arns
10 m
illi
on t
imes
mo
re t
han
th
e m
emb
er o
f
the
seco
nd
g
rou
p,
wit
h
a te
nd
ency
o
f ev
en
furt
her
in
crea
se
of
soci
al
dif
fere
nce
s.13
To
day
, w
hil
e h
alf
of
the
wo
rld
's p
op
ula
tio
n l
ives
on
les
s th
an 2
.5
do
llar
s a
day
, a
Jap
anes
e fa
rmer
get
s a
stat
e su
bsi
dy
fo
r ea
ch c
ow
at
the
amo
un
t o
f $
7 a
day
.14
12 G
rint,
op. ci
t., p. 314.
13 R
einic
ke,
Wolf
gan
g H
., 1
998,
Glo
bal P
ublic
Pol
icy:
Gov
erni
ng w
ithou
t G
over
nmen
t? B
roo
kin
g I
nst
itu
tio
n P
ress
, W
ash
ing
ton
D.C
., p
. 4
.
14 G
rint,
op. ci
t., p. 375.
10
8
8) A
pro
fess
iona
l mus
t hav
e au
thor
ity
Pro
fess
ion
al's
kn
ow
led
ge
is a
so
urc
e o
f p
rofe
ssio
nal
au
tho
rity
. F
or
exam
ple
, w
hen
a c
lien
t co
mes
to
a l
awy
er,
he
has
a c
erta
in a
mo
un
t o
f aw
e
bec
ause
he
bel
iev
es t
hat
th
e la
wy
er w
ill
succ
essf
ull
y d
efen
d h
im i
n c
ou
rt.
Ho
wev
er,
any
pro
fess
ion
al i
s o
bli
gat
ed t
o t
ake
care
of
his
/her
ow
n a
uth
ori
ty.
A
pro
fess
or
mu
st
mai
nta
in
dis
cip
lin
e in
th
e cl
assr
oo
m
bec
ause
it
is
a
pre
req
uis
ite
for
all
the
stu
den
ts
to
no
rmal
ly
foll
ow
th
e le
ctu
re.
A
civ
il
eng
inee
r m
ust
ref
use
lay
man
wh
o,
bec
ause
of
his
ow
n s
elf-
inte
rest
, su
gg
ests
no
t st
ick
ing
en
tire
ly
to
bu
ild
ing
re
gu
lati
on
s.
Th
e d
oct
or,
w
ho
h
as
bee
n
insu
lted
by
th
e p
atie
nt,
has
th
e ri
gh
t o
r ev
en o
bli
gat
ion
, to
ter
min
ate
the
trea
tmen
t o
f su
ch a
pat
ien
t an
d r
efer
th
e p
atie
nt
to c
ho
ose
an
oth
er d
oct
or.
40
So
, to
su
cces
sfu
lly
car
ryin
g o
ut
acti
vit
ies,
th
e p
rofe
ssio
nal
s m
ust
kee
p t
hei
r
pro
fess
ion
al a
uth
ori
ty.
9) A
pro
fess
iona
l mus
t be
an a
ltrui
st.
On
e o
f th
e im
po
rtan
t ch
arac
teri
stic
s of
pro
fess
ional
ism
is
altr
uis
m.
Th
is m
ean
s th
at t
o a
pro
fess
ion
al a
cli
ent's
in
tere
st m
ust
co
me
firs
t. T
hu
s, a
civ
il en
gin
eer
wh
o m
akes
a
dra
ft o
f a
ho
use
m
ust
m
ake
ever
y ef
fort
to
sati
sfy
th
e cu
sto
mer
. H
e sh
ou
ld t
ry a
s if
he
was
mak
ing
a d
raft
of
his
ow
n
ho
use
. P
erh
aps
the
bes
t ex
amp
le o
f p
rofe
ssio
nal
alt
ruis
m w
ou
ld b
e a
do
cto
r
wh
o i
s tr
eati
ng
pat
ien
ts w
ith
in
fect
iou
s d
isea
ses.
Th
e d
oct
or
is o
bli
ged
to
ris
k
his
/her
ow
n h
ealt
h,
even
lif
e, t
o s
ave
the
pat
ient.
A s
imil
ar e
xam
ple
is
a
40 E
xce
pti
ons
are
men
tall
y i
ll a
nd d
yin
g p
atie
nts
, w
ho b
ecau
se o
f th
e se
ver
ity o
f th
eir
ow
n m
enta
l co
nd
itio
n a
re o
ften
un
able
to c
ontr
ol
thei
r beh
avio
r. T
her
efore
, th
e doct
or
does
not
hav
e th
e ri
ght
to r
efuse
furt
her
tre
atm
ent
of
thes
e pat
ients
(fo
r m
ore
d
etai
ls s
ee i
tem
"d
eon
tolo
gy
, m
edic
al"
in C
roat
ian
Med
ical
En
cycl
op
edia
).
107
un
iver
sity
. A
dd
itio
nal
ly,
a p
rofe
ssio
nal
co
mm
itm
ent
is
expec
ted
from
a
pro
fess
ion
al.
In o
ther
wo
rds,
to
a p
rofe
ssio
nal
, a
job w
ould
hav
e to
be
not
on
ly a
so
urc
e o
f in
com
e b
ut
also
a h
ob
by
, in
ter
ms
of
sati
sfac
tio
n w
ith
his
/her
work
. A
t th
e sa
me
tim
e, s
ince
to
day
it
is v
ery
dif
ficu
lt t
o f
oll
ow
th
e
pac
e o
f p
rog
ress
of
mo
der
n s
cien
ce,
if a
per
son i
s only
ded
icat
ed t
o h
is
pro
fess
ion
an
d i
f o
ne
do
es n
ot
was
te t
ime
do
ing
so
me
oth
er t
hin
gs,
th
en a
pro
fess
ional
is
ab
le
to
be
const
antl
y
info
rmed
o
f n
ew
dev
elo
pm
ents
in
his
/her
pro
fess
ion
an
d a
pp
ly t
hes
e ac
hie
vem
ents
in
his
/her
ow
n w
ork
. O
f
cou
rse,
to
mak
e su
ch a
pro
fess
ion
al c
om
mit
men
t p
oss
ible
, th
e p
rofe
ssio
nal
mu
st b
e w
ell
pai
d f
or
his
wo
rk.
7) P
rofe
ssio
nals
mus
t be
auto
nom
ous.
O
ne
of
the
imp
ort
ant
char
acte
rist
ics
of
pro
fess
ion
alis
m i
s au
ton
om
y,
wh
ich
m
ean
s th
at
"pro
fess
ion
als
ind
epen
den
tly
as
sess
an
d
dec
ide
wh
at
know
ledge
and t
echniq
ues
wil
l be
appli
ed t
o s
olv
e a
pro
ble
m i
n t
hei
r w
ork
."
Als
o,
on
ly a
pro
fess
ion
al s
ho
uld
ev
alu
ate
the
wo
rk o
f o
ther
pro
fess
ion
als.
Th
us,
th
e p
atie
nt
may
be
un
hap
py
wit
h t
he
way
the
doct
or
trea
ted h
im a
nd
sue
him
, b
ut
the
exp
erti
se
wh
eth
er
on
e w
as
trea
ted
ad
equ
atel
y
and
in
acco
rdan
ce w
ith
th
e ru
les
of
trea
tmen
t (l
ege
arti
s) c
an o
nly
be
asse
ssed
by
med
ical
co
mm
issi
on
. O
nly
th
e p
rofe
sso
rs c
an a
sses
s w
het
her
th
eir
coll
eag
ue
gav
e a
fair
mar
k t
o a
stu
den
t w
ho
has
pre
vio
usl
y c
om
pla
ined
about
it.
If t
he
bu
ild
ing
coll
apse
s d
uri
ng
th
e ea
rth
qu
ake,
th
en c
ivil
en
gin
eers
can
ass
ess
the
wo
rk o
f th
eir
coll
eag
ue
and
co
ncl
ud
e w
het
her
it
coll
apse
d b
ecau
se i
t w
as
bu
ilt
by
an
en
gin
eer
neg
lig
entl
y s
ince
he
was
ste
alin
g c
emen
t o
r b
ecau
se t
he
qu
ake
was
to
o s
tro
ng
.
26
As
a re
sult
o
f th
e sp
read
o
f A
IDS
, li
fe
exp
ecta
ncy
in
B
ots
wan
a
dro
pp
ed f
rom
61
in
19
67
to
on
ly 3
8 i
n 1
99
9.
In S
ou
th A
fric
a it
fel
l fr
om
63
in 1
99
2 t
o 4
8 i
n 1
99
9.1
5
Yet
, w
hen
w
e lo
ok
at
lo
ng
-ter
m
tren
ds,
th
ere
is
mo
re
reas
on
fo
r
opti
mis
m t
han
pes
sim
ism
. O
ver
the
pas
t 2
00
yea
rs t
he
stan
dar
d o
f li
vin
g h
as
a co
nst
ant
ten
den
cy
to
incr
ease
. O
ne
tiny
det
ail,
w
hic
h
Hal
adin
st
ates
(19
93
.),
illu
stra
tes
wel
l th
is f
act:
"A
hu
nd
red
yea
rs a
go
a w
ealt
hy
wo
man
wo
uld
bri
ng
a d
ow
ry w
hen
sh
e g
ot
mar
ried
, an
d t
hat
in
clu
ded
fiv
e d
ress
es
that
sh
e w
ore
to
dea
th.
To
day
, w
hat
gir
l co
uld
ev
en i
mag
ine
such
a t
hin
g?"
16
Or
som
e o
ther
dat
a: i
n 1
92
0 t
he
life
ex
pec
tan
cy i
n t
he
U.S
. w
as 5
4
yea
rs
(at
that
ti
me
it
was
th
e h
igh
est
in
the
wo
rld
),
wh
erea
s to
day
th
e
aver
age
life
ex
pec
tan
cy i
n J
apan
is
85
yea
rs (
in M
on
aco
90
yea
rs!)
. S
o,
this
sho
ws
that
in
th
e p
ast
nin
ety
yea
rs t
he
life
sp
an,
in d
evel
op
ed c
ou
ntr
ies,
is
exte
nd
ed f
or
thir
ty y
ears
. If
th
e tr
end
co
nti
nu
es,
we
can
ex
pec
t th
at a
t th
e
end o
f th
is c
entu
ry,
the
aver
age
life
ex
pec
tan
cy i
n m
ost
dev
elo
ped
co
un
trie
s
wil
l am
ou
nt
to a
hu
nd
red
yea
rs.
Th
is b
rief
rev
iew
of
the
his
tory
of
hu
man
lab
or
and
its
im
pac
t o
n s
oci
ety
is
sho
win
g a
co
nst
ant
ten
den
cy o
f p
rog
ress
,
esp
ecia
lly
in
th
e la
st t
wo
cen
turi
es.
Sum
mar
y
1.
His
tory
of
wo
rk c
an b
e d
ivid
ed i
nto
thre
e per
iods:
Epoch
of
Tools
,
Ind
ust
rial
Ag
e an
d P
ost
ind
ust
rial
Ag
e.
15 T
he
Worl
d B
ank,
Worl
d D
evel
opm
ent
Indic
ators
, 2001.
CD
-rom
. W
ashin
gto
n
D.C
.:
16 H
alad
in, op. ci
t., p. 272.
27
2.
Th
e E
po
ch o
f T
oo
ls c
an b
e d
ivid
ed i
nto
th
e P
aleo
lith
ic,
Neo
lith
ic,
An
cien
t P
erio
d,
Mid
dle
Ag
es a
nd
Mo
der
n A
ge
(th
e p
erio
d f
rom
th
e
16
th t
o 1
8th
cen
tury
). I
n e
ach
of
thes
e p
erio
ds
som
e p
rog
ress
was
mad
e in
th
e d
evel
op
men
t o
f te
chn
iqu
es a
nd
wo
rk o
rgan
izat
ion
(w
ith
the
exce
pti
on
of
the
Mid
dle
Ag
es i
n E
uro
pe)
.
3.
Th
e ep
och
of
craf
t is
ch
arac
teri
zed
by
th
e u
se o
f h
and
mad
e to
ols
, a
smal
l n
um
ber
of
wo
rker
s, a
nd
a w
ork
per
pie
ce f
or
fam
ou
s cl
ien
ts.
4.
Th
e F
irst
In
du
stri
al
Rev
olu
tio
n
beg
an
in
17
85
an
d
the
seco
nd
in
18
70
.Th
e In
du
stri
al A
ge,
th
ank
s to
th
e d
ivis
ion
of
labor
and t
he
use
of
a m
ovin
g a
ssem
bly
, m
ade
mas
s p
rod
uct
ion
po
ssib
le.
5.
In
the
org
aniz
atio
n
of
wo
rk
of
the
Ind
ust
rial
A
ge
ther
e w
as
a
max
imu
m
sim
pli
fica
tio
n
of
the
wo
rk
pro
ced
ure
. E
xp
erti
se
of
emp
loy
ees
at t
he
mo
vin
g a
ssem
bly
was
on
th
e lo
wer
lev
el t
han
th
e
exp
erti
se o
f fo
rmer
cra
ftsm
en.
A s
tric
t d
ivis
ion
bet
wee
n m
anu
al a
nd
inte
llec
tual
wo
rk w
as c
reat
ed.
A m
anu
al w
ork
er b
eco
mes
an
ex
ten
sio
n
of
the
mac
hin
e.
6.
Th
e P
ost
ind
ust
rial
Ag
e b
egan
in
th
e 2
0th
cen
tury
in
th
e fi
ftie
s an
d
last
ed u
nti
l th
e p
rese
nt
tim
e.
7.
Th
e m
ost
sig
nif
ican
t in
ven
tio
ns
that
en
able
d t
he
Po
stin
du
stri
al A
ge
wer
e:
the
pro
du
ctio
n
of
the
firs
t n
ucl
ear
reac
tor
(19
42
),
the
con
stru
ctio
n o
f th
e fi
rst
com
pu
ters
(1
94
6),
th
e in
tro
du
ctio
n o
f ro
bo
ts
in t
he
pro
du
ctio
n a
nd
th
e d
isco
ver
y o
f th
e In
tern
et (
19
69
).
8.
In t
he
Po
stin
du
stri
al A
ge
ther
e is
a s
cien
tifi
c an
d t
ech
nic
al r
evo
luti
on
.
Wh
ile
the
tert
iary
sec
tor
is e
xp
and
ing
, th
e n
um
ber
of
peo
ple
em
plo
yed
in a
gri
cult
ure
an
d i
nd
ust
ry i
s re
du
cin
g.
An
oth
er i
mp
ort
ant
tren
d i
s th
e
10
6
may
not
be
able
to c
om
pre
hen
d e
ach o
ther
in
dir
ect
con
tact
. T
hat
is
wh
y
do
cto
rs,
by
usi
ng
th
eir
pro
fess
ion
al L
atin
lan
gu
age,
can
eas
ily
un
der
stan
d
the
dia
gn
osi
s o
f a
pat
ien
t.
Th
e n
ext
fun
ctio
n o
f th
e p
rofe
ssio
nal
la
ng
uag
e is
to
cr
eate
co
hes
ion
amo
ng
m
emb
ers
of
the
pro
fess
ion
. B
y
usi
ng
p
rofe
ssio
nal
la
ng
uag
e,
un
der
stan
dab
le o
nly
to
th
em,
they
sh
ow
th
eir
affi
liat
ion
to
a p
rofe
ssio
nal
gro
up
, w
hic
h
crea
tes
a se
nse
o
f "u
s,"
or
a se
nse
o
f co
nn
ecti
on
w
ith
in
pro
fess
ion
al g
rou
ps.
Th
at f
eeli
ng
als
o c
reat
es a
cer
tain
am
ou
nt
of
dis
tan
ce
tow
ard
s th
e "o
ther
s" w
ho
ar
e th
e la
ym
en (a
mat
eurs
). U
sin
g p
rofe
ssio
nal
lan
gu
age
can
hav
e a
neg
ativ
e ef
fect
bec
ause
, fo
r ex
amp
le,
the
pat
ien
t m
igh
t
no
t u
nd
erst
and
wh
at d
isea
se h
is d
oct
or
dia
gn
ose
d.
Ho
wev
er,
such
a s
itu
atio
n
can
hav
e p
osi
tiv
e co
nse
quen
ces,
bec
ause
, ac
cord
ing
to Š
po
rer
(19
90
), "
this
mis
un
der
stan
din
g g
ives
ho
pe
to t
he
laym
en t
hat
do
cto
rs o
ften
kn
ow
mo
re
than
th
ey r
eall
y d
o."
39
We
hav
e co
me
to t
he
last
fu
nct
ion
of
pro
fess
ion
al l
ang
uag
e, a
nd
th
at i
s
kee
pin
g t
he
monopoly
. P
reci
sely
bec
ause
th
e la
ym
an i
s n
ot
on
ly a
ble
to
do
som
e co
mp
lica
ted
co
nst
ruct
ion
pro
ject
bu
t h
e is
als
o n
ot
cap
able
to
pro
per
ly
read
th
e d
raft
-
bec
ause
h
e d
oes
n
ot
kn
ow
al
l th
e sy
mb
ols
u
sed
b
y
con
stru
ctio
n w
ork
ers
– a
pro
fess
ion
al f
urt
her
en
sure
s th
at n
o o
ne
ou
tsid
e th
e
pro
fess
ion
, ca
n d
o h
is w
ork
.
6) A
pro
fess
iona
l liv
es b
y ex
erci
sing
his
/her
pro
fess
ion.
We
hav
e al
read
y s
tate
d t
hat
th
e fe
atu
re o
f a
pro
fess
ion
al i
s th
at o
ne'
s
edu
cati
on
an
d t
he
wo
rkp
lace
mat
ch.
Th
us,
th
e p
rofe
ssio
nal
may
be
the
on
ly
per
son
wh
o p
erfo
rms
a p
rofe
ssio
n f
or
wh
ich
he/
she
was
ed
uca
ted
at
the
39 I
bid
, p. 22.
105
a v
ery
hig
h q
ual
ity
and
in
acc
ord
ance
wit
h t
he
eth
ical
sta
nd
ard
s o
f th
e
pro
fess
ion
.
5.
To
en
sure
th
at t
he
wo
rk i
s in
acc
ord
ance
wit
h t
he
eth
ical
sta
nd
ard
s o
f
the
pro
fess
ion
, th
e p
rofe
ssio
nal
as
soci
atio
n
bri
ng
s et
hic
s o
f th
e
pro
fess
ion
an
d t
akes
car
e o
f th
e im
ple
men
tati
on
of
them
, w
hic
h i
s th
e
them
e o
f th
e n
ext
chap
ter.
5) T
he p
rofe
ssio
nals
hav
e th
eir
own
lang
uage
.
Ev
ery
pro
fess
ion
has
its
ow
n p
rofe
ssio
nal
ter
min
olo
gy
- a
pro
fess
ion
al
lan
gu
age.
A
fter
al
l,
stu
dy
ing
is
la
rgel
y
just
le
arn
ing
th
e la
ng
uag
e.
Pro
fess
ion
al
lan
gu
age
has
m
ult
iple
fu
nct
ion
s.
Fir
stly
, it
al
low
s ea
sier
com
mu
nic
atio
n b
etw
een
pro
fess
ion
als
and s
aves
tim
e. F
or
exam
ple
, if
the
po
liti
cal
scie
nti
st sa
ys
to h
is co
llea
gu
e: "B
osn
ian
el
ecti
on
s ar
e b
ased
o
n
con
soci
atio
nal
dem
ocr
acy,"
37
the
oth
er
par
ty
wil
l u
nd
erst
and
w
hat
h
is
coll
eag
ue
wan
ts t
o s
ay.
If t
he
pro
fess
ion
al w
as s
pea
kin
g t
o a
per
son
wh
o i
s
no
t a
po
liti
cal
scie
nti
st,
he
wo
uld
hav
e to
ex
pre
ss h
imse
lf d
iffe
ren
tly
an
d
"sp
end
" a
lot
mo
re w
ord
s so
th
at t
he
oth
er p
arty
co
uld
un
der
stan
d h
im.
As
Hu
dso
n
stat
es,
"ev
ery
p
rofe
ssio
n
nec
essa
rily
h
as
its
ow
n
term
ino
log
y,
wit
ho
ut
wh
ich
it
s m
emb
ers
can
nei
ther
expre
ss th
emse
lves
nor
can th
ey
thin
k."
38
Sec
on
dly
, th
e p
rofe
ssio
nal
lan
gu
age
allo
ws
inte
rnat
ion
al c
om
mu
nic
atio
n
of
pro
fess
ion
als.
If
a C
roat
ian
mat
hem
atic
ian
pro
ves
a t
heo
rem
, C
hin
ese
and
Jap
anes
e m
ath
emat
icia
ns
wil
l b
e ab
le t
o u
nd
erst
and
his
pro
of,
wh
ich
wil
l b
e
wri
tten
wit
h m
ath
emat
ical
sy
mb
ols
, w
ith
ou
t a
pro
ble
m,
even
th
ou
gh
th
ey
37 I
n s
hort
, co
nso
ciat
ional
dem
ocr
acy i
s bas
ed o
n c
onse
nsu
s an
d a
gre
emen
t, r
ather
th
an o
utv
oti
ng a
nd d
ecis
ions
by a
sim
ple
maj
ori
ty.
38 Q
uo
ted
in
ib
id.,
p.
22
.
28
tren
d o
f p
rod
uct
ion
au
tom
atio
n a
nd
th
e in
crea
sin
g t
ren
d o
f fe
mal
e
emp
loy
men
t.
9.
Glo
bal
izat
ion
is
a p
roce
ss t
hat
mar
ked
th
e la
st t
wen
ty y
ears
. It
lea
ds
to
furt
her
ch
ang
es
in
the
fiel
d
of
work
: w
ork
at
hom
e,
incr
ease
d
mig
rati
on
o
f th
e p
op
ula
tio
n,
rep
lace
men
t o
f m
anu
al
wo
rk
wit
h
inte
llec
tual
, et
c.
10
. T
he
gen
eral
te
nd
ency
in
so
ciet
y,
tho
ug
h
wit
h
man
y
neg
ativ
e
ph
eno
men
a,
is
the
ten
den
cy
to
incr
ease
th
e q
ual
ity
o
f w
ork
(t
he
pre
val
ence
of
inte
llec
tual
lab
or)
, st
and
ard
s o
f li
vin
g a
nd
pro
lon
gin
g
the
life
of
the
po
pu
lati
on
.
Exa
mpl
es o
f exa
m q
uest
ion
1.
Wh
at a
re t
he
per
iod
s in
th
e h
isto
ry o
f la
bo
r?
2.
What
is
the
Pal
eoli
thic
and w
hat
is
the
dom
inan
t fo
rm o
f w
ork
in
th
is
per
iod
?
3.
Wh
at a
re t
he
bas
ic c
har
acte
rist
ics
of
the
Ep
och
of
To
ols
?
4.
Wh
en d
id T
he
Ind
ust
rial
Rev
olu
tio
n o
ccu
r? W
hic
h i
nv
enti
on
mad
e it
po
ssib
le?
5.
Wh
at a
re t
he
bas
ic c
har
acte
rist
ics
of
the
Ind
ust
rial
Ag
e?
6.
Wh
at a
re t
he
mai
n f
eatu
res
of
the
Po
st-I
nd
ust
rial
Ag
e?
7.
Ho
w d
id th
e P
ost
-In
du
stri
al A
ge
affe
ct th
e d
aily
li
fe o
f m
an?
Set
exam
ple
s to
c
orr
ob
ora
te t
he
answ
ers!
8.
Wh
at i
s g
lob
aliz
atio
n?
9.
Wh
at a
re t
he
mai
n c
har
acte
rist
ics
of
glo
bal
izat
ion
?
10
. W
hat
was
th
e re
lati
on
ship
of
chan
ges
in
th
e fi
eld
of
wo
rk a
nd
so
ciet
y?
29
3.
Cla
ssic
al T
heor
ies o
f the
Org
aniz
atio
n of
Wor
k
Wil
l a
firs
t-cl
ass
wo
rker
do
mo
re w
ork
a d
ay w
ith
a l
oad
of
sho
vel
s w
hic
h w
eig
h 5
po
un
ds,
10
po
un
ds,
15
po
un
ds,
20
, 2
5,
30
or
40
po
un
ds?
T
his
q
ues
tio
n
can
b
e an
swer
ed
on
ly
afte
r ca
refu
lly
co
nd
uct
ed
exp
erim
ents
...
Th
e w
eig
ht
was
gra
dual
ly c
han
ged
and t
he
condit
ions
un
der
wh
ich
wo
rker
s w
ork
ed w
ere
care
full
y o
bse
rved
fo
r a
few
wee
ks.
P
eop
le w
ho
wer
e d
oin
g t
his
ex
per
imen
t w
ere
ver
y s
kil
led
res
earc
her
s.
Th
ey
con
clu
ded
th
at
the
firs
t-cl
ass
wo
rker
ca
n
achie
ve
the
hig
hes
t p
erfo
rman
ce
wh
en
the
sho
vel
w
eig
hs
abo
ut
21
p
ou
nd
s (1
0
kg
).
(Win
slo
w F
red
eric
k T
aylo
r)
Prec
urso
rs o
f the
theo
ry o
f wor
k or
gani
zatio
n
Alt
ho
ug
h t
he
per
iod
of
the
mo
st a
nci
ent
civ
iliz
atio
ns,
su
ch a
s E
gy
pt
and
B
aby
lon
, d
id
no
t p
rese
rve
wo
rks
that
sp
ecif
ical
ly
dea
lt
wit
h
the
org
aniz
atio
n o
f w
ork
, th
e q
ual
ity
of
buil
din
gs
that
appea
red i
n t
hose
tim
es
ind
icat
es t
hat
th
ese
civ
iliz
atio
ns
ado
pte
d a
ver
y h
igh
lev
el o
f o
rgan
izat
ion
of
wo
rk.
Th
e fi
rst
ori
gin
al r
eco
rds
abo
ut
the
org
aniz
atio
n o
f so
ciet
y a
re t
aken
fro
m H
amm
ura
bi's
Co
de
of
Law
s (a
bo
ut
17
00
BC
).17 F
rom
An
cien
t G
reec
e
com
es K
sen
ofo
nt's
wri
tin
g "
Oec
on
om
icu
s"18 w
hic
h g
ives
ad
vic
e ab
ou
t th
e
org
aniz
atio
n o
f w
ork
in
th
e h
ou
seh
old
. In
an
cien
t R
om
e, C
ato
n a
nd
Vo
ron
pro
vid
e ru
les
for
the
man
agem
ent
of
esta
tes.
Fro
m t
he
Mid
dle
Ag
es t
her
e is
no
men
tio
n o
f v
alu
able
tex
ts a
bo
ut
wo
rk.
Ho
wev
er,
du
rin
g t
he
Ren
aiss
ance
,
Leo
nar
do
da
Vin
ci (
14
52
- 1
51
9)
dea
lt w
ith
, am
on
g o
ther
th
ing
s, p
lann
ing
17 A
bout
firs
t old
est
work
s in
the
fiel
d o
f w
ork
org
aniz
atio
n s
ee S
ikav
ica,
Per
e an
d M
ijo N
ovak
, 1993,
Busi
ness
Org
aniz
atio
n, I
nfo
rmat
or,
Zag
reb, pp. 42-3
. 1
8 T
he
ver
y w
ord
eco
no
my
co
mes
fro
m t
wo G
reek
word
s: o
ikos
= h
ouse
and
no
mo
s =
law
. In
oth
er w
ord
s, o
rig
inal
ly e
con
om
y m
eant
to b
ring o
rder
to t
he
house
hold
, m
anag
ing
th
e h
ou
seh
old
.
10
4
4) P
rofe
ssio
nals
hav
e th
eir
own
asso
ciat
ions
.
We
hav
e al
read
y
stat
ed
that
o
ne
of
the
fun
ctio
ns
of
pro
fess
ion
al
asso
ciat
ion
s is
to
d
efen
d
mo
no
po
ly.
Ho
wev
er,
ther
e ar
e m
any
o
ther
fun
ctio
ns
of
thes
e as
soci
atio
ns,
of
wh
ich
th
e m
ost
im
po
rtan
t ar
e:
1.
Pro
fess
ion
al
asso
ciat
ion
s co
ntr
ol
acce
ss
to
the
pro
fess
ion
. T
hes
e
asso
ciat
ion
s sh
ou
ld g
uar
ante
e th
at a
ll t
hei
r m
emb
ers
fin
ish
ed c
oll
ege,
pas
sed
the
exam
an
d
met
oth
er
con
dit
ion
s re
qu
ired
fo
r th
e
per
form
ance
of
pro
fess
ion
al s
erv
ices
.
2.
Pro
fess
ion
al
asso
ciat
ion
s su
per
vis
e th
e ex
per
tise
an
d
trai
nin
g
of
pro
fess
ion
als.
Fo
r so
meo
ne
to b
e a
pro
fess
ion
al,
it i
s n
ot
eno
ug
h t
o
finis
h
coll
ege,
but
one
must
sh
ow
in
p
ract
ice
that
o
ne
is
able
to
per
form
his
pro
fess
ion
leg
e ar
tis
(in
acc
ord
ance
wit
h t
he
rule
s o
f th
e
pro
fess
ion
). T
her
efo
re,
afte
r re
ceiv
ing
a n
ew m
emb
er,
a p
rofe
ssio
nal
asso
ciat
ion m
ust
conti
nue
to m
on
ito
r h
is/h
er w
ork
. T
his
is
nec
essa
ry
esp
ecia
lly
to
day
, w
hen
th
ere
is a
n o
ng
oin
g p
rofe
ssio
nal
dev
elo
pm
ent,
and
p
rofe
ssio
nal
as
soci
atio
ns
con
tro
l if
th
eir
mem
ber
s fo
llo
w
the
pro
gre
ss i
n t
hei
r p
rofe
ssio
ns.
3.
To
be
able
to
acc
om
pli
sh t
hes
e fu
nct
ion
s, p
rofe
ssio
nal
ass
oci
atio
ns
mu
st o
rgan
ize
per
man
ent
edu
cati
on
, fi
nan
ce a
nd
sti
mu
late
sci
enti
fic
wo
rk
of
pro
fess
ion
als
and
en
able
th
e ex
chan
ge
of
scie
nti
fic
kn
ow
led
ge.
4.
Pro
fess
ion
al a
sso
ciat
ion
s ar
e fi
gh
tin
g f
or
the
eco
no
mic
in
tere
sts
of
mem
ber
s o
f th
eir
ow
n
pro
fess
ion
. T
her
efo
re,
they
tr
y
to
ensu
re
adeq
uat
e ta
riff
s fo
r p
rov
idin
g
pro
fess
ion
al
serv
ices
. T
hu
s,
the
pro
fess
ion
al
asso
ciat
ion
sh
ou
ld
tak
e ca
re
that
th
e w
ork
o
f th
e
pro
fess
ion
als
is w
ell-
pai
d,
bu
t al
so t
hat
th
e w
ork
of
pro
fess
ion
als
is o
f
103
do
an
y h
arm
si
nce
an
un
edu
cate
d "
surg
eon
" w
ou
ld p
rob
ably
kil
l h
is p
atie
nt,
an
un
edu
cate
d
bu
ild
er
of
dam
s co
uld
ca
use
a
flo
od
w
ith
ca
tast
rop
hic
pro
po
rtio
ns.
So
, so
ciet
y
ben
efit
s fr
om
mo
no
po
le b
ecau
se i
t en
sure
s th
at t
he
dem
and
ing
tas
ks
are
per
form
ed b
y p
erso
ns
wh
o a
re q
ual
ifie
d t
o d
o t
hem
.
Ho
wev
er,
pro
fess
ion
als
also
b
enef
it
of
hav
ing
a
mo
no
po
ly
them
selv
es
bec
ause
th
e st
ate
ensu
res
that
th
ere
is
no
co
mp
etit
ion
fr
om
n
on
-
pro
fess
ion
als.
T
her
efo
re,
the
Med
ical
C
ham
ber
p
rev
ents
q
uas
i d
oct
ors
to
pra
ctic
e m
edic
ine,
an
d t
he
bar
pre
ven
ts p
erso
ns
wh
o h
ave
no
t co
mp
lete
d l
aw
sch
oo
l an
d h
ave
no
t p
asse
d t
he
bar
ex
am t
o e
arn
mo
ney
fro
m d
efen
din
g
som
ebo
dy
in
co
urt
. In
oth
er w
ord
s, p
rofe
ssio
nal
ass
oci
atio
ns,
wit
h t
he
hel
p
of
a o
f st
ate,
pre
ven
t am
ateu
rs t
o w
ork
an
d c
har
ge
serv
ices
th
at c
an o
nly
be
pro
vid
ed
by
p
rofe
ssio
nal
s.
Ho
wev
er,
in
ord
er
for
pro
fess
ion
als
to
tru
ly
just
ify
th
eir
mo
no
po
ly,
they
mu
st t
ake
care
th
at t
he
rig
ht
to h
ave
a m
on
op
oly
is r
eser
ved
on
ly f
or
tho
se p
erso
ns
wh
o a
re a
ble
to
wo
rk p
rofe
ssio
nal
ly.
In
oth
er w
ord
s, t
he
task
of
the
pro
fess
ion
al a
sso
ciat
ion
s (s
ee n
ext
par
agra
ph
) is
to e
lim
inat
e th
ose
mem
ber
s w
ho
eit
her
do
no
t h
ave
the
exp
erti
se o
r d
o n
ot
resp
ect
the
pri
nci
ple
s o
f p
rofe
ssio
nal
eth
ics.
So
, if
a c
ivil
engin
eer
mak
es a
n
inco
rrec
t st
ruct
ura
l an
aly
sis
and
th
e b
rid
ge
coll
apse
s,
a p
rofe
ssio
nal
asso
ciat
ion
sh
ou
ld t
ake
away
his
lic
ense
so
th
at h
e ca
nn
ot
carr
y o
ut
furt
her
wo
rk.
Th
e sa
me
pen
alty
sh
ou
ld b
e im
po
sed i
f th
e ci
vil
engin
eer
rece
ives
a
bri
be
or
bec
om
es c
orr
up
ted
. T
hu
s, p
rofe
ssio
nal
s h
ave
the
rig
ht
to h
ave
a
mo
no
po
ly,
bu
t th
ey s
ho
uld
als
o c
on
stan
tly j
ust
ify t
hei
r ri
ght
to a
monopoly
wit
h t
he
resu
lts
of
thei
r w
ork
. M
on
op
oly
is
a p
riv
ileg
e, b
ut
it i
s al
so a
n
ob
lig
atio
n.
30
and
rat
ion
aliz
atio
n o
f w
ork
. A
t th
e tu
rn o
f th
e 1
6th
in
17
th c
entu
ry,
Gal
ileo
Gal
ilei
ex
plo
red
th
e im
pac
t o
f fa
tig
ue
on
th
e re
du
ctio
n o
f w
ork
ing
ab
ilit
y,
and
at
the
turn
of
the
17
th i
n 1
8th
Cen
tury
Mar
shal
Vo
ban
an
aly
zed
th
e
impac
t of
work
ers
in p
erfo
rman
ce o
f ea
rth
wo
rk.
Ho
wev
er,
un
til
the
18
th
cen
tury
w
ork
w
as
rela
tiv
ely
ra
re
sub
ject
of
anal
ysi
s of
gre
at
thin
ker
s.
How
ever
, A
dam
Sm
ith,
the
founder
of
econ
om
ics
as a
sci
ence
, m
ade
an
imp
ort
ant
con
trib
uti
on
to
th
e st
ud
y o
f w
ork
, es
pec
iall
y t
he
imp
act
of
wo
rk
pro
du
ctiv
ity
on
th
e d
ivis
ion
of
wo
rk.
Ada
m S
mith
(172
3-17
90)
Th
e m
ost
fa
mo
us
wo
rk
of
Adam
S
mit
h,
Wea
lth o
f N
atio
ns,
was
pu
bli
shed
in
th
e 1
77
6
(th
e sa
me
yea
r w
hen
A
mer
ican
Dec
lara
tion
of
Inde
pend
ence
was
pu
bli
shed
) an
d i
s co
nsi
der
ed t
he
firs
t m
oder
n w
ork
of
eco
no
mic
s. B
ein
g a
ph
ilo
sop
her
wh
o a
lso
dea
ls w
ith
eth
ics,
Sm
ith
an
aly
zes
hu
man
nat
ure
an
d c
on
clu
des
th
at p
eop
le a
re e
go
ists
. H
ow
ever
, th
is e
go
tism
can
hav
e a
po
siti
ve
imp
act
on
th
e ec
on
om
y,
bec
ause
by
str
ivin
g f
or
self
-
enri
chm
ent,
peo
ple
pro
du
ce g
oo
ds
use
d b
y o
ther
peo
ple
. A
s S
mit
h s
ays,
"it
is n
ot
go
od
nes
s o
f b
utc
her
, b
rew
er o
r b
aker
th
at g
ives
us
lun
ch,
bu
t th
eir
ow
n s
elf-
inte
rest
s."1
9 H
ow
ever
, w
hat
we
are
mo
st i
nte
rest
ed i
n i
s S
mit
h's
anal
ysi
s o
f th
e im
pac
t o
f th
e d
ivis
ion
of
wo
rk o
n p
rod
uct
ivit
y.
His
in
itia
l
pre
mis
e is
th
at p
eop
le d
o n
ot
dif
fer
mu
ch b
y t
alen
t. I
t is
th
e d
ivis
ion
of
lab
or
and
sp
ecia
liza
tio
n t
hat
dev
elo
p t
alen
t an
d p
rov
ide
gre
at p
rod
uct
ivit
y.
Sm
ith
trie
d t
o p
rov
e h
is t
heo
ry i
n t
he
case
of
the
pro
du
ctio
n o
f n
eed
les.
On
e p
erso
n
19S
mit
h,
Ad
am,
17
76
., A
n in
quir
y in
to t
he n
atur
e an
d ca
uses
of
the
wea
lth o
f na
tions
, W
hit
esto
ne,
Dubli
n, p. 18.
31
can
bar
ely
mak
e a
do
zen
nee
dle
s a
day
duri
ng
wo
rkin
g h
ou
rs.
In c
on
tras
t, i
n
the
man
ufa
ctu
re o
f n
eed
les
ten
wo
rker
s m
ay o
ne
day
mak
e 4
8 0
00
nee
dle
s!
In o
ther
wo
rds,
lab
or
pro
du
ctiv
ity
in
th
e m
anu
fact
ure
of
nee
dle
s is
48
00
per
wo
rker
p
er
day
, w
hic
h
is
24
0
tim
es
hig
her
p
rod
uct
ivit
y
than
in
cr
aft
pro
du
ctio
n!
Th
e ca
use
of
this
dra
mat
ic i
ncr
ease
in
pro
du
ctiv
ity
, S
mit
h f
ind
s
in t
he
div
isio
n o
f la
bo
r, w
hic
h i
s th
e w
ho
le p
roce
ss o
f p
rod
uct
ion
of
nee
dle
s
div
ided
in
to 1
8 v
ery
sim
ple
op
erat
ion
s. E
ach
wo
rker
per
form
s o
nly
on
e o
r
two
of
thes
e o
per
atio
ns,
wh
ich
mak
es p
rod
uct
ion
mu
ch f
aste
r. S
mit
h c
ites
thre
e m
ain
rea
son
s w
hy
th
e d
ivis
ion
of
lab
or
incr
ease
s th
e p
rod
uct
ivit
y o
f
lab
or:
1.
Incr
ease
s w
ork
er's
sk
ills
b
ecau
se
wo
rker
p
erfo
rms
on
ly
a sm
all
nu
mb
er o
f w
ork
ing
op
erat
ion
s th
at a
re s
pec
iali
zed
;
2.
Sav
es t
ime
bec
ause
no
wo
rker
mo
ves
fro
m o
ne
wo
rkin
g p
roce
ss t
o
ano
ther
;
3.
All
ow
s th
e in
tro
du
ctio
n o
f m
ach
iner
y.
Ho
wev
er,
it is
im
po
rtan
t to
n
ote
th
at ev
en A
dam
S
mit
h n
oti
ced
a
dra
wb
ack
o
f d
ivis
ion
o
f w
ork
, st
atin
g
that
it
m
akes
p
eop
le
stu
pid
an
d
des
tro
ys
hu
man
bei
ng
s b
y m
akin
g t
hem
ign
ora
nt
and
th
ey d
o n
ot
know
how
to d
o a
ny
thin
g e
lse
in t
hei
r li
ves
ex
cep
t u
ncr
eati
ve
wo
rk.
Hen
ce,
Sm
ith
's
theo
ries
did
hav
e a
trem
end
ou
s im
pac
t o
n t
he
late
r d
evel
op
men
t o
f sc
ien
tifi
c
anal
ysi
s o
f w
ork
.20
20 E
xce
llen
t dep
icti
on o
f th
e li
fe a
nd w
ork
of
A.
Sm
ith i
s giv
en b
y G
albra
ith,
John
Ken
net
h,
1977,
The
Age
of U
ncer
tain
ty,
Ho
ug
hto
n M
iffl
in,
Bo
sto
n,
chap
ter
abo
ut
Ad
am
Sm
ith
.
10
2
2) P
rofe
ssio
ns a
re b
ased
on
scie
nce
and
theo
retic
al k
now
ledg
e,
whi
le c
raft
s are
bas
ed o
n ex
peri
ence
A
pro
fess
ion
al
do
es
not
only
dea
l w
ith
routi
ne
task
s,
he
solv
es
pro
ble
ms
by
usi
ng
sci
enti
fic
kn
ow
led
ge.
Wh
ile
the
inst
alle
r al
mo
st r
ou
tin
ely
sets
p
arq
uet
s,
a ci
vil
en
gin
eer
mu
st
use
h
is/h
er
kn
ow
led
ge
of
the
bas
ic
scie
nce
s -
mat
hem
atic
s, p
hy
sics
, st
atic
s, m
ech
anic
s -
to b
e ab
le t
o d
esig
n t
he
bri
dg
e.
Of
cou
rse,
ev
en
som
e o
f p
rofe
ssio
nal
s b
usi
nes
ses
are
rou
tin
ely
add
ress
ed.
Fo
r ex
amp
le,
if a
pat
ien
t w
ho
has
a f
ever
, ru
nn
y n
ose
an
d c
ou
gh
com
es t
o a
doct
or,
aft
er a
routi
ne
exam
inat
ion
h
e w
ill
giv
e p
resc
rip
tio
ns
for
cold
to
th
e p
atie
nt.
An
d c
raft
smen
als
o s
om
etim
es h
ave
to s
olv
e p
rob
lem
s.
Fo
r ex
amp
le,
a p
lum
ber
mu
st d
isco
ver
wh
y t
her
e h
as b
een
clo
gg
ing
in
th
e
was
hb
asin
. H
ow
ever
, w
hat
d
isti
ng
uis
hes
th
e p
rofe
ssio
nal
fr
om
th
e
craf
tsm
en's
is
h
is
abil
ity
to
so
lve
aty
pic
al
pro
ble
ms
by
u
sin
g
scie
nti
fic
kn
ow
led
ge.
So
, w
hil
e th
e p
lum
ber
wil
l d
isas
sem
ble
was
hb
asin
in
a m
ann
er
wh
ich
he
lear
ned
du
rin
g h
is a
pp
ren
tice
ship
, th
e d
oct
or
wil
l h
ave
to u
se h
is
kn
ow
led
ge
of
gen
etic
s, c
hem
istr
y,
ph
ysi
olo
gy a
nd o
ther
sci
ence
s to
fin
d a
vac
cin
e ag
ain
st s
win
e fl
u.
3) P
rofe
ssio
n ha
s a m
onop
oly
on a
par
ticul
ar a
ctiv
ity.
On
ly a
pro
fess
ion
al s
ho
uld
per
form
act
ivit
ies
that
req
uir
e p
rofe
ssio
nal
kn
ow
led
ge.
Th
us,
a p
erso
n w
ho
has
no
med
ical
deg
ree,
an
d w
ou
ld a
ttem
pt
to
per
form
h
eart
su
rger
y w
ou
ld h
ave
to b
eco
me
a su
bje
ct to
li
abil
ity
. A
nd
des
ign
ing
hy
dro
po
wer
dam
sh
ou
ld b
e ca
rrie
d o
ut
by
a p
erso
n w
ho
has
a
deg
ree
of
Civ
il E
ng
inee
rin
g.
In o
ther
wo
rds,
pro
fess
ion
als
hav
e a
mo
no
po
ly
to
carr
y
ou
t th
eir
pro
fess
ion
. T
he
stat
e giv
es
the
monopoly
an
d
legal
ly
pro
tect
s it
. T
he
aim
is
to p
reven
t th
e u
nau
tho
rize
d a
nd
un
qu
alif
ied
per
son
s to
101
poin
t out
that
in
th
e w
orl
d
ther
e is
a
gre
at
var
iety
o
f ti
tles
. T
hu
s,
for
exam
ple
, al
l th
e p
eop
le w
ho
hav
e fi
nis
hed
un
iver
sity
in P
ort
ugal
rec
eived
the
titl
e o
f a
do
cto
r, a
nd
aft
er c
om
ple
tin
g t
hei
r d
oct
ora
te d
egre
es t
hey
wer
e
giv
en t
he
titl
e o
f a
pro
fess
or.
36 D
iffe
ren
t st
ates
hav
e d
iffe
ren
t re
qu
irem
ents
that
mu
st b
e m
et f
or
som
eon
e to
get
th
e ap
pro
pri
ate
titl
e. S
o i
n t
he
U.S
., i
f
som
eon
e w
ants
to
bec
om
e a
med
ical
do
cto
r, o
ne
mu
st f
irst
fin
ish
co
lleg
e
(un
iver
sity
), a
nd
th
en g
o t
o a
med
ical
sch
oo
l. A
n a
dd
itio
nal
pro
ble
m i
n t
he
inte
rnat
ion
al
tran
sfer
o
f d
iplo
mas
is
th
e ex
iste
nce
o
f se
mi
pro
fess
ion
s -
occ
up
atio
ns
that
req
uir
e a
sho
rter
du
rati
on
of
trai
nin
g (
2-3
yea
rs).
Ex
amp
les
of
such
sem
ipro
fess
ion
s ar
e n
urs
es a
nd
civ
il e
ng
inee
rs w
ho
gra
du
ate
fro
m
Po
lyte
chn
ic s
cho
ols
. O
ne
of
the
reas
on
s fo
r ac
cep
tin
g t
he
Bo
log
na
pro
cess
is
equ
aliz
ing
th
e ti
tle
in
the
Eu
rop
ean
U
nio
n,
in
ord
er
to
faci
lita
te
lab
or
mo
bil
ity
. T
he
fun
ctio
n o
f th
e ti
tle
is t
o g
ive
info
rmat
ion
ab
ou
t so
met
hin
g
that
so
meo
ne
can
do
. In
ev
ery
day
co
nv
ersa
tio
n,
wh
en w
e m
eet
a n
ew p
erso
n
(say
on
ch
at),
on
e o
f th
e q
ues
tio
ns
that
ari
ses
is w
hat
so
meo
ne
do
es,
or
wh
at
on
e's
pro
fess
ion
is.
Th
e sh
ort
est
answ
er t
o t
his
qu
esti
on
is
to s
pec
ify
tit
les.
Th
us,
by
ass
ign
ing
th
e ti
tle,
sta
tes
gu
aran
tee
that
a p
erso
n b
eco
mes
a p
ro,
and
th
at o
ne
is t
rain
ed t
o p
erfo
rm p
rofe
ssio
n r
equ
irin
g a
un
iver
sity
deg
ree.
It
is t
her
efo
re u
sefu
l to
pu
t th
e ti
tle
on
on
e's
vis
itin
g c
ard
, cr
edit
car
d,
ph
on
e
bo
ok
, ev
en
on
th
e d
oo
r o
f th
e ap
artm
ent,
b
ecau
se
it
giv
es
a p
ote
nti
al
cust
om
ers
the
info
rmat
ion
th
at a
per
son
is
able
to
pro
vid
e a
serv
ice
that
th
e
cust
om
er n
eed
s. I
n o
ther
wo
rds,
by
hig
hli
ghti
ng
on
e's
titl
e a
per
son
in
dic
ates
that
he/
she
is a
pro
fess
ion
al.
36 I
bid
, p
. 2
8, n
ote
1.
32
Win
slow
Fre
deri
ck T
aylo
r (18
56-1
915)
If S
mit
h is
co
nsi
der
ed as
th
e fo
un
der
o
f ec
on
om
ics
as a
scie
nce
,
Tay
lor
can
ce
rtai
nly
b
e co
nsi
der
ed as
th
e fo
un
der
o
f th
e sc
ien
ce o
f th
e
org
aniz
atio
n o
f w
ork
. H
is l
ife
gre
atly
contr
ibute
d t
o t
his
: he
beg
an t
o w
ork
as a
n o
rdin
ary
wo
rker
wh
o,
afte
r h
e fi
nis
hed
his
stu
die
s at
th
e fa
cult
y o
f
mec
han
ical
en
gin
eeri
ng
, cl
imb
ed t
he
hie
rarc
hic
al l
add
er t
o c
hie
f en
gin
eer.
Su
ch w
ork
ing
car
eer
enab
led
Tay
lor
to k
no
w b
ette
r th
e w
ork
an
d w
ork
ers
at
all
lev
els
of
the
org
aniz
atio
nal
ch
art.
Th
eref
ore
, in
his
wo
rks
he
oft
en c
ited
exp
erie
nce
he
had
as
an o
rdin
ary
wo
rker
. H
e st
ated
, fo
r ex
amp
le,
that
th
e
wo
rker
s ta
lked
en
thu
sias
tica
lly
ab
ou
t th
e at
hle
te w
ho
gav
e h
is b
est
du
rin
g
the
mat
ch (
he
left
th
e h
eart
on
th
e fi
eld
), b
ut
they
th
emse
lves
wer
e p
ron
e to
lazi
ng
at
the
wo
rkp
lace
. T
aylo
r st
ated
th
at t
he
wo
rker
s w
ere
ang
ry w
ith
him
bec
ause
he
wo
rked
ver
y h
ard
, an
d t
hey
wer
e af
raid
th
at t
hei
r su
per
iors
wo
uld
incr
ease
th
eir
stan
dar
ds.
T
hey
w
ent
so fa
r th
at he
was
th
reat
ened
to
be
bea
ten
up
if
he
did
not
red
uce
th
e in
ten
sity
of
his
wo
rk!
Tay
lor
fou
nd
th
e
reas
on
fo
r th
ese
ano
mal
ies
in t
he
inad
equ
ate
org
aniz
atio
n o
f w
ork
, es
pec
iall
y
in
inad
equ
ate
no
rms.
S
pec
ific
ally
, th
e w
ork
ers
did
n
ot
hav
e a
spec
ific
amo
un
t o
f w
ork
th
ey h
ad t
o d
o d
uri
ng
wo
rkin
g h
ou
rs,
so t
hey
tri
ed t
o a
vo
id
wo
rk w
hen
ever
th
ere
sup
erio
r w
as n
ot
nea
rby
. B
ased
on
his
ex
per
ien
ce a
s a
wo
rker
an
d
sub
seq
uen
t re
flec
tio
n
on
th
e o
rgan
izat
ion
o
f w
ork
, T
aylo
r
form
ula
ted
his
pri
nci
ple
s o
f "s
cien
tifi
c m
anag
emen
t."
Bo
th o
bje
ctiv
es c
an b
e
ach
iev
ed
sim
ult
aneo
usl
y
if
pro
du
ctiv
ity
o
f w
ork
in
crea
ses
eno
ug
h.
Th
eref
ore
, T
aylo
r b
elie
ved
th
at t
he
go
als
of
emp
loy
ers
and
wo
rker
s d
o n
ot
clas
h.
Tay
lor
stat
ed h
ow
lab
or
pro
du
ctiv
ity
co
uld
be
incr
ease
d:
33
1.
It i
s n
eces
sary
to
mak
e a
stri
ct d
ivis
ion
of
lab
or
into
in
tell
ectu
al a
nd
ph
ysi
cal
(pla
nn
ing
sh
ou
ld p
rece
de
the
exec
uti
on
of
wo
rk).
2.
Ex
per
imen
tati
on
sh
ou
ld f
ind
th
e b
est
way
to
do
th
e jo
b.
3.
Nex
t, t
he
tim
e re
qu
ired
fo
r th
e ex
ecu
tio
n o
f th
e ta
sk,
and
eac
h w
ork
op
erat
ion
sh
ou
ld b
e d
eter
min
ed.
4.
When
the
opti
mal
met
hod i
s es
tabli
shed
, w
ork
ers
nee
d t
o l
earn
ho
w t
o
use
it.
Th
e en
gin
eer
sho
uld
be
a "c
oac
h"
of
emp
loy
ees.
5.
It i
s n
eces
sary
to
ch
oo
se t
he
bes
t to
ols
an
d m
ach
ines
, an
d d
eter
min
e
the
op
tim
al w
ay t
o u
se t
hem
.
6.
Sta
ff
sho
uld
u
nq
ues
tio
nin
gly
o
bey
m
anag
er's
o
rder
s -
a st
rict
dis
cip
lin
e is
re
qu
ired
. L
azy
w
ork
ers
sho
uld
b
e la
id
off
. H
ow
ever
,
pu
nis
hm
ent
sho
uld
be
fair
, an
d t
he
mo
ney
fro
m t
he
fin
es s
ho
uld
be
pu
t in
th
e w
ork
ers'
mu
tual
fu
nd
.
7.
Wo
rker
s sh
ou
ld
be
rew
ard
ed
ind
ivid
ual
ly.
If
he/
she
wo
rks
in
acco
rdan
ce w
ith
th
e sc
ien
tifi
c o
rgan
izat
ion
, th
e w
ork
er's
sal
ary
sh
ou
ld
be
incr
ease
d b
y 3
0-1
00
% a
nd
th
e w
ork
er s
hould
get
the
awar
d a
s so
on
as p
oss
ible
.
It is
im
po
rtan
t to
n
ote
th
at T
aylo
r's
met
ho
ds
did
n
ot
imm
edia
tely
rece
ive
the
sup
po
rt o
f w
ork
ers
and
tra
de
un
ion
s, s
ince
his
met
ho
ds
wer
e
inte
rpre
ted
as
an a
ttem
pt
of
furt
her
ex
plo
itat
ion
of
wo
rker
s. T
aylo
r h
imse
lf
con
trib
ute
d t
o t
his
bec
ause
in
his
work
s h
e o
ften
use
d h
arsh
wo
rds
wh
en h
e
talk
ed
abo
ut
the
wo
rker
s.
Ho
wev
er,
the
use
of
Tay
lor'
s m
eth
od
s in
th
e
ind
ust
ry l
ed t
o a
n i
nte
nse
in
crea
se i
n p
rod
uct
ivit
y,
wh
ich
is
wh
y h
is w
ork
was
on
e o
f th
e b
asic
wo
rks
for
the
un
der
stan
din
g o
f ec
on
om
ic g
row
th i
n t
he
10
0
Ho
wev
er,
apar
t fr
om
th
e u
sual
mea
nin
g o
f a
pro
fess
ion
al t
her
e is
als
o a
soci
olo
gic
al d
efin
itio
n,
acco
rdin
g t
o w
hic
h t
he
pro
fess
ion
is
an o
ccu
pat
ion
that
is
bas
ed o
n h
igh
er e
du
cati
on
, th
at i
s, o
n g
rad
uat
ing
fro
m c
oll
ege.
Th
e
term
pro
fess
ion
is
oft
en i
den
tifi
ed w
ith
th
e co
nce
pt
of
occ
up
atio
n,
so t
he
acti
vit
y fr
om
w
hic
h one
mak
es th
e li
vin
g.
Ho
wev
er,
even
th
ou
gh
ev
ery
pro
fess
ion
is
an o
ccu
pat
ion
, n
ot
ever
y o
ccu
pat
ion
is
a p
rofe
ssio
n.
Bei
ng
a
civ
il e
ng
inee
r is
an
occ
up
atio
n a
nd
a p
rofe
ssio
n,
bu
t a
ben
der
is
just
an
occ
up
atio
n s
ince
it
is n
ot
nec
essa
ry t
o f
inis
h c
oll
ege
for
this
type
of
job.
It i
s
nec
essa
ry h
ere
to d
efin
e an
oth
er r
elat
ed t
erm
, an
d t
hat
is
vo
cati
on
. S
o,
the
vo
cati
on
is
a ti
tle
on
e ac
qu
ires
th
rou
gh
edu
cati
on
. A
lth
ou
gh
th
e co
nce
pts
of
vo
cati
on
an
d o
ccu
pat
ion
in
th
e se
nse
usu
ally
co
inci
de,
th
is m
ay n
ot
alw
ays
be
so.
A p
erso
n w
ho
is
qu
alif
ied
as
civ
il e
ng
inee
r ca
n b
eco
me
a p
oli
tici
an b
y
occ
up
atio
n,
a d
oct
or
of
ph
ilo
sop
hy
can
op
en a
sp
ecia
lize
d s
ho
p f
or
bak
ing
po
pco
rn.
Ho
wev
er,
on
e ca
n b
e a
pro
, in
th
e so
cio
log
ical
sen
se o
f th
e w
ord
, if
ther
e is
a m
atch
of
voca
tio
ns
and
occ
up
atio
ns,
so
if
yo
u w
ork
in
a p
rofe
ssio
n
in w
hic
h o
ne
fin
ish
ed a
co
lleg
e.
Cha
ract
eris
tics o
f a p
rofe
ssio
n
Des
pit
e n
um
ero
us
spec
ific
s o
f th
e v
ario
us
pro
fess
ion
s, t
her
e ar
e th
eir
com
mo
n f
eatu
res,
th
e m
ost
im
po
rtan
t b
ein
g t
he
foll
ow
ing
:
1) P
rofe
ssio
nalis
m r
equi
res h
ighe
r ed
ucat
ion.
Fro
m
a so
cio
log
ical
d
efin
itio
n
of
pro
fess
ion
alis
m,
wh
ich
w
e h
ave
pre
vio
usl
y s
tate
d,
the
firs
t p
rere
qu
isit
e to
co
nsi
der
so
meo
ne
a p
rofe
ssio
nal
is
to f
inis
h c
oll
ege.
Hen
ce t
he
log
ical
co
ncl
usi
on
is
that
a p
ro m
ust
hav
e an
app
rop
riat
e ti
tle
- a
do
cto
r, a
mas
ter,
an
en
gin
eer.
Ho
wev
er,
it i
s im
po
rtan
t to
99
9.
Prof
essi
onal
ism
A d
evel
opm
ent
of
the
craf
t in
to a
pro
fess
ion b
egin
s w
hen
a w
ork
p
erfo
rmed
is
bas
ed o
n t
heo
reti
cal
kn
ow
led
ge.
A c
ivil
en
gin
eer
dif
fers
fr
om
a b
rick
lay
er i
n h
is k
no
wle
dg
e of
stat
ics,
mec
han
ics,
geo
met
ry,
etc.
In
th
e sa
me
way
a
surg
eon
b
eco
mes
th
e m
edic
al
pro
fess
ion
al
(as
op
po
sed
to
th
e b
arb
er
wh
o
has
p
rev
iou
sly
p
erfo
rmed
su
rgic
al
op
erat
ion
s),
wh
en
he
beg
ins
to
bas
e h
is
kn
ow
led
ge
on
th
eori
es
(ph
ysi
olo
gy
, ch
emis
try
, et
c.).
(Š
pore
r)
Def
initi
ons o
f pro
fess
ion35
In e
ver
yd
ay l
ang
uag
e, t
he
term
pro
fess
ion
al i
s u
sual
ly u
sed
fo
r tw
o
mea
nin
gs.
Fir
stly
, a
pro
fess
ion
al i
s a
staf
f m
emb
er w
ho
wo
rks
for
mo
ney
.
Th
us,
in
co
ntr
ast
to t
he
gro
up
of
frie
nd
s w
ho
pla
y f
oo
tbal
l fo
r p
leas
ure
an
d
are
ther
efo
re a
mat
eurs
, a
pro
fess
ion
al f
oo
tbal
l p
lay
er i
s th
e o
ne
wh
o e
arn
s
mo
ney
b
y
pla
yin
g
foo
tbal
l.
In
ord
er
for
a p
erso
n
to
be
con
sid
ered
a
pro
fess
ion
al,
som
eon
e sh
ou
ld b
e w
illi
ng t
o p
ay f
or
his
skil
ls.
So,
a so
ccer
pla
yer
bec
om
es a
pro
fess
ion
al w
hen
th
e au
die
nce
is
read
y t
o b
uy
a t
ick
et t
o
be
able
to
wat
ch h
is s
tun
ts.
An
oth
er m
ean
ing
of
the
term
pro
fess
ion
al i
s an
ex
per
t. I
n o
ther
wo
rds,
a p
rofe
ssio
nal
is
som
eon
e w
ho
is
able
to
do
a q
ual
ity
jo
b t
hat
he
is e
ng
aged
in.
Acc
ord
ing t
o t
his
mea
nin
g t
he
kil
ler
is a
pro
fess
ion
al p
erso
n w
ho
is
able
to p
erfo
rm h
is "
wo
rk a
ssig
nm
ent"
wit
h a
sin
gle
bu
llet
fro
m a
sn
iper
. W
hen
we
say
th
at
som
eon
e is
a
tru
e p
rofe
ssio
nal
th
at
mea
ns
that
he/
she
is
ded
icat
ed t
o h
is j
ob
an
d t
hat
he/
she
real
ly k
no
ws
ho
w t
o d
o h
is j
ob
wel
l.
35 T
his
and
the
next
cha
pter
are
bas
ed o
n Š
pore
r, Ž
eljk
a, 1
990,
Soc
iolo
gy o
f pr
ofes
sion
s: a
n es
say
on t
he s
ocia
l co
nditi
onal
ity o
f pr
ofes
sion
aliz
atio
n,
Cro
atia
n
Soci
olo
gic
al S
oci
ety, Z
agre
b.
34
ind
ust
rial
era
. H
is m
eth
od
s o
f w
ork
org
aniz
atio
n f
ou
nd
a w
ide
app
lica
tio
n i
n
alm
ost
all
sec
tors
of
the
eco
no
my
.
Fra
nk B
unke
r Gilb
reth
(186
8-19
24)
Gil
bre
th i
s im
po
rtan
t fo
r st
ud
ents
of
civ
il e
ng
inee
rin
g,
no
t o
nly
fo
r h
is
contr
ibuti
ons
to t
he
theo
ry o
f th
e o
rgan
izat
ion
of
wo
rk,
bu
t al
so b
ecau
se h
e
dea
lt w
ith
co
nst
ruct
ion
, sp
ecif
ical
ly m
asonry
. L
ike
Tay
lor,
he
lear
nt
fro
m h
is
ow
n e
xp
erie
nce
. H
e st
arte
d w
ork
as
an a
pp
ren
tice
bri
ckla
yer
, b
ut
he
late
r
bec
ame
the
ow
ner
of
a su
cces
sfu
l co
nst
ruct
ion
co
mp
any
. W
hil
e st
ill
wo
rkin
g
as a
bri
ckla
yer
, h
e n
oti
ced
th
at e
ver
y b
rick
lay
er h
ad t
hre
e te
chn
iqu
es:
on
e
that
th
e b
rick
lay
er t
each
es t
o n
ew m
asons,
but
he
him
self
do
es n
ot
use
, an
d
the
slo
w a
nd
fas
t te
chn
iqu
e. L
ater
Gil
ber
th f
ound t
he
mo
st e
ffec
tiv
e m
aso
nry
tech
niq
ue
in w
hic
h h
e el
imin
ated
re
du
nd
ant
mo
ves
(b
end
ing
d
ow
n)
and
rep
lace
d t
he
slo
w m
ov
emen
ts w
ith
th
e fa
st o
nes
. H
e re
du
ced
th
e n
um
ber
of
mo
vem
ents
fro
m 1
8 t
o 5
(m
inim
um
of
just
tw
o m
ov
emen
ts).
Bri
ckla
yer
no
lon
ger
had
to
mo
ve
to r
each
a b
rick
an
d m
ort
ar as
h
is as
sist
ant
wo
rker
pre
par
ed b
rick
s fo
r h
im.
Ab
ou
t G
ilb
reth
's i
nn
ov
atio
n T
aylo
r w
rite
s: "
He
has
intr
od
uce
d s
imp
le e
qu
ipm
ent,
su
ch a
s, f
or
exam
ple
, th
e sc
affo
ldin
g w
ho
se
hei
gh
t ca
n b
e ch
ang
ed,
and
th
e fr
ames
fo
r b
rick
pac
kag
ing
, w
hic
h,
wit
h l
ittl
e
coll
abo
rati
on
of
chea
p u
nsk
ille
d w
ork
ers,
co
mple
tely
eli
min
ate
the
whole
seri
es o
f te
dio
us
long-t
erm
movem
ents
."21
Gil
bre
th's
in
no
vat
ion
in
crea
sed
the
nu
mb
er o
f b
rick
s la
id f
rom
12
0 t
o 3
50
per
ho
ur
per
wo
rker
an
d t
he
wo
rker
s al
so b
ecam
e le
ss t
ired
. G
ilb
reth
is
also
kn
ow
n f
or
hav
ing
in
tro
du
ced
21 T
aylo
r, F
reder
ick W
insl
ow
, 1967
, Sc
ient
ific
Man
agem
ent,
Bel
gra
de:
Oper
atio
n,
p. 211.
35
the
stu
dy
o
f m
ov
emen
t an
d
tim
e.
Cam
era
reco
rded
th
e m
ov
emen
ts
of
bri
ckla
yer
s,
to
iden
tify
opti
mal
m
oves
. H
e in
tro
du
ced
th
e so
-cal
led
chro
no
log
ical
gra
ph
s th
at r
eco
rded
the
movem
ents
of
work
ers.
Gil
bre
th,
as
wel
l as
Tay
lor,
arg
ued
th
at t
her
e w
as o
nly
one
bes
t m
ethod f
or
per
form
ing
any
ph
ysi
cal
wo
rk a
nd
he
trie
d t
o f
ind
su
ch a
met
ho
d.
Gil
bre
th's
an
aly
ses
hav
e fo
un
d
wid
esp
read
u
se
no
t o
nly
in
co
nst
ruct
ion
but
also
in
oth
er
ind
ust
ries
, in
th
e o
rgan
izat
ion
of
the
pri
mar
y a
nd
ter
tiar
y s
ecto
rs.
To
day
even
to
p
ath
lete
s u
se
gra
ph
s o
f ch
ron
olo
gic
al
ord
er,
to
imp
rov
e th
eir
tech
niq
ue,
fo
r ex
amp
le,
in
the
hig
h
jum
p.
It
is
import
ant
to
note
th
at
Gil
bre
th's
wif
e, L
illi
an G
ilb
reth
(1
87
8-1
97
2)
con
tin
ued
his
wo
rk a
fter
his
dea
th.
Esp
ecia
lly
si
gn
ific
ant
wer
e h
er
stu
die
s o
f o
pti
mal
p
roce
du
res
in
per
form
ance
of
ho
use
ho
ld c
ho
res.
To
day
's h
ou
sek
eep
ers
are
un
kn
ow
ing
ly
usi
ng
tec
hn
iqu
es a
nd
sch
edu
les
of
ho
me
app
lian
ces
that
wer
e p
erfe
cted
by
Lil
lian
Gil
bre
th h
erse
lf.
Max
Web
er (1
864-
1920
)
An
aly
sis
of
the
clas
sica
l th
eory
of
the
org
aniz
atio
n o
f w
ork
cer
tain
ly
has
to
in
clu
de
the
wo
rk
of
Max
W
eber
. A
lth
ou
gh
h
e w
as
pri
mar
ily
con
cern
ed w
ith
th
e st
ud
y o
f b
ure
aucr
acy
, h
is a
nal
yse
s o
f id
eal
typ
es o
f fo
rms
of
org
aniz
atio
n c
an b
e ap
pli
ed t
o a
lmo
st a
ny
kin
d o
f w
ork
. W
eber
bel
iev
ed
that
th
e w
ork
sh
ou
ld b
e b
ased
on
the
foll
ow
ing p
rinci
ple
s:
1.
It
is
nec
essa
ry
to
mak
e th
e m
axim
um
d
ivis
ion
o
f la
bo
r an
d
spec
iali
zati
on
so
th
at
the
emp
loy
ee
can
b
eco
me
an
exp
ert
of
his
pro
fess
ion
.
2.
It i
s nec
essa
ry t
o h
ave
a st
rict
hie
rarc
hy (
each
lo
wer
ran
kin
g e
mp
loy
ee
sho
uld
b
e u
nd
er co
ntr
ol
of
sen
ior
emp
loy
ees)
. P
yra
mid
al st
ruct
ure
98
5.
Th
e in
tern
ship
p
erio
d
last
s fr
om
g
rad
uat
ion
ti
ll
per
man
ent
emp
loy
men
t. T
his
per
iod
is
char
acte
rize
d b
y a
lar
ge
ho
rizo
nta
l an
d
smal
l ver
tica
l m
obil
ity.
6.
Fu
ll-t
ime
emp
loy
men
t is
a c
har
acte
rize
d b
y l
arg
e h
ori
zon
tal
and
sm
all
ver
tica
l m
ob
ilit
y,
fin
anci
al s
ecu
rity
an
d a
chie
vem
ent
of
pro
fess
ion
al
amb
itio
ns.
7.
Aft
er
reti
rem
ent,
th
ere
is
a lo
ss
of
stat
us,
re
du
ctio
n
of
inco
me,
reo
rien
tati
on
o
n
ho
bb
ies,
an
d
a g
rad
ual
re
du
ctio
n
of
wo
rkin
g
and
liv
ing
en
erg
y.
8.
Yo
un
g
and
u
ned
uca
ted
p
eop
le
are
the
mo
st
exp
ose
d
to
un
emp
loy
men
t. U
nem
plo
ym
ent
cau
ses
a lo
ss o
f se
lf-e
stee
m,
crit
icis
m
of
env
iro
nm
ent
psy
cho
log
ical
pro
ble
ms.
Exa
mpl
es o
f exa
m q
uest
ions
1.
Wh
at a
re t
he
stag
es o
f w
ork
ing
car
eer?
2.
Wh
y i
s th
e p
resc
ho
ol
per
iod
an
im
po
rtan
t p
has
e o
f w
ork
so
cial
izat
ion
?
3.
Ho
w d
oes
th
e sc
ho
ol
affe
ct t
he
soci
aliz
atio
n o
f w
ork
?
4.
Wh
at a
re t
he
mai
n c
har
acte
rist
ics
of
the
firs
t jo
b?
5.
Wh
at i
s h
ori
zon
tal
and
ver
tica
l m
ob
ilit
y?
6.
Wh
at a
re t
he
bas
ic c
har
acte
rist
ics
of
the
inte
rnsh
ip p
erio
d?
7.
Wh
at a
re t
he
bas
ic c
har
acte
rist
ics
of
the
per
iod
of
per
man
ent
emp
loy
men
t?
8.
Wh
at a
re t
he
mai
n f
acto
rs t
hat
aff
ect
the
succ
ess
of
on
e's
care
er?
9.
Wh
at c
han
ges
do
es t
he
reti
rem
ent
per
iod
bri
ng
?
10
. W
hat
psy
cho
log
ical
dam
ages
are
cau
sed
by
un
emp
loy
men
t?
97
lev
el.
Ho
wev
er,
a d
egre
e is
no
t th
e o
nly
im
po
rtan
t fa
cto
r, b
ut
the
typ
e o
f
edu
cati
on
is
also
im
po
rtan
t. F
or
inst
ance
, th
ere
are
alm
ost
no
un
emp
loy
ed
info
rmat
ics
eng
inee
rs,
bu
t th
ere
is a
lar
ge
nu
mb
er o
f u
nem
plo
yed
po
liti
cal
scie
nce
g
rad
uat
es.
Ho
wev
er,
reg
ard
less
o
f o
ne'
s p
rofe
ssio
n,
alm
ost
al
l
unem
plo
yed
peo
ple
fac
e si
mil
ar p
rob
lem
s. U
nem
plo
ym
ent
lead
s to
a l
oss
of
self
-est
eem
. F
eeli
ng
th
at
no
o
ne
nee
ds
ou
r w
ork
le
ads
to
a fe
elin
g
of
infe
rio
rity
. A
lth
ou
gh
un
emp
loy
ed p
eop
le d
eser
ve
pit
y a
nd
ev
en s
oli
dar
ity
at
the
beg
inn
ing
, th
e lo
ng
er
they
ar
e u
nem
plo
yed
, th
e m
ore
ex
po
sed
to
envir
onm
enta
l cr
itic
ism
they
bec
om
e. U
nem
plo
yed
peo
ple
are
mo
re p
ron
e to
alco
ho
lism
, il
lnes
ses,
sex
ual
pro
ble
ms
and
su
icid
e. U
nem
plo
yed
sin
gle
s ar
e
in
an
esp
ecia
lly
to
ug
h
po
siti
on
b
ecau
se
they
hav
e no
mat
eria
l an
d
psy
cho
log
ical
su
pp
ort
of
thei
r fa
mil
ies.
Sum
mar
y
1.
Th
ere
are
fiv
e st
ages
of
the
wo
rkin
g c
aree
r, i
ncl
ud
ing
: p
rep
arat
ory
ph
ase,
th
e fi
rst
job
, th
e in
tern
p
has
e,
per
man
ent
emp
loy
men
t an
d
reti
rem
ent.
Th
e p
rep
arat
ory
ph
ase
is d
ivid
ed i
nto
pre
sch
oo
l an
d s
cho
ol
per
iod
.
2.
In t
he
pre
sch
oo
l p
erio
d c
hil
dre
n f
ind
ou
t w
hat
th
e w
ork
is,
pla
y t
he
role
of
dif
fere
nt
pro
fess
ion
s an
d a
cqu
ire
the
wo
rkin
g h
abit
s w
hic
h a
re
imp
ort
ant
for
thei
r su
bse
qu
ent
wo
rk m
oti
vat
ion
.
3.
Th
e sc
ho
ol
teac
hes
ch
ild
ren
sel
f-d
isci
pli
ne,
res
pec
t fo
r au
tho
rity
, an
d
dev
elo
pm
ent
of
po
siti
ve
char
acte
r tr
aits
(d
ilig
ence
, p
ersi
sten
ce,
soli
dar
ity
, et
c.).
4.
Du
rin
g s
cho
oli
ng
th
e fi
rst
job
s ar
e te
mp
ora
ry,
incl
ud
e th
e si
mp
lest
job
s, a
nd
par
t-ti
me
job
s.
36
wit
h
pre
cise
h
iera
rch
y
of
resp
on
sib
ilit
y
resu
lts
in
the
hig
hes
t
effi
cien
cy.
3.
All
mem
ber
s o
f th
e h
iera
rch
y,
exce
pt
for
the
hig
hes
t an
d l
ow
est
on
th
e
scal
e,
com
mu
nic
ate
on
ly
wit
h
thei
r im
med
iate
su
bo
rdin
ate
and
imm
edia
te s
up
erio
r em
plo
yee
.
4.
Su
per
ior
emp
loy
ee i
s re
spo
nsi
ble
no
t only
for
his
ow
n w
ork
, but
also
for
thei
r su
bo
rdin
ate
emp
loy
ees.
5.
Th
e o
rgan
izat
ion
sh
ou
ld e
stab
lish
a r
ule
of
reg
ula
tio
n.
Wri
tten
ab
stra
ct
rule
s sh
ou
ld
go
ver
n
the
beh
avio
r o
f em
plo
yee
s.
Th
e o
rgan
izat
ion
wo
rks
ind
epen
den
tly
of
the
ind
ivid
ual
wh
o i
s cu
rren
tly
em
plo
yed
.
6.
Rec
ruit
men
t an
d
pro
mo
tio
n
sho
uld
b
e b
ased
o
n
qu
alif
icat
ion
s.
Reg
ula
tio
ns
det
erm
ine
the
educa
tional
qual
ific
atio
ns
requir
ed f
or
each
po
siti
on
.
7.
Th
e em
plo
yee
sh
ou
ld b
e ra
tio
nal
, n
ot
emoti
onal
. It
is
nec
essa
ry t
o
app
ly th
e ru
les
equ
ally
to
al
l, re
gar
dle
ss o
f w
ho
th
e in
div
idu
al to
wh
om
th
e ru
les
app
ly i
s.
Web
er s
tate
d t
hat
no
org
aniz
atio
n i
s in
full
com
pli
ance
wit
h t
he
abo
ve
pri
nci
ple
s. H
ow
ever
, W
eber
th
ou
gh
t th
at a
ll o
rgan
izat
ion
s sh
ou
ld s
triv
e fo
r
this
id
eal
typ
e o
f o
rgan
izat
ion
if
they
wan
t to
be
succ
essf
ul.
Hen
ry F
ord
(184
1-19
25)
An
indust
rial
ist
who
appli
ed
Tay
lor'
s pri
nci
ple
s w
as
Hen
ry
Ford
.
Alt
ho
ug
h h
e d
id n
ot
giv
e im
po
rtan
t th
eore
tica
l co
ntr
ibu
tio
ns
to t
he
fiel
d o
f
wo
rk o
rgan
izat
ion
, F
ord
bec
ame
a sy
mb
ol
of
the
ind
ust
rial
era
du
e to
th
e
pra
ctic
al a
pp
lica
tio
n o
f "s
cien
tifi
c o
rgan
izat
ion
of
lab
or.
" T
her
efo
re,
the
term
37
Ford
ism
is
use
d f
or
mas
s in
dust
rial
pro
du
ctio
n o
n t
he
asse
mb
ly l
ine.
Aft
er
the
intr
od
uct
ion
o
f as
sem
bly
li
ne,
th
e m
axim
um
div
isio
n
of
labor
and
spec
iali
zati
on
o
f w
ork
ers
for
ver
y
sim
ple
w
ork
o
per
atio
ns,
F
ord
al
so
intr
od
uce
d a
dd
itio
nal
ch
ang
es s
uch
as
the
do
ub
lin
g o
f sa
lari
es o
f w
ork
ers,
pro
vid
ing
al
mo
st "i
dea
l" w
ork
ing
co
nd
itio
ns,
bri
ght
and ai
ry hal
ls,
idea
l
tem
per
atu
re i
n
fact
ori
es,
free
ho
t m
eals
, et
c. A
s a
resu
lt o
f th
e n
ew w
ork
org
aniz
atio
n,
he
red
uce
d t
he
tim
e re
qu
ired
fo
r a
car
asse
mb
ly f
rom
12
.5
ho
urs
to
ju
st 1
.5 h
ou
rs.
He
crea
ted
a u
nif
ied
pro
du
ctio
n d
om
inat
ed b
y T
-
model
car
s. F
ord
has
bec
om
e k
no
wn
fo
r h
is s
ente
nce
th
at "
bu
yer
s o
f h
is c
ars
can
ch
oo
se w
hat
ever
co
lor
they
wan
t u
nd
er t
he
assu
mp
tio
n t
hat
it
is b
lack
."22
Ho
wev
er,
such
p
rod
uct
ion
w
ith
ou
t m
uch
v
aria
tio
n
enab
led
th
e d
rast
ic
red
uct
ion
in
pri
ce o
f th
e ca
r, s
o t
hey
bec
om
e av
aila
ble
to
th
e A
mer
ican
mid
dle
cla
ss.
Ho
wev
er,
ever
yth
ing
was
no
t so
idyll
ic.
One
of
the
pro
ble
ms
that
ap
pea
red
in
his
fac
tori
es w
as h
igh
tu
rno
ver
of
wo
rker
s (w
ork
ers
use
d t
o
leav
e th
e fa
cto
ry
afte
r a
sho
rt
tim
e).
Wh
y
this
w
as
hap
pen
ing
, w
ill
be
answ
ered
in
th
e n
ext
chap
ter.
Sum
mar
y
1.
Alt
ho
ug
h i
t is
cer
tain
th
at i
n t
he
anci
ent
tim
es t
her
e w
as a
qu
alit
y
org
aniz
atio
n o
f w
ork
- a
s ev
iden
ced
by
th
e q
ual
ity
of
the
bu
ild
ing
s
fro
m t
hat
tim
e -
ther
e w
ere
rela
tiv
ely
few
tex
ts t
hat
sy
stem
atic
ally
eng
aged
in
th
e o
rgan
izat
ion
of
wo
rk u
nti
l th
e 1
8th
cen
tury
. H
ow
ever
,
22 F
ord
, H
enry
and S
amuel
Cro
wth
er,
1973,
My
life
and
Wor
k, A
rno P
ress
, N
ew
York
, p. 72.
96
soci
al s
tatu
s w
hil
e w
ork
ing
, th
an a
fter
he
is r
etir
ed.
Wh
ile
wo
rkin
g h
e h
as a
rep
uta
tio
n,
eno
ug
h m
on
ey a
nd
bu
sin
ess
con
nec
tio
ns,
so
he/
she
is a
lway
s in
dem
and.
Aft
er
bei
ng
reti
red,
man
y
peo
ple
ar
e g
oin
g
to
be
com
ple
tely
forg
ott
en b
y t
he
ver
y p
eop
le w
ho
had
pre
vio
usl
y t
ried
to
be
in g
oo
d r
elat
ion
s
wit
h t
hem
. R
etir
emen
t is
ass
oci
ated
wit
h a
gra
du
al d
ecli
ne
of
hea
lth
an
d l
ife
ener
gy
. S
ince
th
is h
app
ens
to a
ll t
he
peo
ple
of
thei
r ag
e w
ho
get
sic
k a
nd
die
,
the
circ
le o
f fr
ien
ds
and
acq
uai
nta
nce
s am
on
g r
etir
ed p
eop
le i
s in
crea
sin
gly
nar
row
ing
. In
ret
irem
ent,
fin
anci
al s
itu
atio
n w
ors
ens.
Th
e ty
pes
of
acti
vit
ies
also
ch
ang
e, i
n t
erm
s o
f re
ori
enti
ng
th
e w
ork
on
ho
bb
ies.
Ho
wev
er,
man
y
reti
rees
do
no
t k
no
w w
hat
to
do
wit
h f
ree
tim
e. T
her
eby,
those
peo
ple
, w
ho
thro
ug
ho
ut
thei
r w
ork
ing
car
eers
kep
t th
eir
inte
rest
s an
d w
ere
eng
aged
in
crea
tiv
e w
ork
, ar
e b
ette
r o
ff b
ecau
se t
hei
r p
ensi
on
s w
ill
pro
vid
e th
em t
he
ple
asu
res
they
did
no
t h
ave
tim
e fo
r w
hil
e th
ey w
ere
emp
loy
ed.
In a
far
bet
ter
po
siti
on
are
th
ose
ret
iree
s w
ho
hav
e th
eir
ow
n f
amil
y a
nd
liv
e w
ith
it,
than
th
e re
tire
es w
ho
are
lef
t b
ehin
d,
esp
ecia
lly
th
ose
wh
ose
spo
use
has
die
d.
How
ever
, it
is
import
ant
to n
ote
that
ret
irem
ent
may
be
a v
ery
hap
py
per
iod
of
life
- p
reci
sely
bec
ause
of
the
trem
end
ou
s am
ou
nt
of
free
tim
e -
if a
ret
iree
is h
ealt
hy
, fi
nan
cial
ly s
itu
ated
an
d h
as n
um
ero
us
inte
rest
s.
Une
mpl
oym
ent
Un
fort
un
atel
y,
no
t al
l p
eop
le a
re f
ort
un
ate
eno
ug
h t
o h
ave
a st
able
care
er t
hro
ug
ho
ut
thei
r w
ork
ing
liv
es,
so m
any
peo
ple
hav
e to
dea
l w
ith
th
e
pro
ble
m
of
un
emp
loy
men
t.
Th
eref
ore
, at
th
e en
d
of
this
ch
apte
r,
soci
al
cau
ses
and
psy
cho
log
ical
eff
ects
of
un
emp
loy
men
t w
ill
be
exam
ined
. N
ot
all
cate
go
ries
o
f p
eop
le
are
equ
ally
ex
po
sed
to
u
nem
plo
ym
ent.
T
he
mo
st
vu
lner
able
so
cial
gro
up
s ar
e y
ou
ng
peo
ple
and p
eop
le w
ith l
ow
educa
tional
95
of
edu
cati
on
an
d
com
pen
sate
a
po
ore
r b
ack
gro
un
d
and
lo
wer
le
vel
o
f
fore
kn
ow
led
ge
wit
h o
ne'
s o
wn
eff
ort
s.
Imp
ort
ant
fact
ors
th
at a
ffec
t o
ne'
s su
cces
s ar
e th
e fo
llo
win
g:
amb
itio
n,
pen
etra
tin
g p
ow
er an
d co
mm
itm
ent
to th
e w
ork
an
d su
cces
s. A
mb
itio
us
men
, ev
en w
ith
ou
t p
aren
tal
hel
p,
oft
en a
chie
ve
mo
re w
ith
th
eir
dil
igen
t w
ork
than
th
ose
to
w
ho
m ev
ery
thin
g is
"s
erv
ed o
n th
e pal
m."
S
o,
to m
ake
a
com
par
iso
n,
even
th
ou
gh
much
dep
ends
on t
he
card
s o
ne
get
s, w
ith
a q
ual
ity
of
pla
yin
g o
ne
can
win
th
e g
ame
even
if
the
oth
er p
lay
er h
as b
ette
r ca
rds
than
him
. S
till
, a
fact
or
of
luck
pla
ys
an i
mp
ort
ant
role
, an
d,
in c
ase
of
fail
ure
on
e d
oes
no
t al
way
s n
eed
to
bla
me
him
self
. A
fter
all
, in
th
is t
ime
of
glo
bal
eco
no
mic
cri
sis,
man
y d
ilig
ent
wo
rker
s w
ill
lose
th
eir
job
s n
ot
by
thei
r fa
ult
. In
sh
ort
, fo
r m
any
peo
ple
th
e p
erio
d o
f p
erm
anen
t em
plo
ym
ent
wil
l n
ot
nec
essa
rily
b
e a
per
iod
o
f g
reat
b
usi
nes
s su
cces
s.
Th
e en
tire
gen
erat
ion
o
f p
eop
le,
wh
o w
ere
vic
tim
s o
f th
e p
roce
ss o
f tr
ansi
tio
n an
d
pri
vat
izat
ion
, h
as l
ost
a j
ob
or
had
to
ret
ire
just
at
the
pea
k o
f th
eir
crea
tiv
e
ener
gy
. 5. R
etir
emen
t
Ret
irem
ent,
th
e la
st p
has
e o
f th
e w
ork
ing
car
eer,
is
acco
mp
anie
d b
y a
sho
ck s
imil
ar t
o t
he
tran
siti
on
fro
m s
cho
ol
to w
ork
. T
he
gen
eral
ten
den
cy,
wh
ich
is
pre
sen
t in
th
e w
ho
le w
orl
d,
is t
hat
peo
ple
get
ret
ired
mu
ch l
ater
than
bef
ore
. T
his
fac
t is
mai
nly
du
e to
th
e p
rolo
ng
atio
n o
f li
fe,
bu
t is
als
o a
resu
lt o
f lo
w p
ensi
on
s, a
nd
man
y p
eop
le a
re f
orc
ed t
o w
ork
as
lon
g a
s th
ey
feel
cap
able
of
wo
rkin
g.
Ret
irem
ent
bri
ng
s m
any
ch
ang
es.
Fir
stly
, it
ch
ang
es t
he
soci
al s
tatu
s.
Fo
r ex
amp
le,
the
gen
eral
man
ager
of
a co
mp
any
has
a c
om
ple
tely
dif
fere
nt
38
ther
e ar
e se
nio
r au
tho
rs w
ho
stu
die
d s
om
e as
pec
ts o
f w
ork
, su
ch a
s
Xen
op
ho
n,
Cat
o,
Leo
nar
do
, G
alil
eo,
Vo
ban
etc
.
2.
Sm
ith
cit
ed t
hre
e m
ain
rea
son
s w
hy
th
e d
ivis
ion
of
lab
or
incr
ease
s
pro
duct
ivit
y:
it i
ncr
ease
s w
ork
ers'
skil
ls,
saves
tim
e an
d a
llow
s th
e
intr
od
uct
ion
of
mac
hin
ery
.
3.
Tay
lor
intr
oduce
d t
he
so-c
alle
d s
cien
tifi
c m
anag
emen
t th
at i
s b
ased
on
fin
din
g o
pti
mal
met
ho
ds,
an
d m
ach
iner
y a
nd
to
ols
req
uir
ed t
o p
erfo
rm
this
op
erat
ion
.
4.
Gil
bre
th
intr
od
uce
d
the
stu
dy
of
movem
ent
and
tim
e.
In
the
con
stru
ctio
n i
nd
ust
ry h
e fo
un
d t
he
op
tim
al m
eth
od
s o
f m
aso
nry
.
5.
Web
er f
orm
ula
ted
th
e co
nce
pt
of
idea
l ty
pe
of
org
aniz
atio
n,
wh
ich
is
bas
ed
on
sp
ecia
liza
tio
n,
hie
rarc
hy
, fo
rmal
ru
les,
el
igib
ilit
y
and
imp
erso
nal
ity
.
6.
Fo
rd a
pp
lied
Tay
lor'
s p
rin
cip
les
of
scie
nti
fic
man
agem
ent,
in
tro
du
ced
the
mo
vin
g a
ssem
bly
lin
e an
d h
e d
emo
nst
rate
s th
e ef
fica
cy o
f p
rop
er
org
aniz
atio
n o
f w
ork
in
pra
ctic
e.
Exa
mpl
es o
f exa
m q
uest
ions
1.
Wh
ich
au
tho
rs d
ealt
wit
h t
he
pro
ble
ms
of
wo
rk i
n t
he
An
cien
t T
imes
and
th
e R
enai
ssan
ce?
2.
Wh
y
did
S
mit
h
bel
iev
e th
at
the
div
isio
n
of
wo
rk
incr
ease
s
pro
du
ctiv
ity
?
3.
Wh
at a
re t
he
bas
ic p
rin
cip
les
of
scie
nti
fic
man
agem
ent?
4.
Wh
y i
s G
ilb
reth
im
po
rtan
t to
th
e th
eory
of
the
org
aniz
atio
n o
f w
ork
?
5.
On
w
hic
h
pri
nci
ple
s sh
ou
ld,
acco
rdin
g
to
Web
er,
be
bas
ed
wo
rk
org
aniz
atio
n o
f b
ure
aucr
acy
?
39
6.
Wh
at
wer
e th
e g
reat
est
ach
iev
emen
ts
of
Hen
ry
Fo
rd?
Wh
y
is
it
imp
ort
ant
to t
he
theo
ry o
f th
e o
rgan
izat
ion
of
wo
rk?
94
stim
ula
tes
emp
loy
ees
to s
top
ch
ang
ing
jo
bs
and
to
try
to
fin
d a
per
man
ent
emp
loy
men
t.
Alt
ho
ug
h t
he
per
iod
of
per
man
ent
emp
loy
men
t is
at
the
sam
e ti
me
the
gre
ates
t p
erio
d o
f su
cces
s in
a c
aree
r, t
hat
succ
ess
is n
ot
the
sam
e fo
r al
l
emp
loy
ees.
It
w
ill
ther
efo
re
be
imp
ort
ant
to
men
tio
n
the
fact
ors
th
at
infl
uen
ce
the
lik
elih
oo
d
of
on
e's
succ
ess
wh
ich
th
e in
div
idu
al
can
no
t
infl
uen
ce
pri
mar
ily
d
ue
to
par
ents
' p
rofe
ssio
ns
and
cl
ass
lev
el.
In
all
soci
etie
s th
ere
is a
ten
den
cy o
f in
her
itin
g t
he
clas
s p
osi
tio
n,
no
t o
nly
bec
ause
of
the
inh
erit
ance
, b
ut
also
bec
ause
of
the
fact
th
at r
ich
par
ents
can
pay
fo
r
an e
lite
sch
oo
l to
ed
uca
te t
hei
r ch
ild
ren
. T
hey
can
als
o p
rovid
e th
e ca
pit
al s
o
that
th
ey c
an s
tart
th
eir
ow
n b
usi
nes
s o
r th
ey h
ave
go
od
co
nn
ecti
on
s to
fin
d a
bet
ter
job
fo
r th
eir
chil
dre
n.
Aft
er a
ll,
rich
peo
ple
hav
e a
gre
ater
lik
elih
oo
d
of
fin
din
g a
wea
lth
y s
po
use
.
Occ
up
atio
n o
f p
aren
ts a
lso
aff
ects
su
cces
s. S
tud
ies
in t
he
U.S
. h
ave
sho
wn
th
at 7
0%
of
peo
ple
hav
e th
e sa
me
lev
el o
f ed
uca
tio
n a
s th
eir
par
ents
.
Ch
ild
ren
of
un
iver
sity
pro
fess
ors
hav
e a
rich
er v
oca
bu
lary
in
chil
dh
oo
d t
han
chil
dre
n o
f p
aren
ts w
ith
lo
wer
ed
uca
tio
nal
sta
tus.
An
d i
nte
llig
ence
lar
gel
y
(85%
) dep
ends
on t
he
gen
es.
Th
eref
ore
, th
e su
cces
s d
epen
ds
on
fac
tors
to
wh
ich
an
in
div
idu
al h
as n
o i
nfl
uen
ce.
Ho
wev
er,
this
do
es n
ot
in a
ny
sen
se
mea
n t
hat
on
e's
acti
vit
y d
oes
no
t af
fect
th
e su
cces
s o
f o
ne'
s ca
reer
. S
ince
in
mo
der
n s
oci
etie
s ed
uca
tio
n i
s av
aila
ble
to
alm
ost
all
so
cial
cla
sses
- a
nd
educa
tion i
s one
of
the
most
im
port
ant
fact
ors
fo
r su
cces
s -
it i
s cl
ear
that
edu
cati
on
is
the
mea
ns
wit
h w
hic
h c
hil
dre
n w
ho
co
me
fro
m t
he
po
ore
st
fam
ilie
s ca
n s
kip
a n
um
ber
of
step
s o
n t
he
soci
al l
add
er a
nd
bec
om
e ri
cher
and
mo
re s
ucc
essf
ul
than
th
eir
par
ents
. T
he
lev
el o
f ed
uca
tio
n o
f th
e p
aren
ts
do
es n
ot
hav
e to
be
a cr
uci
al f
acto
r b
ecau
se a
per
son
can
acq
uir
e a
hig
h l
evel
93
mo
no
ton
y o
f w
ork
, jo
b i
nse
curi
ty,
auto
crat
ic a
nd
so
met
imes
im
mo
ral
and
ille
gal
b
ehav
ior
of
man
ager
s. In
ad
dit
ion
, at
th
e b
egin
nin
g o
f h
is ca
reer
emp
loy
ees
gen
eral
ly d
o j
ob
s th
at a
re b
elo
w t
he
lev
el t
hat
th
ey e
xp
ecte
d
du
rin
g t
hei
r sc
ho
oli
ng
. T
he
inte
rnsh
ip p
erio
d r
un
s fr
om
gra
du
atio
n t
o o
bta
in
per
man
ent
emp
loy
men
t. T
his
per
iod
is
char
acte
rize
d b
y l
arg
e h
ori
zon
tal
and
smal
l v
erti
cal
mo
bil
ity
. S
o,
for
exam
ple
, p
eop
le
in
the
U.S
.,
wh
o
are
bet
wee
n 1
8 t
o 3
5 y
ears
old
, ch
ang
e o
n a
ver
age
thre
e jo
bs,
an
d o
ver
35
yea
rs
of
age
un
til
thei
r re
tire
men
t o
ne
job
on
av
erag
e. T
he
per
iod
of
inte
rnsh
ip i
s
also
th
e p
erio
d w
hen
, b
ecau
se o
f la
ck o
f ex
per
ience
and t
he
pri
nci
ple
of
sen
iori
ty,
it i
s th
e m
ost
dif
ficu
lt t
o g
et a
jo
b.
Ho
wev
er,
tho
se w
ho
hav
e
succ
essf
ull
y o
ver
com
e th
e in
tern
ship
per
iod
are
co
min
g t
o t
he
pea
k o
f th
eir
care
er, an
d t
hat
is
a p
erio
d o
f per
man
ent
emplo
ym
ent.
4. P
erm
anen
t em
ploy
men
t
Th
e p
erio
d o
f p
erm
anen
t em
plo
ym
ent
do
es n
ot
beg
in a
t th
e sa
me
tim
e
for
all
emplo
yee
s. H
ow
ever
, fu
ll-t
ime
emplo
ym
ent
typic
ally
beg
ins
at t
he
age
of
35
an
d l
asts
un
til
reti
rem
ent
at t
he
age
of
65
. D
uri
ng
per
man
ent
emp
loy
men
t -
un
lik
e al
l p
rev
iou
s st
ages
of
wo
rkin
g c
aree
r –
ther
e is
a b
ig
ver
tica
l an
d s
mal
l h
ori
zon
tal
mo
bil
ity
. In
oth
er w
ord
s, d
uri
ng
th
is p
erio
d w
e
can
ex
pec
t co
nti
nu
ou
s ca
reer
ad
van
cem
ent,
esp
ecia
lly
am
on
g h
igh
ly s
kil
led
wo
rker
s. S
ince
th
e b
enef
its
are
asso
ciat
ed w
ith
th
e ad
van
cem
ent,
th
is p
erio
d
is c
har
acte
rize
d b
y f
inan
cial
sec
uri
ty a
nd
th
e ac
hie
vem
ent
of
pro
fess
ion
al
amb
itio
ns.
Get
tin
g a
per
man
ent
job
is
mo
stly
co
nn
ecte
d w
ith
get
tin
g m
arri
ed
for
two r
easo
ns.
Fir
stly
, fu
ll-t
ime
emplo
ym
ent
pro
vid
es m
ater
ial
secu
rity
,
and
hel
ps
peo
ple
to
dec
ide
to g
et m
arri
ed m
ore
eas
ily
. S
eco
nd
ly,
mar
riag
e
40
41
4.
Elto
n M
ayo'
s Exp
erim
ents
(188
0-19
49)
Th
ere
was
, fo
r ex
amp
le,
a w
ork
er w
ho
com
pla
ined
a g
reat
dea
l ab
out
bad
fo
od
at
a
rest
aura
nt.
A
fe
w
day
s af
ter
the
inte
rvie
w,
she
acci
den
tall
y
met
th
e in
terv
iew
er
and
th
anked
him
fo
r m
akin
g
the
adm
inis
trat
ion
co
nv
ey h
er c
om
pla
int
and
ther
e w
as a
big
im
pro
vem
ent.
A
nd
th
e in
terv
iew
er
did
n
ot
do
an
yth
ing
, ex
cep
t th
at
he
gav
e th
e w
ork
ers
a ch
ance
to
co
mp
lain
. (M
ille
r an
d F
orm
).
Life
and
car
eer o
f May
o
Un
lik
e T
aylo
r an
d G
ilb
reth
, w
ho
had
beg
un
to
dea
l w
ith
th
e th
eory
afte
r st
arti
ng
th
eir
care
ers
as o
rdin
ary
wo
rker
s, M
ayo
sta
rted
do
ing
res
earc
h
wo
rk a
s a
un
iver
sity
pro
fess
or
(he
tau
gh
t lo
gic
s an
d p
sych
olo
gy
). H
is c
aree
r
beg
an
in
his
n
ativ
e A
ust
rali
a,
wh
ere
he
tau
gh
t at
th
e U
niv
ersi
ty
of
Qu
een
slan
d.
In
19
19
M
ayo
w
as
awar
ded
R
ock
efel
ler
sch
ola
rsh
ip
at
the
Un
iver
sity
of
Pen
nsy
lvan
ia.
Fro
m 1
92
6 t
o 1
94
7 h
e ta
ug
ht
ind
ust
rial
res
earc
h
at H
arv
ard
B
usi
nes
s S
cho
ol.
In
th
e U
SA
, M
ayo
ca
rrie
d o
ut
his
fa
mo
us
exp
erim
ents
wh
ich
fo
un
ded
so
cio
log
y o
f w
ork
as
a sc
ien
ce.2
3
Exp
erim
ents
with
ligh
ting
Stu
art
Ch
ase
(19
45
) d
escr
ibes
May
o's
ex
per
imen
t w
ith
lig
hti
ng
th
at
sig
nif
ican
tly
in
flu
ence
d t
he
late
r fo
rmat
ion
of
his
th
eory
:
In 1
92
4 W
este
rn E
lect
ric
agre
ed t
o s
tud
y t
he
imp
act
of
lig
hti
ng
o
n w
ork
. It
was
ass
um
ed t
hat
th
e b
ette
r th
e li
gh
tin
g,
the
bet
ter
the
pro
du
ctiv
ity
. T
wo
gro
up
s o
f w
ork
ers
wer
e se
lect
ed.
Th
e co
ntr
ol
gro
up
23 F
or
a m
ore
det
aile
d d
escr
ipti
on
of
the
life
and w
ork
of
May
o's
see
Mil
ler,
D
elb
ert
C,
an
d W
illi
an H
. F
orm
, In
dust
rial
Soc
iolo
gy: a
n In
trod
uctio
n to
the
Soci
olog
y of
Wor
k Re
latio
ns, N
ew Y
ork
: H
arp
er a
nd
Bro
ther
s, 1
95
1, p
p 1
4-9
an
d 5
3-1
12
.
92
oft
en e
ven
ash
amed
of
thei
r jo
bs
bec
ause
th
ey b
elie
ve
that
th
is i
s a
job
bel
ow
thei
r in
tell
ectu
al
cap
abil
itie
s.
Th
at
firs
t jo
b
is
char
acte
rize
d
by
la
rge
ho
rizo
nta
l an
d s
mal
l v
erti
cal
mo
bil
ity
. H
ow
ever
, d
uri
ng
th
eir
coll
ege
yea
rs,
they
can
get
bet
ter
job
s. P
up
ils
and
stu
den
ts o
ften
wo
rk p
art-
tim
e o
r w
ork
du
rin
g t
he
ho
lid
ays.
So
, it
is
a te
mp
ora
ry e
mp
loy
men
t, a
nd
ed
uca
tio
n t
akes
pre
ced
ence
ov
er w
ork
.
3. T
rans
ition
from
scho
ol to
wor
k an
d in
tern
ship
per
iod
T
he
tran
siti
on f
rom
sch
ool
to w
ork
(w
ith t
he
tran
siti
on t
o r
etir
emen
t)
is o
ne
of
two
maj
or
mil
esto
nes
in
th
e w
ork
ing
lif
e o
f m
an.
Th
eref
ore
, w
e
wil
l fi
rst
stat
e th
e m
ost
im
po
rtan
t d
iffe
ren
ces
bet
wee
n
the
per
iod
o
f
edu
cati
on
an
d p
erio
ds
of
emp
loy
men
t. T
he
firs
t b
ig d
iffe
ren
ce i
s a
bet
ter
and
mo
re
imm
edia
te
mo
tiv
atio
n
for
work
ing
than
fo
r ed
uca
tin
g.
When
emp
loy
ed,
the
wo
rker
get
s a
sala
ry,
and t
his
enab
les
him
to
sat
isfy
a l
arg
e
nu
mb
er o
f h
is n
eed
s. H
ow
ever
, th
e w
ork
sch
edu
le i
s m
uch
str
icte
r at
th
e
wo
rk p
lace
th
an a
t sc
ho
ol,
an
d t
he
amo
un
t o
f fr
ee t
ime
is r
edu
ced
. D
isci
pli
ne
at w
ork
is
also
str
icte
r th
an a
t sc
ho
ol.
Du
rin
g h
is s
tud
ies
he
is d
evel
op
ing
-
by
re
spec
tin
g th
e au
tho
rity
o
f P
rofe
sso
r -
coll
egia
l re
lati
on
ship
b
etw
een
teac
her
s an
d
stu
den
ts,
at
wo
rk
a st
rict
er
com
pli
ance
w
ith
the
form
al
auth
ori
ty o
f th
e su
per
vis
or
is u
sual
ly e
xp
ecte
d.
At
wo
rk,
pro
gre
ss i
s sl
ow
er
than
at
sc
ho
ol,
an
d
the
pro
ced
ure
o
f ad
van
cem
ent
is
less
d
efin
ed.
Ad
van
cem
ent
oft
en d
epen
ds
on
fac
tors
th
at a
re n
ot
dir
ectl
y a
sso
ciat
ed w
ith
the
qu
alit
y
of
wo
rk.
Ad
van
cem
ent
dep
end
s o
n
rela
tio
nsh
ips,
fr
ien
dsh
ip,
bea
uty
o
r as
sert
iven
ess
of
emp
loy
ees.
P
sych
olo
gic
al
pro
ble
ms
of
yo
un
g
emplo
yee
s ca
n c
ause
som
e oth
er f
acto
rs -
wo
rk w
ith
th
e o
lder
po
pu
lati
on
(du
rin
g t
hei
r sc
ho
ol
yea
rs s
tud
ents
are
const
antl
y s
urr
ounded
by t
hei
r pee
rs),
91
go
ing
to
sch
oo
l ch
ild
ren
hav
e to
get
use
d t
o t
he
sch
edu
le i
n w
hic
h a
larg
e p
art
of
the
day
th
ey m
ust
dev
ote
to
lea
rnin
g.
2.
Sch
oo
l te
ach
es c
hil
dre
n t
o r
esp
ect
auth
ori
ty,
esp
ecia
lly
th
e au
tho
rity
of
the
teac
her
. T
his
res
pec
t fo
r h
iera
rch
y i
s la
ter
tran
smit
ted
to
acc
ept
the
auth
ori
ty o
f th
eir
sup
erio
rs a
t th
e w
ork
pla
ce.
3.
Sch
oo
l al
so
dev
elo
ps
oth
er
char
acte
r tr
aits
su
ch
as:
dil
igen
ce,
per
sist
ence
, co
mp
etit
ive
spir
it,
gri
t, g
oo
d-m
ann
ers,
so
lid
arit
y,
etc.
4.
Ho
wev
er,
som
e n
egat
ive
ph
eno
men
a ar
e al
so
dev
elo
pin
g
– b
ein
g
env
iou
s o
f b
ette
r st
ud
ents
, ly
ing
to
ju
stif
y n
on
-att
end
ance
at
sch
oo
l,
etc.
5.
Du
rin
g s
cho
ol
yea
rs t
he
amo
un
t o
f w
ork
o
uts
ide
sch
oo
l in
crea
ses.
Dai
ly d
uti
es m
ay i
ncl
ud
e p
erfo
rmin
g h
ou
seh
old
ch
ore
s, l
oo
kin
g a
fter
sib
lin
gs,
h
elp
ing
w
ith
th
e fa
mil
y b
usi
nes
s, ta
kin
g th
e g
arb
age
ou
t,
go
ing
to
th
e st
ore
an
d e
tc.
2. F
irst
jobs
M
ost
st
ud
ents
ea
rn
thei
r fi
rst
spen
din
g
money
in
hig
h
school.
Alt
ho
ug
h w
e d
o n
ot
hav
e ac
cura
te d
ata
on
th
e p
erce
nta
ge
of
stu
den
ts w
ho
are
wo
rkin
g i
n C
roat
ia (
the
larg
est
par
t o
f th
e w
ork
do
ne
is n
ot
reg
iste
red
),
on
e g
ets
the
imp
ress
ion
th
at t
his
is
less
th
an i
n t
he
U.S
. w
her
e 8
0%
of
hig
h
sch
oo
l st
ud
ents
an
d 9
7%
of
un
iver
sity
stu
den
ts w
ork
occ
asio
nal
ly.
The
most
com
mo
n m
oti
ves
fo
r th
e fi
rst
emp
loy
men
t ar
e: e
arn
ing
mo
ney
, g
ain
ing
wo
rk
exp
erie
nce
, g
ain
ing
fi
nan
cial
in
dep
end
ence
fr
om
p
aren
ts
and
g
ain
ing
con
fid
ence
.
D
uri
ng
sc
ho
oli
ng
, th
ey
are
most
ly
doin
g
the
sim
ple
st
jobs
-
wai
tres
sin
g,
ph
ysi
cal
lab
or,
sel
lin
g n
ewsp
aper
s et
c. P
up
ils
and
stu
den
ts a
re
42
wo
rked
un
der
th
e sa
me
lig
hti
ng
all
th
e ti
me.
Th
e li
gh
tin
g w
as g
rad
ual
ly
inte
nsi
fied
in
th
e ex
per
imen
tal
gro
up
. A
nd
in
th
at g
rou
p p
rod
uct
ivit
y
incr
ease
d.
Exce
llen
t! I
t m
ight
be
exp
ecte
d.
Ho
wev
er,
the
pro
du
ctiv
ity
o
f th
e co
ntr
ol
gro
up
als
o w
ent
up
, al
tho
ug
h t
he
lig
hti
ng
was
no
t b
ette
r fo
r a
can
dle
! T
his
was
to
tall
y u
nex
pec
ted
. T
her
e w
ere
also
so
me
oth
er
stra
ng
e re
sult
s. T
hey
red
uce
d t
he
bri
gh
tnes
s o
f th
e ex
per
imen
tal
gro
up
s b
elo
w t
he
lev
el o
f b
rig
htn
ess
of
the
con
tro
l g
rou
p.
Th
e p
rod
uct
ivit
y o
f ex
per
imen
tal
gro
up
in
crea
sed
! A
nd
th
e sa
me
hap
pen
ed i
n t
he
contr
ol
gro
up
!24
Ho
w t
o e
xp
lain
th
ese
un
exp
ecte
d r
esu
lts
of
the
exp
erim
ent?
Ho
w t
o
exp
lain
th
at p
rod
uct
ivit
y w
as i
ncr
easi
ng
in
th
e ex
per
imen
tal
gro
up u
nti
l it
reac
hed
th
e le
vel
of
lig
ht
such
as
mo
on
lig
ht!
? M
ayo
had
no
an
swer
to
th
e
qu
esti
on
s w
hil
e d
oin
g
the
exp
erim
ent.
H
e fo
un
d
the
answ
ers
to
thes
e
qu
esti
on
s o
nly
aft
er h
is l
ater
ex
per
imen
ts.
Exp
erim
ents
with
rela
ys
To
an
swer
th
ese
qu
esti
on
s an
d t
o e
xp
lore
ad
dit
ion
al f
acto
rs t
hat
aff
ect
the
pro
du
ctiv
ity
o
f la
bo
r, M
ayo
o
rgan
ized
a
new
ex
per
imen
t in
th
e te
st
roo
m,
wh
ere
six
fem
ale
wo
rker
s –
wh
o w
ere
cho
sen
in
su
ch a
way
th
at t
he
two
ch
ose
n h
ad t
o c
ho
ose
th
e o
ther
fo
ur
rem
ain
ing
co
-wo
rker
s –
work
ed o
n
tele
ph
on
e re
lay
s. D
uri
ng
th
e ex
per
imen
t, s
om
e p
oli
cies
wer
e ch
ang
ed a
nd
they
m
easu
red
h
ow
th
ese
chan
ges
af
fect
th
e p
rod
uct
ivit
y
of
lab
or.
T
he
exp
erim
ent
had
th
e fo
llo
win
g s
tag
es:
1.
Th
e fi
rst
con
dit
ion
was
a w
ork
ing
wee
k o
f 4
8 h
ou
rs (
six d
ays
a w
eek
for
eig
ht
ho
urs
of
wo
rk).
No b
reak
whil
e w
ork
ing.
24 D
escr
ipti
ons
of
the
exper
imen
ts t
aken
fro
m C
has
e, S
tuar
t an
d M
aria
n T
yle
r C
has
e, 1
945, M
en a
t Wor
k, so
me
dem
ocra
tic m
etho
ds fo
r the
pow
er a
ge, H
arco
urt
, B
race
an
d C
om
pan
y,
New
Yo
rk,
pp
. 9
-27
.
43
2.
Intr
od
uct
ion
o
f a
gro
up
p
aym
ent
acco
rdin
g
to
per
form
ance
-
pro
du
ctiv
ity
in
crea
sed
.
3.
Wo
rker
s w
ere
giv
en
two
b
reak
s fo
r 5
m
inu
tes
– p
rod
uct
ivit
y
incr
ease
d.
4.
Bre
aks
wer
e ex
ten
ded
to
10
min
ute
s -
pro
du
ctiv
ity
gre
atly
in
crea
sed
.
5.
Intr
od
uct
ion
o
f si
x
bre
aks
for
5
min
ute
s –
pro
du
ctiv
ity
sl
igh
tly
dec
reas
ed.
6.
Bre
aks
wer
e re
du
ced
to
tw
o,
bu
t w
ith
a h
ot
mea
l pai
d b
y t
he
com
pan
y
- p
rod
uct
ivit
y i
ncr
ease
d.
7.
Th
e w
ork
ing
day
was
red
uce
d f
or
hal
f an
ho
ur
- p
rod
uct
ivit
y g
reat
ly
incr
ease
d.
8.
An
oth
er h
alf-
ho
ur
sho
rten
ing
- p
rod
uct
ivit
y r
emai
ned
th
e sa
me.
9.
Ex
ten
sio
n o
f w
ork
ing
day
fo
r an
ho
ur
- p
rod
uct
ivit
y i
ncr
ease
d.
10
. W
ork
ing
co
nd
itio
ns
wer
e re
turn
ed t
o t
he
beg
inn
ing
of
the
exper
imen
t
– p
rod
uct
ivit
y m
axim
ally
in
crea
sed
!
Ho
w t
o e
xp
lain
th
ese
un
exp
ecte
d r
esu
lts?
Do
th
ey m
ean
th
at i
t d
oes
no
t m
atte
r w
hat
th
e li
gh
tin
g i
s at
th
e w
ork
pla
ce,
or
if t
he
work
ers
hav
e a
bre
ak o
r n
ot,
or
if y
ou
giv
e th
em t
hei
r m
eal
or
no
t, o
r w
hat
th
eir
wo
rkin
g
ho
urs
ar
e?
Th
e an
swer
to
th
ese
qu
esti
on
s is
n
egat
ive.
A
ll
this
af
fect
s
pro
du
ctiv
ity
, b
ut
ther
e w
as a
no
ther
fac
tor,
th
at w
as u
nti
l th
en n
egle
cted
, an
d
that
is
the
ple
asu
re o
f m
en i
n t
he
wo
rkp
lace
. W
hen
May
o d
isco
ver
ed t
his
,
un
til
then
neg
lect
ed f
acto
r, a
sp
ecia
l b
ran
ch o
f so
cio
log
y w
as f
ou
nd
ed -
soci
olo
gy
of
wo
rk.
90
the
earl
y p
erio
d o
f li
fe s
tim
ula
te t
he
succ
ess
at w
ork
bu
sin
ess
in t
he
mat
ure
ph
ase
of
life
. T
he
role
of
par
ents
is
par
ticu
larl
y i
mp
ort
ant
sin
ce c
hil
dre
n
un
con
scio
usl
y
tak
e th
eir
par
ents
as
ro
le
mo
del
s.
Ev
en
the
firs
t w
ork
exper
ience
, w
hic
h b
egin
s ar
ound t
he
thir
d y
ear
of
life
, is
ass
oci
ated
wit
h
kn
ow
led
ge
of
the
chil
dre
n
that
th
e par
ents
go
to
work
ev
ery
day
. B
y
imit
atin
g a
du
lts,
kid
s lo
ve
to p
lay
th
e ro
les
of
cert
ain
pro
fess
ion
s. T
hey
lo
ve
to m
ake
cak
es w
ith
th
eir
mo
ther
s o
r p
lay
th
e ro
le o
f th
e w
ork
ing
ph
ysi
cian
s,
sale
sper
son
etc
. S
uch
gam
es a
re i
mp
ort
ant
in t
he
stu
dy
of
soci
aliz
atio
n a
nd
ther
efo
re
sho
uld
b
e en
cou
rag
ed.
Ch
ild
ren
sh
ou
ld
be
inv
olv
ed
in
wo
rk
acti
vit
ies
at h
om
e m
ore
oft
en,
for
exam
ple
, w
hen
cle
anin
g t
he
apar
tmen
t.
Ch
ild
ren
sh
ou
ld l
earn
to
do
cer
tain
tas
ks
as s
oo
n a
s th
ey c
an p
erfo
rm s
om
e
acti
vit
ies
- p
utt
ing
th
e to
ys
in t
he
toy
bo
x,
mak
ing
bed
s. I
n t
his
way
, p
aren
ts
hav
e le
ss h
ou
seh
old
ch
ore
s, a
nd
ch
ild
ren
acq
uir
e w
ork
hab
its.
Ho
wev
er,
it i
s
extr
emel
y i
mp
ort
ant
to p
rais
e a
chil
d f
or
each
act
ivit
y w
hic
h i
s ca
rrie
d o
ut,
bec
ause
pra
ise
and
aw
ard
s ad
dit
ion
ally
mo
tiv
ate
kid
s to
wo
rk.
So
, ti
ps
on
mo
tiv
atio
n,
rew
ard
s an
d p
un
ish
men
t, w
hic
h w
ere
ou
tlin
ed i
n t
he
pre
vio
us
chap
ter,
can
be
par
tial
ly a
pp
lied
to
mo
tiv
ate
chil
dre
n t
o w
ork
. T
hu
s, f
or
exam
ple
, th
e m
eth
od
se
lf-f
ulf
illi
ng
p
rop
hec
y ca
n b
e ap
pli
ed to
ch
ild
ren
.
Ass
ura
nce
th
at t
hey
wil
l su
ccee
d i
n t
hei
r ef
fort
s if
th
ey w
ork
har
d e
no
ug
h,
incr
ease
s th
e li
kel
iho
od
th
at a
ch
ild
wil
l ac
tual
ly s
ucc
eed i
n a
chie
vin
g t
he
go
al (
for
exam
ple
, in
lea
rnin
g).
1. b
) Sch
ool a
nd w
ork
soci
aliz
atio
n
Th
e b
egin
nin
g o
f th
e sc
ho
ol
per
iod
mak
es a
hu
ge
mil
esto
ne
in c
hil
d's
soci
aliz
atio
n.
Th
e m
ost
im
po
rtan
t in
flu
ence
s o
f sc
ho
ol
are
the
foll
ow
ing
:
1.
Sch
oo
l te
ach
es c
hil
dre
n s
elf-
dis
cip
lin
e. M
any
ch
ild
ren
had
alm
ost
a
wh
ole
day
to
pla
y b
efo
re s
tart
ing
sch
oo
l. H
ow
ever
, w
hen
th
ey s
tart
89
8. W
orki
ng c
aree
r
Ev
ery
thin
g I
hav
e d
on
e so
far
in
my
lif
e, I
hav
e done
in o
rder
to
do
les
s. (
ano
ny
mo
us
gra
ffit
i)
Intr
oduc
tion
Th
is
chap
ter
exam
ines
th
e re
lati
on
ship
b
etw
een
a
man
an
d
wo
rk
du
rin
g h
is l
ifet
ime,
fro
m b
irth
til
l th
e en
d o
f li
fe.
Th
e g
oal
of
the
chap
ter
is
to i
ntr
oduce
stu
den
ts t
o t
he
bas
ic c
har
acte
rist
ics
of
the
ind
ivid
ual
sta
ges
of
the
wo
rkin
g c
aree
r an
d t
he
pro
ble
ms
that
wai
t fo
r th
em i
n t
hes
e st
ages
.
We
dis
tin
gu
ish
fiv
e st
ages
of
the
wo
rkin
g c
aree
r:34
1.
Pre
par
atio
n
a. P
re-s
cho
ol
per
iod
b.
Sch
oo
l p
erio
d
2.
Fir
st j
ob
s
3.
Th
e tr
ansi
tio
n f
rom
sch
oo
l to
wo
rk a
nd
in
tern
ship
per
iod
4.
Per
man
ent
emplo
ym
ent
5.
Pen
sio
n
1. P
repa
ratio
n 1.
a) P
re-s
choo
l per
iod
As
we
hav
e p
rev
iou
sly
st
ated
(s
ee
p.
55
-6),
ch
ild
ho
od
h
as
an
imp
ort
ant
role
in
th
e w
ork
ing
car
eer,
as
wo
rkin
g h
abit
s th
at a
re a
cqu
ired
in
34 D
isp
lay
of
wo
rkin
g c
aree
rs i
s al
so m
ade
acco
rdin
g t
o M
ull
er a
nd F
orm
, O
p.
cit.
, p
p.
62
7-9
58
.
44
Exp
lana
tion
of e
xper
imen
tal r
esul
ts
Lat
er,
rese
arch
res
ult
s o
f th
e ex
per
imen
t sh
ow
ed t
hat
th
e d
ecis
ion
,
wh
en t
he
two
sta
ff m
emb
ers
had
to
ch
oo
se t
hei
r co
-wo
rker
s, m
igh
t h
ave
bee
n c
ruci
al f
or
the
exp
erim
ent.
Th
is c
reat
ed a
co
mp
act
wo
rkin
g t
eam
in
wh
ich
th
e w
ork
ers
felt
co
mfo
rtab
le o
r at
lea
st f
ar m
ore
co
mfo
rtab
le t
han
at
thei
r u
sual
wo
rkin
g p
lace
, w
her
e th
ey h
ad n
ever
bee
n a
sked
ab
ou
t an
yth
ing
,
esp
ecia
lly
no
t ab
ou
t w
ho
th
ey w
ante
d t
o w
ork
wit
h.
Ho
wev
er,
this
was
ju
st
on
e o
f th
e re
aso
ns
for
rela
tiv
ely
h
igh
p
rod
uct
ivit
y
of
wo
rker
s fo
r th
e
du
rati
on
o
f th
e ex
per
imen
t,
esp
ecia
lly
in
it
s fi
nal
st
age.
A
no
ther
v
ery
imp
ort
ant
fact
or
was
th
at t
he
wo
rker
s fe
lt t
hat
so
meo
ne
app
reci
ated
th
em
and
th
ey f
elt
imp
ort
ant
(wh
ich
was
no
t th
e ca
se b
efo
re)
bec
ause
th
ey k
new
that
th
ey w
ere
par
tici
pat
ing
in
th
e ex
per
imen
t. T
he
sense
of
import
ance
incr
ease
d
thei
r sa
tisf
acti
on
at
w
ork
w
hic
h
po
siti
vel
y
affe
cted
th
e
pro
du
ctiv
ity
. T
his
ev
en l
ed t
o a
dec
reas
e o
f ab
sen
teei
sm.
So
met
imes
th
ere
was
th
e im
pre
ssio
n t
hat
th
e g
irls
co
uld
no
t w
ait
to g
et t
o w
ork
! T
hey
sel
ecte
d
the
met
hod o
f w
ork
them
selv
es,
wh
ich
en
cou
rag
ed c
reat
ivit
y.
(Was
th
is i
n
acco
rdan
ce w
ith
Tay
lor'
s ad
vic
e?)
Job
sat
isfa
ctio
n l
ed t
o a
sen
se o
f re
lati
ve
free
dom
in p
erfo
rmin
g t
hei
r jo
bs,
whic
h w
ork
ers
did
not
abuse
, an
d i
t al
so
incr
ease
d
thei
r se
nse
o
f re
spo
nsi
bil
ity.
Po
siti
ve
rela
tio
nsh
ips
wer
e al
so
refl
ecte
d i
n t
he
fact
th
at t
hey
wer
e n
ot
just
wo
rker
s h
elp
ing
eac
h o
ther
at
wo
rk,
bu
t th
ey a
lso
beg
an t
o s
oci
aliz
e ex
ten
siv
ely
in
th
eir
spar
e ti
me,
an
d
wh
en t
he
arg
um
ents
bro
ke
ou
t, t
hey
had
a c
har
acte
rist
ic o
f a
fam
ily
feu
d
rath
er t
han
dis
rup
ted
hu
man
rel
atio
nsh
ips.
All
this
gre
atly
red
uce
d m
enta
l
fati
gu
e o
f w
ork
ers,
an
d i
t w
as a
new
fac
tor
fou
nd
in
May
o's
ex
per
imen
ts.
Unti
l th
en,
rese
arch
ers
had
bee
n
full
y
focu
sed
o
n
the
elim
inat
ion
an
d
45
red
uct
ion
of
ph
ysi
cal
fati
gu
e. I
n p
rev
iou
s st
ud
ies
hu
man
s w
ere
trea
ted
as
a
kin
d o
f m
ach
ine,
in
wh
ich
th
e w
ork
had
to
rea
ch a
n o
pti
mal
rat
io b
etw
een
the
ener
gy
in
ves
ted
an
d t
he
per
form
ance
acc
om
pli
shed
. H
ow
ever
, M
ayo
's
exp
erim
ents
sh
ow
ed t
hat
th
e m
an s
ho
uld
not
be
trea
ted a
s a
mac
hin
e, a
nd
that
we
mu
st t
ake
care
of
his
men
tal
moo
d a
t th
e w
ork
pla
ce.
Th
is w
as o
ne
of
the
gre
ates
t ac
hie
vem
ents
of
May
o's
ex
per
imen
ts.
The
basi
c el
emen
ts o
f May
o's t
heor
y
Bas
ed o
n h
is e
xp
erim
ents
, M
ayo
form
ula
ted a
theo
ry w
hic
h i
s al
so c
alle
d
the
theo
ry
of
hu
man
re
lati
on
s (h
um
an
rela
tio
ns
app
roac
h).
T
he
bas
ic
elem
ents
of
this
th
eory
are
th
e fo
llo
win
g:
1.
So
fa
r th
e st
ud
ies
hav
e fo
cuse
d
on
th
e in
div
idual
m
oti
vat
ion
of
wo
rker
s. H
ow
ever
, M
ayo
sh
ow
ed t
hat
, at
th
e w
ork
pla
ce,
work
ers
act
as a
tea
m,
no
t ju
st a
s a
gro
up
of
iso
late
d i
nd
ivid
ual
s.
2.
Co
llab
ora
tio
n a
t th
e w
ork
pla
ce d
oes
no
t al
way
s o
ccu
r sp
on
tan
eou
sly
-
it n
eed
s to
be
stim
ula
ted
. O
ne
po
ssib
le w
ay t
o a
chie
ve
this
is
to l
et t
he
wo
rker
s ch
oo
se t
hei
r o
wn
co
-wo
rker
s.
3.
Ind
ivid
ual
pro
ble
ms
wit
h w
ork
ers
may
be
du
e to
so
cial
pro
ble
ms.
Fo
r
exam
ple
, a
go
od
wo
rker
can
su
dd
enly
per
form
bad
ly a
t w
ork
if
he
get
s in
to c
on
flic
t w
ith
his
co
llea
gu
es a
t th
e w
ork
pla
ce,
and
fam
ily
pro
ble
ms
can
hav
e an
im
pac
t o
n a
per
son
's w
ork
as
wel
l.
4.
Wo
rk i
s n
ot
just
a m
ean
s o
f ea
rnin
g m
on
ey,
bu
t it
can
als
o b
e a
sou
rce
of
hu
man
sat
isfa
ctio
n.
5.
Mo
ney
is
just
a m
ean
s to
sti
mu
late
wo
rker
s.
6.
Pro
du
ctiv
ity
o
f w
ork
d
epen
ds,
am
on
g
oth
er
thin
gs,
o
n
wo
rker
s'
acce
pta
nce
of
the
form
al s
up
erv
iso
r as
a r
eal
lead
er.
Sp
ecif
ical
ly,
if
88
87
8.
At
the
dis
cip
lin
ary
mee
tin
g,
the
emp
loy
ee n
eed
s to
kn
ow
wh
at h
e d
id
wro
ng
, w
hat
is
exp
ecte
d f
rom
him
an
d w
hat
wil
l h
app
en i
f h
e d
oes
no
t
chan
ge
his
beh
avio
r.
Exa
mpl
es o
f exa
m q
uest
ions
1.
Ex
pla
in t
he
dif
fere
nce
bet
wee
n i
ntr
insi
c an
d e
xtr
insi
c m
oti
vat
ion
!
2.
Wh
ich
rew
ard
s ca
n b
e g
iven
to
em
plo
yee
s?
3.
Wh
at k
ind
of
pri
ze m
on
ey h
as t
he
hig
hes
t m
oti
vat
ion
al f
orc
e?
4.
Wh
at a
re t
he
alte
rnat
ives
to
pu
nis
hm
ent?
5.
Wh
ich
pri
nci
ple
s sh
ou
ld b
e re
spec
ted
du
rin
g p
un
ish
men
t?
6.
What
pen
alti
es m
ay b
e im
pose
d o
n e
mplo
yee
s?
7.
Fo
r w
hat
kin
d o
f o
ffen
se i
s a
ver
bal
war
nin
g g
iven
?
8.
Fo
r w
hat
kin
d o
f o
ffen
ce i
s a
wri
tten
war
nin
g g
iven
?
9.
Fo
r w
hat
ty
pe
of
vio
lati
on
s ca
n a
n e
mp
loy
ee b
e im
med
iate
ly f
ired
?
10
. S
pec
ify
th
e ru
les
for
con
du
ctin
g a
dis
cip
lin
ary
mee
tin
g!
46
the
super
vis
or
is n
ot
an a
uth
ori
ty t
o w
ork
ers
- b
ecau
se t
he
sup
erv
iso
r
do
es n
ot
kn
ow
or
can
no
t o
rgan
ize
wo
rk -
th
en t
he
pro
du
ctio
n e
ffec
ts
wil
l b
e w
ors
e th
an e
xp
ecte
d.
7.
Ph
ysi
cal
wo
rkin
g
con
dit
ion
s,
alth
ou
gh
si
gn
ific
ant,
h
ave
a sm
alle
r
imp
act
on
pro
du
ctiv
ity
th
an t
he
psy
cho
log
ical
an
d s
oci
al f
acto
rs.
8.
Fee
lin
gs
and
sat
isfa
ctio
n o
f em
plo
yee
s at
wo
rk h
ave
a g
reat
im
pac
t o
n
pro
du
ctiv
ity
.
9.
Men
tal
fati
gu
e is
wo
rse
for
lab
or
pro
du
ctiv
ity
th
an p
hy
sica
l fa
tig
ue.
10
. It
is
nec
essa
ry t
o a
llo
w t
he
wo
rker
s to
say
wh
at b
oth
ers
them
(se
e th
e
exam
ple
at
the
beg
inn
ing
of
this
ch
apte
r).
11
. W
ork
and l
eisu
re c
an n
ever
be
com
ple
tely
sep
arat
ed.
Th
e si
tuat
ion
at
ho
me
sig
nif
ican
tly
aff
ects
pro
du
ctiv
ity
of
wo
rk.
12
. E
mp
loy
ers
wh
o c
are
abo
ut
the
nee
ds
of
wo
rker
s an
d r
esp
ect
wo
rker
s
ach
iev
e g
reat
er p
rod
uct
ivit
y.
It i
s in
th
e in
tere
st o
f em
plo
yer
s to
hav
e
a h
um
ane
atti
tud
e to
war
d w
ork
ers.
13
. In
form
al
gro
ups
are
ver
y
impo
rtan
t fo
r th
e fu
nct
ion
ing
o
f th
e
com
pan
y.
Cri
ticis
m o
f May
o's t
heor
y
Alt
ho
ug
h M
ayo
's t
heo
ry h
ad a
str
on
g i
nfl
uen
ce o
n t
he
soci
olo
gy
of
wo
rk,
man
y a
uth
ors
hav
e d
isp
ute
d h
is c
on
clu
sio
ns.
Th
e m
ost
co
mm
on
cri
tici
sm i
s
that
May
o c
ame
to h
is c
on
clu
sio
ns
bas
ed o
n t
he
exper
imen
ts,
and t
her
e is
no
evid
ence
th
at t
he
wo
rker
s at
th
e ac
tual
wo
rkp
lace
beh
ave
in t
he
sam
e w
ay a
s
in
the
exp
erim
enta
l co
nd
itio
ns.
T
her
efo
re,
the
clai
m,
that
at
w
ork
pla
ce
wo
rker
s re
spo
nd
p
osi
tiv
ely
to
h
um
an
emp
loy
er-e
mp
loy
ee re
lati
on
ship
, is
dis
pu
ted
bec
ause
it
just
hap
pen
ed d
uri
ng
th
e ex
per
imen
t.
47
Th
e se
con
d
typ
e o
f cr
itic
ism
al
leg
es
that
th
e M
ayo
su
gg
este
d
man
ipu
lati
on
of
wo
rker
s -
a m
ore
hu
man
e at
titu
de
of
emp
loy
ers
tow
ard
s
wo
rker
s in
ord
er t
o e
xp
loit
th
em m
ore
. M
ayo
co
ncl
ud
ed t
hat
wo
rker
s o
per
ate
on
th
e b
asis
of
emo
tio
n,
bu
t em
plo
yer
s ac
t ra
tio
nal
ly -
bas
ed o
n t
he
log
ic o
f
pro
fit.
Th
e th
ird
ty
pe
of
crit
icis
m,
wh
ich
could
condit
ional
ly b
e ca
lled
Mar
xis
t,
arg
ues
th
at
May
o
do
es
no
t n
oti
ce
an
ob
ject
ive
op
po
siti
on
o
f in
tere
sts
bet
wee
n
emp
loy
ers
and
w
ork
ers.
H
um
ane
trea
tmen
t ca
nn
ot
reso
lve
irre
conci
lable
confl
ict
of
inte
rest
s th
at e
xis
ts b
etw
een
th
e ca
pit
alis
t cl
ass
and
the
wo
rkin
g c
lass
.
Con
tinge
ncy
appr
oach
in so
ciol
ogy
of w
ork
Aft
er t
he
Sec
on
d W
orl
d W
ar,
a n
ew t
heo
ry c
alle
d c
on
dit
ion
al a
cces
s in
soci
olo
gy
o
f w
ork
b
ecam
e d
om
inan
t.
Th
is
theo
ry
trie
d
to
reco
nci
le
the
ach
iev
emen
ts o
f cl
assi
cal
theo
ry (T
aylo
r) an
d m
od
ern
th
eory
(M
ayo
).
25
Wh
ile
thes
e tw
o a
uth
ors
tri
ed t
o f
ind
th
e u
niv
ersa
l p
rin
cip
les
that
wo
uld
wo
rk fo
r al
l ty
pes
o
f w
ork
, co
nte
mp
ora
ry au
tho
rs su
gg
est
that
d
iffe
ren
t
acti
vit
ies
req
uir
e d
iffe
ren
t b
ehav
ior
of
man
ager
s. F
or
exam
ple
, th
e p
oli
ce
stat
ion a
nd t
he
univ
ersi
ty c
ann
ot
be
man
aged
in
the
sam
e w
ay.
Even
at
the
un
iver
sity
, a
dif
fere
nt
mo
del
of
beh
avio
r is
ex
pec
ted
by
a D
ean
at
Aca
dem
y
of
Art
in
rel
atio
n t
o a
Dea
n a
t th
e F
acu
lty
of
Civ
il E
ng
inee
rin
g.
Th
eref
ore
,
rese
arch
ers
nee
d
to
iden
tify
al
l th
e re
lev
ant
fact
ors
th
at
infl
uen
ce
the
sele
ctio
n o
f th
e p
rop
er m
eth
od
s to
ad
min
iste
r w
ork
ers.
Th
is d
oes
no
t m
ean
25 F
or
a d
etai
led
des
crip
tio
n o
f th
e co
nd
itio
nal
appro
ach s
ee V
ecch
io,
Rober
t P
.,
2003,
Org
aniz
atio
nal
Beha
vior
: C
ore
Con
cept
s, T
hom
son
/ S
outh
-Wes
tern
, M
ason,
Oh
io,
p.
11
-3.
86
Sum
mar
y
1.
Rew
ard
an
d
pra
ise
hav
e a
stro
ng
er
moti
vat
ional
fo
rce
than
pu
nis
hm
ent.
2.
Th
e fo
llo
win
g
rew
ard
s ar
e av
aila
ble
to
su
per
vis
ors
: p
rais
e,
acknow
led
gem
ent
(dip
lom
as,
pla
qu
etes
), s
tatu
s sy
mb
ols
(o
ffic
ial
car,
off
ice,
sec
reta
ry),
fre
e d
ays,
ad
van
cem
ent
and
pri
ze m
on
ey.
3.
In m
ost
cas
es,
the
bes
t re
sult
s ar
e o
bta
ined
wit
h i
nd
ivid
ual
fin
anci
al
rew
ard
s o
n t
he
bas
is o
f o
bje
ctiv
e cr
iter
ia a
nd
an
an
nu
al b
on
us.
4.
Ign
ori
ng
, "s
cow
l" a
nd
pre
ven
tio
n a
re a
lter
nat
ives
to p
unis
hm
ent
and
sho
uld
be
use
d f
or
min
or
off
ense
s.
5.
Wh
ile
pu
nis
hin
g o
ne
sho
uld
sti
ck t
o t
he
pri
nci
ple
of
imp
erso
nal
ity
,
un
iver
sali
ty,
con
sist
ency
, ap
pro
pri
aten
ess,
em
bar
rass
men
t an
d
imm
edia
cy.
6.
Man
ager
s h
ave
acce
ss
to
the
foll
ow
ing
p
enal
ties
: in
form
al
ver
bal
war
nin
gs,
wri
tten
war
nin
gs,
pro
bat
ion
, tr
ansf
er t
o a
lo
wer
po
siti
on
,
fin
e, s
usp
ensi
on
an
d f
irin
g a
wo
rker
.
7.
A p
erso
n c
an b
e fi
red
fo
r th
e fo
llo
win
g o
ffen
ses:
th
eft,
des
tru
ctio
n o
f
com
pan
ies'
pro
per
ty,
fig
hts
, d
rug
use
at
the
wo
rkp
lace
, d
iso
bed
ien
ce
of
reg
ula
tio
ns
and
ord
ers,
do
cum
ent
forg
ery
, fa
lsif
yin
g d
iplo
mas
an
d
oth
er d
ocu
men
ts,
lyin
g a
t an
in
terv
iew
fo
r a
job
, b
ein
g a
bse
nt
fro
m
wo
rk
wit
ho
ut
no
tify
ing
y
ou
r su
per
vis
or
for
thre
e o
r m
ore
d
ays,
refu
sin
g t
o c
arry
ou
t d
uti
es,
inte
nti
on
ally
tak
ing a
ctio
ns
that
cau
se
seri
ou
s d
amag
e o
r en
dan
ger
th
e li
fe o
r h
ealt
h o
f w
ork
ers.
85
wo
rker
s.33 I
t is
im
po
rtan
t to
no
te t
hat
man
ager
s m
ust
tak
e in
to a
cco
un
t th
at
all
the
pen
alti
es,
and
esp
ecia
lly
th
e m
ost
sev
ere,
must
be
imple
men
ted i
n
acco
rdan
ce w
ith
th
e la
w,
so t
hat
dec
isio
ns
wo
uld
no
t b
e d
ism
isse
d l
ater
in
cou
rt f
or
fail
ure
to
co
mp
ly w
ith
reg
ula
tory
pro
ced
ure
s.
Dis
cipl
inar
y m
eetin
g
In
the
end
, it
is
n
eces
sary
to
m
enti
on
a
few
ti
ps
reg
ard
ing
th
e
dis
cipli
nar
y m
eeti
ng w
ith a
n e
mp
loy
ee.
Bef
ore
th
e m
eeti
ng
, it
is
nec
essa
ry t
o
pre
par
e al
l th
e re
lev
ant
fact
s ab
ou
t th
e em
plo
yee
's v
iola
tio
ns
(wh
ich
he
did
,
wher
e, w
hen
an
d how
). T
he
firs
t su
ch m
eeti
ng
sh
ould
be
hel
d w
ith th
e
emp
loy
ee
in
pri
vat
e.
It
is
ver
y
imp
ort
ant
that
th
e su
per
ior
rem
ain
s
com
ple
tely
cal
m d
uri
ng
su
ch a
mee
tin
g (
ang
er i
s a
sig
n o
f w
eak
nes
s).
At
the
mee
ting i
t is
nec
essa
ry t
o t
ell
the
emplo
yee
what
he
did
wro
ng,
what
is
expec
ted f
rom
him
and w
hat
wil
l h
app
en i
f h
e d
oes
no
t ch
ang
e h
is b
ehav
ior.
It i
s ex
trem
ely
im
po
rtan
t th
at s
up
erv
iso
r k
eep
s h
is w
ord
bec
ause
if
in t
he
end
he
do
es n
ot
pu
nis
h a
wo
rker
he
thre
aten
ed,
his
au
tho
rity
wil
l b
e p
erm
anen
tly
dim
inis
hed
. It
is
im
port
ant
for
a p
un
ish
men
t to
b
e ap
pro
pri
ate
and
in
acco
rdan
ce
wit
h
thes
e in
stru
ctio
ns,
an
d
the
fact
th
at
the
fun
ctio
n
of
pu
nis
hm
ent
is n
ot
rev
eng
e, b
ut
a ch
ang
e o
f b
ehav
ior
mu
st b
e ta
ken
in
to
acco
un
t.
33 D
escr
ipti
on o
f pen
alti
es f
or
cert
ain o
ffen
ses
is t
aken
fro
m O
ber
le,
RL
, 1978,
Enfo
rcin
g d
isci
pli
ne
mea
sure
s, Pe
rson
nel J
ourn
al, p. 30.
48
that
Tay
lor
and
May
o w
ere
wro
ng
. In
dee
d,
the
mo
der
n o
rgan
izat
ion
of
wo
rk
use
s b
oth
, a
scie
nti
fic
org
aniz
atio
n o
f w
ork
an
d t
he
ach
iev
emen
ts o
f th
e
theo
ry o
f h
um
an r
elat
ion
s. H
ow
ever
, th
e ar
t o
f m
anag
emen
t is
no
t ju
st a
bo
ut
the
dil
emm
a o
f w
het
her
to
mo
tiv
ate
emp
loy
ees
wit
h a
hig
her
sal
ary
or
to
hav
e a
go
od
rel
atio
nsh
ip w
ith
th
em o
r n
ot.
Th
e ar
t o
f m
anag
emen
t is
to
tak
e
into
ac
cou
nt
man
y
oth
er
fact
ors
: th
e ty
pe
of
acti
vit
y,
the
edu
cati
on
al
stru
ctu
re o
f th
e la
bo
r fo
rce,
th
e si
tuat
ion
at
the
mar
ket
an
d t
he
size
of
the
org
aniz
atio
n i
n w
hic
h p
eop
le a
re e
mp
loy
ed.
At
this
po
int
we
wil
l n
ot
go
in
to
furt
her
pre
sen
tati
on
of
con
dit
ion
al a
pp
roac
h b
ecau
se t
he
chap
ters
th
at f
oll
ow
are
bas
ed p
reci
sely
on
th
is a
pp
roac
h,
and
th
e b
asic
ch
arac
teri
stic
s o
f th
e
con
dit
ion
al ap
pro
ach
w
ill
bec
om
e ev
iden
t o
n th
e b
asis
o
f an
aly
zin
g th
e
mo
de
of
sele
ctio
n o
f w
ork
ers,
th
eir
wo
rk m
oti
vat
ion
, re
war
ds
etc.
Sum
mar
y
1.
Elt
on
M
ayo
is
th
e fo
un
der
o
f th
e so
cio
log
y
of
wo
rk,
esp
ecia
lly
bec
ause
he
intr
od
uce
d t
he
exp
erim
enta
l m
eth
od
s in
th
e re
sear
ch o
f
wo
rk.
2.
Ex
per
imen
t w
ith
li
gh
tin
g
gav
e u
nex
pec
ted
re
sult
s b
ecau
se
pro
du
ctiv
ity
in
crea
sed
ev
en w
hen
th
e li
gh
t in
ten
sity
was
dec
reas
ed.
In
add
itio
n,
lab
or
pro
du
ctiv
ity
g
rew
st
ead
ily
in
th
e co
ntr
ol
gro
up
in
wh
ich
th
e in
ten
sity
of
lig
ht
was
alw
ays
the
sam
e.
3.
Th
e sa
me
thin
g h
app
ened
in
th
e ex
per
imen
t w
ith
th
e re
lay
bec
ause
pro
du
ctiv
ity
g
rew
al
mo
st
con
tin
uo
usl
y
des
pit
e m
any
ch
ang
es:
the
intr
od
uct
ion
an
d
elim
inat
ion
o
f b
reak
, sh
ort
enin
g
and
ex
ten
din
g
wo
rkin
g h
ou
rs,
pro
vid
ing
ho
t m
eals
etc
.
49
4.
May
o's
ex
per
imen
ts s
tres
sed
th
e im
po
rtan
ce o
f p
sych
olo
gic
al f
acto
rs
in l
abo
r p
rod
uct
ivit
y.
In o
ther
wo
rds,
in
crea
sed
sat
isfa
ctio
n a
t w
ork
-
wh
ich
w
as
the
resu
lt
of
wo
rker
s ab
ilit
y
to
cho
ose
co
-wo
rker
s
them
selv
es,
thei
r g
reat
er f
reed
om
to w
ork
and h
um
ane
trea
tmen
t of
wo
rker
s -
lead
to
in
crea
sed
eff
icie
ncy
.
5.
On t
he
bas
is o
f ex
per
imen
ts,
May
o f
orm
ula
ted h
is t
heo
ry o
f (h
um
an
rela
tio
ns)
acc
ord
ing
to
wh
ich
it
is i
n t
he
inte
rest
of
emp
loy
ers
to h
ave
a h
um
ane
atti
tud
e to
war
ds
the
wo
rker
s an
d t
hey
sh
ou
ld t
ake
care
of
thei
r physi
cal
and m
enta
l nee
ds,
bec
ause
such
an a
ppro
ach l
eads
to a
n
incr
ease
in
pro
du
ctiv
ity
.
6.
May
o h
as b
een
cr
itic
ized
fo
r n
ot
pro
vin
g th
at w
ork
ers
beh
ave
the
sam
e d
uri
ng
th
e ex
per
imen
t an
d d
uri
ng
ev
ery
day
wo
rk.
He
on
ly
enh
ance
d a
fu
rth
er e
xp
loit
atio
n o
f w
ork
ers
and
his
pro
po
sals
can
no
t
reso
lve
the
fun
dam
enta
l co
nfl
ict
bet
wee
n w
ork
an
d c
apit
al.
7.
A d
om
inan
t ap
pro
ach
in
mo
der
n s
oci
olo
gy
of
wo
rk i
s a
con
dit
ion
al
app
roac
h
that
tr
ies
to
com
bin
e th
e cl
assi
c (T
aylo
r's)
an
d
mo
der
n
(May
o's
) ap
pro
ach
o
f th
e o
rgan
izat
ion
o
f w
ork
. T
he
con
dit
ion
al
app
roac
h s
eek
s to
id
enti
fy a
ll t
he
rele
van
t fa
cto
rs t
hat
aff
ect
the
pro
per
org
aniz
atio
n o
f w
ork
.
Exa
mpl
es o
f exa
m q
uest
ions
1.
Wh
y i
s M
ayo
sig
nif
ican
t fo
r so
cio
log
y o
f w
ork
?
2.
Des
crib
e an
ex
per
imen
t w
ith
lig
hti
ng
!
3.
Des
crib
e an
ex
per
imen
t w
ith
rel
ays!
4.
Wh
y d
id n
ot
May
o's
ex
per
imen
ts a
chie
ve
the
resu
lts
that
he
exp
ecte
d
bef
ore
th
e ex
per
imen
t?
84
Ser
iou
s o
ffen
se
imm
edia
tely
re
qu
ires
a
wri
tten
war
ning
. S
uch
vio
lati
on
s ar
e: s
leep
ing
at
the
wo
rkp
lace
, p
rofe
ssio
nal
neg
lig
ence
cau
sin
g
pro
per
ty d
amag
e, d
iso
bed
ien
ce (
mil
d v
iola
tio
ns
of
wri
tten
ru
les
or
ord
ers
of
a su
per
ior)
, an
d a
bse
nce
fro
m w
ork
wit
ho
ut
no
tify
ing
au
tho
riti
es.
In c
ase
that
su
ch
vio
lati
on
s te
nd
to
b
e re
pea
ted,
we
must
ap
ply
ev
en
tougher
pen
alti
es.
If
a w
ritt
en
war
nin
g
do
es
no
t w
ork
, th
e em
plo
yee
m
ay
be
on
prob
atio
n. F
or
exam
ple
, h
is d
aily
or
wee
kly
sal
ary
may
be
ded
uct
ed,
no
tin
g
that
the
dec
isio
n w
ill
not
be
imp
lem
ente
d i
f in
th
e n
ext
thre
e m
on
ths
he
do
es
no
t m
ake
a si
ng
le o
ffen
se.
Som
e pow
ers
can b
e ta
ken
aw
ay f
rom
a n
egli
gen
t em
plo
yee
(re
mov
al)
or
he
can b
e m
oved
to a
noth
er l
oca
tio
n.
Th
us,
th
e m
ilit
ary
oft
en p
un
ish
es
off
icer
s b
y
mo
vin
g
them
in
to
the
pro
vin
ce
(tran
sfer
).
Mo
re
sev
ere
pu
nis
hm
ent
is t
o m
ov
e to
a l
ow
er r
ated
an
d p
oo
rly
pai
d j
ob
.
Ev
entu
ally
th
e m
ost
se
rio
us
pen
alti
es w
ill
be
list
ed,
such
as
fin
es
(un
pai
d m
on
thly
wag
es),
per
man
ent
sala
ry re
duct
ion,
sus
pens
ion
from
work
or
bei
ng
fire
d. B
eing f
ired
is
the
most
sev
ere
pu
nis
hm
ent
an e
mp
loy
er c
an
giv
e. A
ll o
ther
pen
alti
es a
re t
he
resp
on
sib
ilit
y o
f th
e st
ate.
A p
erso
n c
an b
e
fire
d f
or
the
foll
ow
ing
off
ense
s: t
hef
t, d
estr
uct
ion o
f co
mpan
ies'
pro
per
ty,
fig
hts
, d
rug
use
at
the
wo
rkp
lace
, d
iso
bed
ien
ce o
f re
gu
lati
on
s an
d o
rder
s,
do
cum
ent
forg
ery
, fa
lsif
yin
g d
iplo
mas
an
d o
ther
d
ocu
men
ts,
lyin
g at
an
inte
rvie
w
for
a jo
b,
bei
ng
ab
sen
t fr
om
w
ork
w
ith
ou
t n
oti
fyin
g
yo
ur
sup
erv
iso
r fo
r th
ree
or
mo
re d
ays,
ref
usi
ng t
o c
arry
out
duti
es,
inte
nti
onal
ly
tak
ing
act
ion
s th
at c
ause
ser
iou
s d
amag
e o
r en
dan
ger
th
e li
fe o
r h
ealt
h o
f
83
Her
zeg
ov
ina,
h
as
the
rig
ht
to
hav
e h
ors
e-ri
din
g
less
on
s,
mas
sag
e,
sau
na
and
oth
er p
riv
ileg
es w
hil
e se
rvin
g t
ime
in p
riso
n.
So
, if
th
e
emp
loy
ee is
p
enal
ized
b
y b
ein
g re
loca
ted
to
a
new
w
ork
ing
p
lace
wh
ere
ther
e ar
e b
ette
r w
ork
ing
co
nd
itio
ns,
th
en s
uch
pu
nis
hm
ent
do
es
no
t h
ave
a p
rev
enti
ve
effe
ct.
6.
Imm
edia
cy.
Th
e p
un
ish
men
t sh
ou
ld b
e im
po
sed
im
med
iate
ly a
fter
th
e
off
ence
is
bei
ng
co
mm
itte
d b
ecau
se i
t w
ou
ld t
hen
hav
e th
e g
reat
est
edu
cati
on
al
imp
act.
H
ow
ever
, th
e n
eed
to
im
ple
men
t ap
pro
pri
ate
dis
cip
lin
ary
p
roce
edin
gs
oft
en
pre
ven
ts
the
imp
lem
enta
tio
n
of
the
pri
nci
ple
of
imm
edia
cy.
Type
s of p
unis
hmen
t
Pre
vio
usl
y,
it w
as s
tate
d t
hat
on
e o
f th
e p
rin
cip
les
that
sh
ou
ld b
e ta
ken
into
acc
ount
duri
ng t
he
punis
hm
ent
is a
pri
nci
ple
of
adeq
uac
y.
Ther
efore
, it
is
nec
essa
ry
to
spec
ify
th
e p
un
ish
men
ts
fro
m
the
leas
t to
m
ost
se
ver
e.
Alt
ho
ug
h
isol
atio
n is
n
ot
a fo
rmal
p
un
ish
men
t,
it
is
wo
rth
m
enti
on
ing
bec
ause
it
is o
ne
of
the
most
co
mm
on
in
form
al s
anct
ion
s. I
n s
mal
l to
wn
s
peo
ple
oft
en i
sola
te p
eop
le w
ho
do
no
t fi
t th
e u
nw
ritt
en m
ora
l ru
les
of
that
pla
ce.
Als
o,
wo
rker
s o
ften
iso
late
th
eir
coll
eges
wh
o d
o n
ot
wan
t to
jo
in t
he
stri
ke,
wh
ich
th
e m
ajo
rity
of
un
ion m
ember
s d
ecid
ed t
o p
arti
cipat
e in
. T
he
mil
des
t fo
rm o
f p
un
ish
men
t is
an
in
form
al v
erba
l war
ning
. It
is
bei
ng
use
d
for
min
or
vio
lati
on
s o
f w
ork
d
isci
pli
ne
- u
nci
vil
ized
b
ehav
ior
(sh
ou
tin
g,
swea
rin
g,
etc.
), d
elay
s at
wo
rk,
lazi
nes
s, i
gn
ora
nce
an
d i
nef
fici
ency
at
wo
rk
and
fo
r th
e u
nau
tho
rize
d d
epar
ture
fro
m w
ork
. O
f co
urs
e, i
f su
ch a
vio
lati
on
is r
epet
itiv
e, i
t is
nec
essa
ry t
o i
mp
ose
mo
re s
ever
e sa
nct
ion
s.
50
5.
Iden
tify
th
e b
asic
ele
men
ts o
f M
ayo
's t
heo
ry!
6.
What
is th
e m
ain
crit
icis
ms
May
o’s
theo
ry?
7.
Wh
at i
s a
con
dit
ion
al a
pp
roac
h i
n s
oci
olo
gy
of
wo
rk?
51
5.
Sele
ctio
n of
wor
kers
Wri
te y
ou
r o
wn
res
um
e b
ased
on
th
is t
emp
late
:
CU
RR
ICU
LU
M V
ITA
E
IVO
IVIĆ
K
ačić
eva
26, 1
0000
Zag
reb
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.: 3
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) 4
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44
44
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ax:
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99
99
99
E
-mai
l: i
vic
@g
rad
.hr
CA
RE
ER
•
Exc
elle
nt r
esul
ts in
sch
ooli
ng a
nd in
itia
l wor
k ex
peri
ence
s.
ED
UC
AT
ION
F
AC
UL
TY
O
F
CIV
IL
EN
GIN
EE
RIN
G,
UN
IVE
RS
ITY
O
F
ZA
GR
EB
S
tud
ent
Oct
ob
er 2
00
8 -
to
day
•
Com
plet
ed th
e fi
rst s
emes
ter
• G
PA
3.9
/ 5.
0 •
Exc
elle
nt g
rade
s in
Mat
hs,
Des
crip
tive
Geo
met
ry a
nd S
ocio
logy
of
Wo
rk a
nd
Pro
fess
ion
al E
thic
s F
IRS
T G
RA
MM
AR
SC
HO
OL
, Z
AG
RE
B
Stu
den
t S
epte
mb
er 2
00
4 -
Ju
ne
20
08
•
Gra
duat
ed a
nd e
xem
pted
fro
m w
riti
ng
th
e sc
ho
ol
leav
ing
ex
am d
ue
to e
xce
llen
t g
rad
es
• G
PA
4.6
/ 5.
0 •
Exc
elle
nt
grad
es
in
subj
ects
th
at
are
rele
vant
to
th
e jo
b:
Mat
hem
atic
s, P
hy
sics
, C
hem
istr
y,
Cro
atia
n,
En
gli
sh,
Ger
man
82
thin
ks
that
it
is d
ue
to h
is s
up
erio
r's
dis
lik
e to
war
ds
him
, an
d a
n e
ven
wors
e si
tuat
ion w
ould
be
if t
he
oth
er e
mplo
yee
s fe
el t
hat
the
man
ager
is s
ub
ject
ive
and
th
at h
e is
pu
nis
hin
g t
hat
per
son j
ust
bec
ause
he
is
ob
no
xio
us.
2.
Uni
vers
ality
. U
niv
ersa
lity
o
f p
un
ish
men
t is
co
nn
ecti
ng
w
ith
imp
erso
nal
ity
. It
is
no
t en
ou
gh
to
ju
stly
pu
nis
h o
nly
an
in
div
idu
al,
bu
t
it i
s al
so n
eces
sary
to
pu
nis
h a
ll w
ho
mak
e so
me
vio
lati
on
s. O
nly
in
that
cas
e a
sen
se o
f ju
st p
un
ish
men
t ca
n b
e ac
hie
ved
. F
or
exam
ple
, in
Rog
ozni
ca n
ear
Šib
enik
som
e pe
ople
's h
ouse
s, w
hich
wer
e il
lega
lly
bu
ilt,
w
ere
pu
lled
d
ow
n,
and
so
me
oth
er
peo
ple
w
ere
able
to
sub
seq
uen
tly
le
gal
ize
thei
r il
leg
al
ho
use
s.
It
is
log
ical
th
at
tho
se,
wh
ose
h
ou
ses
wer
e p
ull
ed d
ow
n,
hav
e ex
per
ien
ced
in
just
ice,
ev
en
tho
ug
h t
hey
bro
ke
the
con
stru
ctio
n l
aw.
3.
Con
sist
ency
. It
is
n
ot
eno
ug
h
that
al
l ar
e eq
ual
ly
cov
ered
w
ith
pu
nis
hm
ent,
b
ut
it
is
nec
essa
ry
to
alw
ays
det
erm
ine
the
sam
e
pu
nis
hm
ent
for
the
sam
e o
ffen
se.
Inco
nsi
sten
t p
un
ish
men
t is
th
e
pu
nis
hm
ent
in w
hic
h o
ne
is p
un
ish
ed w
ith
a w
age
red
uct
ion
, an
d t
he
seco
nd
tim
e an
oth
er e
mp
loy
ee f
or
the
sam
e off
ense
, is
punis
hed
only
wit
h a
war
nin
g.
4.
Appr
opri
aten
ess i
s th
e p
rin
cip
le a
cco
rdin
g t
o w
hic
h a
min
or
off
ense
is
pu
nis
hed
w
ith
a
smal
ler
pu
nis
hm
ent
and
a m
ajor
off
ence
w
ith
a
seri
ou
s p
un
ish
men
t.
5.
Emba
rras
smen
t m
ean
s th
at p
un
ish
men
t, i
n o
rder
to
hav
e th
e ef
fect
,
mu
st c
ause
so
me
dis
com
fort
to
th
ose
wh
o a
re p
un
ish
ed.
Fo
r in
stan
ce,
in t
he
pu
bli
c th
ere
was
a n
egat
ive
reac
tio
n t
o t
he
new
s th
at B
ilja
na
Pla
všić
, a
pers
on w
ho w
as c
onvi
cted
of
war
cri
mes
in
Bos
nia
and
81
3.
Prev
entio
n. I
t is
no
t sa
id b
y c
oin
cid
ence
th
at o
pp
ort
un
ity
mak
es t
he
thie
f. I
f an
act
ivit
y,
wh
ich
bri
ng
s co
sts
to t
he
com
pan
y,
wan
ts t
o b
e
sto
pp
ed,
then
p
rev
enti
on
is
u
sual
ly
a m
uch
bet
ter
solu
tion
than
pu
nis
hm
ent.
F
or
exam
ple
, if
th
e p
ho
ne
bil
ls ar
e to
o hig
h,
a good
solu
tio
n i
s to
dia
l ze
ro w
hen
an
em
plo
yee
wan
ts t
o c
all,
bec
ause
in
this
way
ov
erse
as c
alls
or
call
s to
mo
bil
e p
ho
nes
are
pre
ven
ted
. In
th
is
way
we
wil
l ac
hie
ve
bet
ter
resu
lts
than
pu
nis
hin
g w
ork
ers
wh
o u
se t
he
ph
on
e fo
r p
erso
nal
use
.
Ho
wev
er,
alte
rnat
ives
to
pu
nis
hm
ent
som
etim
es d
o n
ot
wo
rk,
and
th
en
the
pu
nis
hm
ent
mu
st b
e ap
pro
ach
ed o
r o
ther
wis
e, t
he
sup
erv
iso
r w
ill
lose
the
auth
ori
ty.
Du
rin
g h
is w
ork
ing
yea
rs e
ver
y c
ivil
en
gin
eer
wil
l p
rob
ably
be
in a
sit
uat
ion
wh
en h
e w
ill
no
t b
e ab
le t
o c
han
ge
his
em
plo
yee
's b
ehav
ior
and th
e only
ch
oic
e w
ill
be
to th
reat
en him
w
ith a
fine
or
punis
hm
ent.
Pu
nis
hm
ent
has
th
ree
bas
ic f
un
ctio
ns.
Fir
stly
, if
it
is p
rop
erly
use
d,
a ch
ang
e
of
off
ender
's
beh
avio
r ca
n
be
ach
ieved
. S
eco
nd
ly,
the
pu
nis
hm
ent
may
tem
pora
rily
or
per
man
entl
y e
lim
inat
e th
e o
ffen
der
s. T
hir
dly
, p
enal
ties
det
er
po
ten
tial
off
end
ers.
If
an e
mp
loy
ee s
ees
that
so
meo
ne
has
bee
n f
ired
du
e to
thef
t, h
e w
ill
cert
ain
ly t
hin
k t
wic
e b
efo
re a
nd
he
do
es t
he
sam
e o
ffen
ce.
Rul
es o
f pun
ishm
ent
In o
rder
for
a punis
hm
ent
to a
chie
ve
its
go
al,
wh
ile
sen
ten
cin
g t
he
foll
ow
ing
fu
nd
amen
tal
pri
nci
ple
s sh
ou
ld b
e o
bse
rved
:
1.
Impe
rson
ality
. Pu
nis
hm
ent
sho
uld
no
t b
e b
ased
on
per
son
al a
nim
osi
ty.
Inap
pro
pri
ate
beh
avio
r sh
ould
be
pu
nis
hed
, n
ot
the
per
son
. T
he
pu
nis
hm
ent
wil
l n
ot
be
edu
cati
on
al i
f a
per
son
wh
o i
s b
ein
g p
un
ish
ed
52
• P
rais
ed b
y th
e C
ou
nci
l o
f T
each
ers
for
exce
llen
ce i
n a
ll f
ou
r y
ears
of
sch
oo
lin
g
AD
DIT
ION
AL
ED
UC
AT
ION
F
IRS
T P
RIM
AR
Y M
US
IC S
CH
OO
L,
ZA
GR
EB
S
tud
ent
Sep
tem
ber
19
98
- J
un
e 2
00
0
• C
ompl
eted
the
firs
t tw
o gr
ades
•
Cou
rses
: Mus
ic T
heor
y (S
olfe
ggio
), G
uita
r A
DD
ITIO
NA
L S
KIL
LS
•
Dri
ving
lice
nse
(cat
egor
ies
A a
nd B
)
• E
xcel
lent
kn
owle
dge
of
com
pute
r pr
ogra
ms
Wor
d,
Exc
el
and
Au
toC
AD
A
WA
RD
S
20
07
– w
on
th
e fi
rst
pla
ce a
t th
e ci
ty c
om
pet
itio
n i
n p
hy
sics
W
OR
K E
XP
ER
IEN
CE
C
ON
ST
RA
CT
ION
CO
MP
AN
Y «
BR
ICK
» A
ssis
tan
t at
co
nst
ruct
ion
sit
e Ju
ly a
nd
Au
gu
st 2
00
8
BA
R "
SP
RIT
ZE
R"
Wai
ter
July
an
d A
ug
ust
20
07
F
OR
EIG
N L
AN
GU
AG
ES
•
Exc
elle
nt k
now
ledg
e of
Eng
lish
(le
arnt
thro
ugho
ut s
choo
ling
) •
A g
ood
know
ledg
e of
the
Ger
man
lan
guag
e (l
earn
t fo
r fo
ur y
ears
in
hig
h s
cho
ol)
53
How
to c
hoos
e th
e w
orke
rs?
On
e o
f th
e sk
ills
yo
u n
eed
to
hav
e as
a c
ivil
en
gin
eer
is t
he
abil
ity
to
sele
ct t
he
bes
t o
f th
ose
wo
rker
s w
ho
are
co
mp
etin
g f
or
a post
. S
ucc
essf
ul
org
aniz
atio
n a
nd
man
agem
ent
of
wo
rker
s is
far
eas
ier
to i
mp
lem
ent
if a
civ
il
eng
inee
r h
as a
sk
ille
d l
abo
r fo
rce.
How
ever
, it
is
not
easy
to m
ake
the
right
sele
ctio
n.
Aft
er a
ll,
peo
ple
oft
en t
ry t
o f
ind
a r
igh
t sp
ou
se f
or
yea
rs,
and
yet
,
they
sti
ll m
ake
mis
takes
, w
hic
h c
an b
e se
en f
rom
th
e p
erce
nta
ge
of
div
orc
es.
No
w
on
der
th
at
emp
loy
ers
mak
e th
e m
ista
ke
wh
en
cho
osi
ng
th
e ri
gh
t
can
did
ate
sin
ce t
hey
use
rel
ativ
ely
sca
rce
dat
a an
d c
and
idat
es t
ry t
o p
ort
ray
them
selv
es i
n t
he
bes
t li
gh
t. T
her
efo
re,
it i
s n
ot
alw
ays
easy
fo
r th
ose
wh
o
nee
d t
o m
ake
a ch
oic
e, t
o c
ho
ose
th
e p
erso
n b
est
suit
ed f
or
a p
ost
. T
her
efo
re,
in t
his
sec
tio
n w
e w
ill
sho
w s
om
e te
chn
iqu
es t
hat
in
crea
se t
he
pro
bab
ilit
y o
f
corr
ect
dec
isio
ns
in o
rder
to
ch
oo
se t
he
rig
ht
can
did
ate
for
a p
ost
.26
App
licat
ion
form
and
CV
Can
did
ate
sele
ctio
n
pro
cess
b
egin
s b
y
pu
bli
shin
g
a te
nd
er
wh
ich
sho
uld
cle
arly
sp
ecif
y w
hat
is
requir
ed o
f ca
ndid
ates
fo
r th
e jo
b.
Insu
ffic
ien
t
crit
eria
w
ill
on
ly
un
nec
essa
rily
b
urd
en
the
com
mit
tee
to
dec
ide
on
th
e
sele
ctio
n o
f w
ork
ers,
sin
ce t
he
com
mit
tee
would
be
fill
ed w
ith a
num
ber
of
app
lica
tio
ns
for
the
com
pet
itio
n b
y t
he
peo
ple
who
do
no
t h
ave
the
req
uir
ed
qu
alit
y.
Pro
hib
itiv
e cr
iter
ia
can
ca
use
n
o
one
to
apply
fo
r th
e jo
b.
An
26 F
or
a m
ore
det
aile
d a
nal
ysi
s o
f th
e ca
ndid
ate
sele
ctio
n p
roce
ss s
ee D
essl
er,
Gar
y,
2005,
Hum
an R
esou
rce
Man
agem
ent.
Pea
rso
n E
du
cati
on
, U
pp
er S
add
le R
iver
, U
SA
, es
pec
iall
y p
ages
11
0-2
65
, an
d A
rno
ld,
Joh
n e
t al
, 2
00
5,
Psy
cho
log
y o
f W
ork
: U
nd
erst
and
ing
H
um
an B
ehav
ior
in th
e W
ork
pla
ce,
Pre
nti
ce H
all,
L
on
do
n,
esp
ecia
lly
pag
es 1
32-2
01.
80
An
nu
al b
on
us
has
an
eff
ect
of
a "p
osi
tiv
e sh
ock
" th
at s
tim
ula
tes
emp
loy
ees
for
furt
her
eff
ort
s.
Puni
shm
ent o
f wor
kers
It h
as a
lrea
dy b
een s
tate
d t
hat
the
rew
ard
s ar
e a
much
more
moti
vat
ional
forc
e th
an p
un
ish
men
t. A
fter
all
, an
yo
ne
can
th
ink
of
a si
tuat
ion
in
wh
ich
th
e
pu
nis
hm
ent
had
ju
st
the
op
po
site
ef
fect
fr
om
w
hat
w
as
expec
ted.
For
exam
ple
, a
stu
den
t w
ho
get
s a
bad
gra
de
in a
su
bje
ct o
ften
lo
ses
inte
rest
in
that
su
bje
ct.
Th
eref
ore
, su
cces
sfu
l m
anag
ers
mu
st a
vo
id p
un
ish
ing
wo
rker
s,
exce
pt
in
case
s w
her
e th
e p
un
ish
men
t is
th
e o
nly
o
pti
on
. T
her
efo
re,
alte
rnat
ives
to
pu
nis
hm
ent
wil
l b
e li
sted
fir
st:
1.
Igno
ring
. So
met
imes
it
is g
oo
d t
o p
rete
nd t
hat
you h
ave
not
noti
ced
som
e ti
ny
m
isd
emea
no
r.
Fo
r ex
amp
le,
stu
den
ts
in
a le
ctu
re
can
som
etim
es
mak
e in
app
rop
riat
e re
mar
ks
or
star
t ta
lkin
g
wit
h
a
coll
eag
ue
du
rin
g a
lec
ture
. If
co
mm
ents
are
no
t to
o i
nap
pro
pri
ate
or
if
a st
ud
ent
sto
ps
talk
ing
so
on
, th
e b
est
thin
g a
pro
fess
or
can
do
is
to
pre
ten
d t
hat
su
ch b
ehav
ior
was
no
t noti
ced.
Sim
ilar
ly,
a su
per
vis
or
does
not
nee
d t
o r
eact
to e
ver
y l
ittl
e fl
aw w
ork
ers
mak
e b
ecau
se a
con
stan
t sc
old
ing
dem
oti
vat
es e
mp
loy
ees.
2.
"Sco
wl."
If
so
meo
ne
do
es
no
t w
ant
to
tole
rate
o
ne'
s co
nd
uct
an
y
furt
her
, an
d i
t is
a s
mal
l m
isd
emea
nor,
som
etim
es i
t is
enough t
o s
how
that
th
e em
plo
yee
's b
ehav
ior
is n
ot
app
rov
ed w
ith
fac
ial
exp
ress
ion
s
and
a b
od
y l
ang
uag
e. P
eop
le h
ave
lear
ned
to
un
der
stan
d n
on
-ver
bal
com
mu
nic
atio
n,
and
sh
arp
lo
ok
, w
ith
wh
ich
can
eli
min
ate
un
wan
ted
beh
avio
r, c
an s
om
etim
es b
e q
uit
e en
ou
gh
fo
r "p
un
ish
men
t".
79
for
all
acti
vit
ies,
do
es n
ot
exis
t. I
n s
om
e in
du
stri
es i
t is
bet
ter
to r
ewar
d
ind
ivid
ual
ly,
and
in
oth
ers
in g
rou
ps.
Gen
eral
ly,
in t
ho
se i
nd
ust
ries
in
wh
ich
the
ind
ivid
ual
co
ntr
ibu
tio
n i
s i
mp
ort
ant
to t
he
(job o
f a
Sal
esm
an),
it
is
bet
ter
to p
ay i
nd
ivid
ual
ly,
and
in
act
ivit
ies
that
req
uir
e te
am w
ork
(M
edic
al
Ad
vis
ory
Bo
ard
) it
is
bet
ter
to r
ewar
d t
he
wh
ole
gro
up
. H
ow
ever
, th
e b
est
solu
tio
n i
s o
ften
a c
om
bin
atio
n o
f re
war
ds.
So
, fo
r ex
amp
le,
foo
tbal
l cl
ub
s
giv
e d
iffe
ren
t am
ou
nts
of
mo
ney
to
bu
y p
lay
ers,
dep
end
ing
on
th
e q
ual
ity
of
ind
ivid
ual
pla
yer
s, b
ut
if t
he
clu
b w
ins
the
Eu
rop
ean
Ch
amp
ion
s C
up
, th
en
the
pre
miu
m is
al
loca
ted
eq
ual
ly,
in o
ther
w
ord
s o
n th
e b
asis
o
f g
rou
p
pay
men
ts.
As
far
as o
bje
ctiv
e an
d s
ub
ject
ive
eval
uat
ion
is
con
cern
ed,
it i
s
log
ical
th
at
the
ob
ject
ive
crit
eria
g
ive
bet
ter
resu
lts
bec
ause
th
ey
are
mea
sura
ble
, so
it
is e
asie
r fo
r ev
ery
on
e to
ass
ess
wh
o d
eser
ved
th
e re
war
d.
How
ever
, it
is
so
met
imes
use
ful
to
rew
ard
em
plo
yee
s o
n
the
bas
is
of
sub
ject
ive
esti
mat
es b
ecau
se i
t is
no
t al
way
s ea
sy t
o q
uan
tify
a p
erso
n's
work
per
form
ance
. A
sim
ilar
ex
amp
le i
s th
e ri
gh
t o
f te
ach
ers
to a
war
d s
tud
ents
extr
a p
oin
ts f
or
bei
ng
act
ive
in t
he
clas
s. A
lthough i
t is
bet
ter
to e
val
uat
e on
the
bas
is o
f m
easu
rab
le r
esu
lts,
such
as
the
num
ber
of
poin
ts o
n t
he
test
, it
is
use
ful
to a
dd
itio
nal
ly r
ewar
d t
he
stu
den
ts w
ho
en
able
d t
he
qu
alit
y o
f cl
asse
s
at
sem
inar
s th
rou
gh
th
eir
dis
cuss
ions.
P
robab
ly
the
big
ges
t su
rpri
se
of
Law
ler'
s co
ncl
usi
on
is
that
it
is b
est
to p
ay t
he
rew
ard
s in
th
e fo
rm o
f an
nu
al
bo
nu
ses.
S
pec
ific
ally
, it
w
ou
ld
be
log
ical
to
co
ncl
ud
e th
at
the
gre
ates
t
mo
tiv
atio
nal
fo
rce
is a
rew
ard
hat
is
pai
d i
mm
edia
tely
aft
er p
erfo
rmed
wo
rk.
Bu
t p
erh
aps
the
ann
ual
b
on
use
s ar
e th
e m
ost
ef
fect
ive
bec
ause
o
f la
rge
amo
un
ts o
f m
on
ey,
wh
ich
are
pai
d a
t once
, an
d t
hey
are
more
sti
mula
ting
than
th
e re
war
d t
hat
is
dis
trib
ute
d t
hro
ug
ho
ut
the
yea
r in
sm
all
amo
un
ts.
54
app
lica
tio
n f
orm
can
be
eith
er f
ree
or
on
th
e at
tach
ed f
orm
. A
fter
th
ey a
pp
ly
for
the
com
pet
itio
n,
the
com
mit
tee
should
eli
min
ate
cand
idat
es w
ho
do
no
t
fulf
ill
the
crit
eria
o
f th
e te
nd
er.
Ho
wev
er,
the
app
lica
tio
n fo
rms
pro
vid
e
add
itio
nal
in
form
atio
n
abo
ut
the
can
did
ate.
F
or
exam
ple
, n
um
ero
us
gram
mat
ical
err
ors
in th
e te
xt o
f th
e ap
plic
atio
n or
rés
umé
are
neit
her
a go
od
reco
mm
end
atio
n
for
a se
cret
aria
l p
osi
tio
n,
no
r fo
r th
e jo
b
of
Cro
atia
n
lan
gu
age
teac
her
. In
so
me
wes
tern
co
un
trie
s (f
or
exam
ple
, in
th
e U
.S.)
mem
ber
s o
f th
e co
mm
itte
e ch
eck
w
ith
p
rev
iou
s em
plo
yer
s w
het
her
th
e
info
rmat
ion
giv
en i
n t
he
app
lica
tio
n f
or
the
ten
der
are
co
rrec
t. I
n t
his
way
it
is p
oss
ible
to
ob
tain
fu
rth
er i
nfo
rmat
ion
ab
ou
t th
e w
ork
per
form
ance
an
d
char
acte
r o
f th
e ca
nd
idat
es.
So
met
imes
th
e ca
nd
idat
e is
ask
ed t
o s
ub
mit
a
wri
tten
rec
om
men
dat
ion
fro
m p
rev
iou
s em
plo
yer
s o
r p
rofe
sso
rs.
Ho
wev
er,
pra
ctic
e h
as s
ho
wn
th
at t
he
dat
a in
th
e re
com
men
dat
ion
s ar
e n
ot
par
ticu
larl
y
use
ful
bec
ause
th
e p
eop
le w
ho
wri
te r
eco
mm
end
atio
ns
usu
ally
des
crib
e th
eir
can
did
ates
in
a b
ette
r li
gh
t th
an t
hey
rea
lly
are
, w
ish
ing
to
hel
p t
hem
fin
d
emp
loy
men
t.
So
mew
hat
g
reat
er
ob
ject
ivit
y
can
b
e ac
hie
ved
if
th
e
reco
mm
endat
ions
are
sent
dir
ectl
y t
o t
he
com
mit
tee,
so
th
at t
he
can
did
ate
is
no
t ab
le t
o r
ead
wh
at i
s sa
id i
n t
he
reco
mm
end
atio
n l
ette
r. T
her
e ar
e m
ajo
r
dif
fere
nce
s in
wri
ting a
CV
fro
m s
tate
to
sta
te.
Th
us,
in
Ger
man
y,
it i
s
exp
ecte
d f
rom
th
e ca
nd
idat
e to
su
bm
it h
is p
ho
to,
bu
t in
th
e U
.S.
it i
s n
ot
the
pra
ctic
e. F
ren
ch e
mp
loy
ers
oft
en u
se t
he
serv
ices
of
a g
rap
ho
log
ist,
an
d t
he
can
did
ates
are
ask
ed t
o w
rite
an
ap
pli
cati
on
fo
rm a
nd
CV
by
han
d.
Ho
wev
er,
ther
e is
no
sci
enti
fic
cert
ain
ty t
hat
on
e's
char
acte
r ca
n b
e ju
dg
ed o
n t
he
bas
is
of
han
dw
riti
ng
. W
hil
e in
Fra
nce
th
e d
ata
on
th
e m
arit
al s
tatu
s an
d a
ge
of
can
did
ates
are
man
dat
ory
, su
ch d
ata
are
no
t ev
en m
enti
on
ed i
n t
he
US
, in
ord
er t
o a
vo
id d
iscr
imin
atio
n o
n t
he
bas
is o
f ag
e o
r m
arit
al s
tatu
s. I
n s
ho
rt,
55
the
app
lica
tio
ns,
C
Vs
and
re
com
men
dat
ion
s m
ay
be
imp
ort
ant
in
the
sele
ctio
n
of
can
did
ates
. H
ow
ever
, h
igh
-qu
alit
y
sele
ctio
n
of
staf
f sh
ou
ld
incl
ud
e o
ther
ch
eck
up
s th
at a
re l
iste
d b
elo
w.
Can
dida
te te
stin
g
To
day
mo
der
n p
sych
olo
gy
off
ers
man
y a
dd
itio
nal
met
ho
ds
that
can
be
use
d t
o c
hec
k t
he
qu
alit
y o
f ap
pli
can
ts f
or
a jo
b.
Her
e w
e w
ill
dea
l w
ith
th
e
IQ t
ests
, k
no
wle
dg
e te
sts,
psy
cho
log
ical
tes
ts,
test
s o
f p
hy
sica
l fi
tnes
s an
d
soci
od
ram
atic
al t
ests
. T
od
ay,
the
IQ o
f a
per
son c
an b
e ex
actl
y m
easu
red b
y
stan
dar
diz
ed
test
s.
Th
eref
ore
, so
me
com
pan
ies
use
th
ese
test
s in
th
e
sele
ctio
n o
f w
ork
ers,
bec
ause
it
is l
og
ical
th
at t
he
mo
re i
nte
llig
ent
peo
ple
wil
l b
e m
ore
su
cces
sfu
l in
th
eir
wo
rk.
An
ad
dit
ion
al a
dv
anta
ge
of
thes
e te
sts
is
that
th
ey
are
rela
tivel
y
sim
ple
an
d
inex
pen
sive.
F
or
exam
ple
, it
is
rela
tiv
ely
eas
y t
o o
bta
in s
tan
dar
diz
ed c
om
pu
ter
test
s of
inte
llig
ence
that
can
mea
sure
in
tell
igen
ce o
f ca
nd
idat
es in
a
short
ti
me.
In
tell
igen
ce te
sts
are
cert
ain
ly a
ver
y u
sefu
l to
ol,
esp
ecia
lly
fo
r ta
sks
that
req
uir
e cr
eati
vit
y o
f
wo
rker
s (i
nte
llig
ence
is
the
abil
ity
to
co
pe
wit
h n
ew s
itu
atio
ns)
. H
ow
ever
,
thes
e te
sts
are
no
t en
ou
gh
, b
ecau
se i
nte
llig
ence
is
just
on
e o
f th
e tr
aits
th
at
affe
ct w
ork
per
form
ance
. F
or
exam
ple
, a
per
son m
ay b
e in
tell
igen
t, b
ut
it
cou
ld b
e ig
no
ran
t fo
r sp
ecif
ic t
yp
e o
f w
ork
. In
th
is c
ase
it i
s b
ette
r to
hir
e a
per
son
th
at h
as a
sli
gh
tly
lo
wer
IQ
, b
ut
is a
n e
xp
ert
in h
is/h
er f
ield
. S
om
e
ver
y i
nte
llig
ent
peo
ple
can
be
anti
soci
al,
wh
ich
mak
es t
hem
in
cap
able
to
wo
rk
in
a g
rou
p.
Th
eref
ore
, a
com
ple
te
chec
ku
p
of
can
did
ates
sh
ou
ld
incl
ud
e o
ther
tes
ts.
Pro
fici
ency
tes
ts a
re c
on
du
cted
to
ass
ess
wh
eth
er a
per
son
wh
o h
as
com
ple
ted
tr
ain
ing
re
ally
h
as
eno
ug
h
kn
ow
led
ge
to
per
form
a
job
. F
or
78
fact
th
at o
nly
22
% o
f w
ork
ers
in t
he
Un
ited
Sta
tes
bel
ieve
that
thei
r sa
lary
is
dir
ectl
y d
epen
den
t o
n t
he
wo
rkin
g r
esu
lts.
31
Th
e re
sear
cher
s w
ere
intr
igu
ed b
y t
he
qu
esti
on
of
ho
w t
he
pri
ze m
on
ey
can
ac
hie
ve
the
bes
t ef
fect
o
f m
oti
vat
ing
em
plo
yee
s,
so
they
d
id
the
exp
erim
ents
to
fin
d a
nsw
ers
to t
he
foll
ow
ing
qu
esti
on
s:
1.
Is i
t m
ore
eff
icie
nt
to r
ewar
d i
nd
ivid
ual
ly o
r in
gro
up
s?
2.
Is i
t b
ette
r to
hav
e o
bje
ctiv
e cr
iter
ia (
stan
dar
d)
or
it i
s b
ette
r to
en
able
man
ager
s to
su
bje
ctiv
ely
ev
alu
ate
wo
rker
s w
ho
sh
ou
ld
get
th
e
rew
ard
?
3.
Is i
t b
ette
r to
pay
th
e re
war
d i
mm
edia
tely
or
in a
dd
itio
n t
o a
mo
nth
ly
sala
ry, o
r in
th
e fo
rm o
f an
nu
al b
on
use
s?
Law
ler'
s st
ud
ies
hav
e sh
ow
n t
hat
in
most
cas
es t
he
bes
t re
sult
s ar
e
ach
iev
ed b
y r
ewar
din
g i
nd
ivid
ual
ly o
n t
he
bas
is o
f o
bje
ctiv
e cr
iter
ia a
nd
wit
h a
n a
nn
ual
bo
nu
s.32 H
ow
ever
, th
e d
isad
van
tag
es o
f in
div
idu
al r
ewar
ds
are:
it
ca
use
s je
alo
usy
, o
stra
cism
(r
efu
sin
g
the
win
nin
g
indiv
idual
) an
d
po
ssib
le f
alsi
fica
tio
n o
f re
sult
s. I
n c
ontr
ast,
the
cooper
atio
n w
ithin
the
gro
up
is i
ncr
ease
d i
f w
ork
ers
are
rew
ard
ed a
cco
rdin
g t
o p
erfo
rman
ce o
f th
e g
rou
p
or
per
form
ance
o
f th
e en
tire
o
rgan
izat
ion
. H
ow
ever
, in
th
is
way
th
e
com
pet
itio
n
bet
wee
n
wo
rker
s is
re
du
ced,
whic
h
can
also
hav
e neg
ativ
e
con
seq
uen
ces.
Th
us,
Law
ler
con
clu
des
th
at t
her
e th
e b
est
way
of
rew
ard
ing
31 I
bid
, p. 95.
32 S
ee L
awle
r II
I, E
.E.
and G
.D.
Jankin
s, S
trat
egic
Rew
ard S
yst
ems,
in M
.D.
Dunnet
te
and
L.M
. H
ugs
(eds.
),
1992,
Han
dboo
k of
Ind
ustr
ial
and
Org
aniz
atio
nal
Psyh
olog
y, C
onsu
ltin
g P
sych
olo
gis
ts P
ress
, P
aolo
Alt
o;
Law
ler
III,
E.E
., 1
971,
Pay
and
Org
aniz
atio
nal
Effe
ctiv
ness
, M
cGra
w-H
ill,
N
ew
York
; L
awle
r II
I,
E.E
.,
New
A
ppro
aches
to P
ay:
Innovat
ions
That
Work
, Pe
rson
nel 5
3,
II-2
3;
Law
ler
III,
E.E
., 1
981,
Pay
and
Org
anza
tion
Dev
elop
men
t, A
ddis
on-W
esle
y,
Rea
din
g,
Mas
s; L
awle
r II
I, E
.E.,
1984,
What
ever
Hap
pen
ed t
o I
nce
nti
ve
Pay
, N
ew M
anag
emen
t 1,
pp.
37-4
1.
77
3.
Adva
ncem
ent
is a
lso
a s
ign
ific
ant
form
of
rew
ard
ing
an
d t
her
efo
re
mo
tiv
atin
g w
ork
ers,
es
pec
iall
y if
w
ork
ers
feel
th
at th
ey ar
e b
ein
g
adv
ance
d
acco
rdin
g
to
thei
r m
erit
an
d
for
thei
r w
ork
. T
her
efo
re,
man
ager
s ar
e ad
vis
ed t
o c
on
sult
th
eir
wo
rker
s b
efo
re a
dv
anci
ng
th
e
emp
loy
ees,
to
mak
e su
re t
hat
th
ey c
ho
se t
he
rig
ht
per
son
fo
r th
is f
orm
of
rew
ard
.
4.
Free
day
s can
als
o b
e a
form
of
rew
ard.
If t
he
wo
rker
has
do
ne
his
jo
b
wel
l an
d b
efo
re t
he
dea
dli
ne,
giv
ing
his
a f
ew d
ays
off
can
be
a g
oo
d
form
of
rew
ard
fo
r h
is w
ork
.
5.
Em
plo
yee
s ca
n
be
rew
ard
ed
in
man
y
oth
er
way
s -
by
p
rov
idin
g
off
icia
l ca
rs a
nd o
ffic
ial
cell
ph
on
es,
pro
vid
ing
a l
arg
er o
ffic
e (w
hic
h
is a
lso
an
in
dic
ato
r o
f em
plo
yee
's s
tatu
s),
by
off
erin
g h
im p
erso
nal
secr
etar
ies
etc.
6.
As
much
as
the
pre
vio
usl
y m
enti
oned
ty
pes
of
rew
ard
s ar
e ef
fect
ive,
mo
ney
rem
ain
s th
e m
ost
eff
ecti
ve
form
of
mo
tiv
atio
n t
o w
ork
, an
d i
t
wil
l b
e sp
ecif
ical
ly a
dd
ress
ed i
n t
he
nex
t se
ctio
n.
Priz
e m
oney
P
rize
mon
ey,
as t
he
most
eff
ecti
ve
mo
tiv
ator,
can
be
succ
essf
ul
wh
en
it i
s ac
tual
ly i
n l
ine
wit
h t
he
resu
lts
of
on
e's
wo
rk.
Ho
wev
er,
if e
mp
loy
ees
bel
iev
e th
at p
rize
mo
ney
is
giv
en,
for
exam
ple
, b
ecau
se o
f th
e cl
ose
nes
s to
the
gen
eral
m
anag
er,
reg
ard
less
o
f th
e q
ual
ity
o
f w
ork
, th
en th
e m
on
ey
rew
ard m
ight
even
hav
e a
neg
ativ
e ef
fect
o
n o
ther
em
plo
yee
s. In
o
ther
wo
rds,
th
ere
sho
uld
be
a cl
ear
lin
k b
etw
een
th
e re
sult
s an
d t
he
amo
un
t o
f
pri
ze m
on
ey.
Ho
wev
er,
it i
s n
ot
easy
to
ach
iev
e th
is,
and
th
is i
s se
en i
n t
he
56
exam
ple
, peo
ple
who h
ave
com
ple
ted m
edic
al s
tud
ies
ou
tsid
e th
e U
.S.
- an
d
wan
t to
get
a j
ob
in
th
at c
ou
ntr
y -
mu
st p
ass
Th
e U
nit
ed S
tate
s M
edic
al
Lic
ensi
ng
Ex
amin
atio
n (
US
ML
E).
27 T
his
tes
t is
use
d t
o c
hec
k w
het
her
a
per
son
, w
ho
h
as
a fo
rmal
ed
uca
tio
n
in
med
icin
e,
real
ly
has
en
ou
gh
kn
ow
led
ge
to w
ork
as
a p
hy
sici
an.
Sim
ilar
tes
ts c
an b
e ca
rrie
d o
ut
in o
ther
sect
ors
, in
clu
din
g t
he
con
stru
ctio
n i
nd
ust
ry.
Psy
cho
log
ical
tes
ts a
re a
lso
use
d i
n t
he
sele
ctio
n o
f em
plo
yee
s. T
hes
e
test
s m
easu
re
the
mo
tiv
atio
n
of
work
, te
mper
amen
t,
abil
ity
to
co
ntr
ol
emo
tio
ns,
au
tho
rita
tiv
enes
s o
f p
eop
le,
soci
al
inte
llig
ence
, th
e ab
ilit
y
to
acce
pt
crit
icis
m,
etc.
Ho
wev
er,
un
lik
e IQ
tes
ts,
wh
ose
res
ult
s ar
e re
lati
vel
y
easy
to
in
terp
ret,
fo
r p
sych
olo
gic
al t
ests
it
is n
eces
sary
to
hir
e p
rofe
ssio
nal
psy
cho
log
ists
wh
o w
ill
corr
ectl
y i
nte
rpre
t th
e te
st r
esu
lts.
For
som
e jo
bs,
such
as,
fo
r ex
amp
le,
mem
ber
s o
f th
e sp
ecia
l fo
rces
of
the
arm
y a
nd
th
e
po
lice
, th
ey u
se te
sts
to ch
eck
th
e p
hy
sica
l ab
ilit
ies
such
as
en
du
ran
ce,
stre
ng
th,
agil
ity
, ac
cura
cy,
etc.
In t
he
end
, w
e h
ave
to m
enti
on
so
cio
dra
mat
ical
tes
ts w
ho
se p
rim
ary
fun
ctio
n i
s to
in
ves
tig
ate
the
spo
nta
neo
us
beh
avio
r o
f ca
nd
idat
es.2
8 D
uri
ng
thes
e te
sts,
th
e in
div
idu
al d
oes
no
t k
no
w w
hat
is
real
ly t
este
d.
On
e ex
amp
le
of
soci
od
ram
atic
al t
est
is a
sit
uat
ion
wh
ere
a g
rou
p o
f ca
nd
idat
es i
s se
nt
to a
cam
p.
Wh
at is
o
bse
rved
is
h
ow
th
e ca
nd
idat
es w
ill
org
aniz
e th
emse
lves
spo
nta
neo
usl
y (
sin
ce t
her
e is
no
org
aniz
atio
n p
rev
iou
sly
mad
e),
in o
rder
, fo
r
exam
ple
, to
get
wat
er s
up
ply
, co
llec
t fo
od
, p
rep
are
a ca
mp
etc
. P
arti
cula
rly
monit
ore
d i
s th
e per
son w
ho w
ill
sponta
neo
usl
y b
eco
me
the
lead
er o
f th
e
27 I
nfo
rmat
ion
ab
ou
t th
is t
est
can
be
fou
nd
at:
h
ttp
://w
ww
.usm
le.o
rg/G
ener
al_
Info
rmat
ion/b
ull
etin
/2009/2
009bull
etin
28 A
go
od
des
crip
tio
n o
f so
cio
dra
mat
ical
tes
ts c
an b
e fo
und i
n M
ille
r an
d F
orm
, o
p. ci
t., p
p. 5
16
-23
.
57
gro
up
. S
uch
a p
erso
n s
ho
ws
the
char
acte
rist
ics
of
the
"bo
rn"
lead
ers,
an
d
thu
s is
id
enti
fied
as
a su
itab
le p
erso
n f
or
a m
anag
eria
l p
osi
tio
n.
Fo
r su
ch a
test
, th
e p
erso
n in
ch
arg
e is
en
gag
ed to
o
bse
rve
the
can
did
ates
, b
ut
the
can
did
ates
do
no
t k
no
w w
hic
h p
erso
n i
s re
spo
nsi
ble
fo
r th
eir
eval
uat
ion
.
Task
On
e o
f th
e si
mp
lest
an
d m
ost
eff
ecti
ve
way
s to
scr
een
can
did
ates
is
to
giv
e th
em a
tas
k.
Fo
r ex
amp
le,
if o
ne
wan
ts t
o h
ire
a ce
ram
ist,
giv
ing
him
a
task
to
pu
t ti
les
in t
he
bat
hro
om
is
a w
ay t
o c
hec
k h
is q
ual
ity
an
d s
pee
d o
f
wo
rk.
A g
oo
d w
ay t
o c
hec
k a
un
iver
sity
tea
cher
is
to a
sk h
im t
o g
ive
a
lect
ure
. T
od
ay,
ther
e ar
e st
and
ard
ized
wo
rk t
ask
s fo
r o
ther
pro
fess
ion
s, f
or
exam
ple
, fo
r a
care
er o
f a
man
ager
. H
ow
ever
, it
is
no
t al
way
s ea
sy t
o f
ind
the
rig
ht
way
to
sel
ect
task
s fo
r al
l ty
pes
of
care
ers.
Inte
rvie
w
All
th
e te
chn
iqu
es a
re e
xte
nsi
vel
y u
sed
in
th
e se
lect
ion
of
wo
rker
s.
Ho
wev
er,
the
inte
rvie
w
is
cert
ain
ly
the
mo
st
wid
ely
u
sed
m
eth
od
o
f
sele
ctio
n.
Th
e re
aso
n is
si
mp
le.
It is
re
lati
vel
y ea
sy to
im
agin
e th
at th
e
wo
rker
s ar
e n
ot
bei
ng
tes
ted
, b
ut
it i
s al
mo
st i
nco
nce
ivab
le n
ot
to i
nte
rvie
w
the
per
son
on
e w
ants
to
em
plo
y.
Th
eref
ore
, it
is
nec
essa
ry t
o s
pec
ify t
he
resu
lts
of
rese
arch
in
th
is a
rea.
In
terv
iew
s ar
e d
ivid
ed i
nto
str
uct
ure
d a
nd
un
stru
ctu
red
. S
tru
ctu
red
in
terv
iew
s h
ave
pre
det
erm
ined
qu
esti
on
s, b
asic
ally
the
sam
e fo
r al
l ca
nd
idat
es,
wh
ile
in t
he
un
stru
ctu
red
in
terv
iew
qu
esti
on
s ar
e
chan
ged
. T
her
efo
re,
the
un
stru
ctu
red
in
terv
iew
is
m
uch
m
ore
si
mil
ar
to
ever
yd
ay c
on
ver
sati
on
. It
sh
ou
ld b
e n
ote
d t
hat
th
e st
ruct
ure
d i
nte
rvie
ws
are
76
com
es t
o w
ork
bef
ore
off
ice
ho
urs
. It
is
imp
ort
ant
to e
mp
has
ize
that
th
e
pra
ise
and a
war
d h
ave
a m
uch
bet
ter
effe
ct t
han
pu
nis
hm
ent
and
reb
uk
e.
Type
s of r
ewar
ds
Man
ager
s h
ave
the
full
ran
ge
of
rew
ard
s at
th
eir
dis
po
sal,
am
on
g w
hic
h
the
mo
st i
mp
ort
ant
wil
l b
e m
enti
on
ed:
1.
Prai
se i
s a
ver
bal
rew
ard
fo
r p
erfo
rmin
g g
oo
d w
ork
. A
lth
ou
gh
it
is
free
, it
has
a v
ery
str
on
g p
osi
tiv
e ef
fect
on
wo
rk m
oti
vat
ion
. A
fter
all
,
any
on
e ca
n r
ecal
l h
ow
bei
ng
pra
ised
by
a t
each
er f
urt
her
mo
tiv
ated
us
to l
earn
the
subje
cts
or,
how
wel
l w
e w
ere
mo
tiv
ated
aft
er o
ur
par
ents
pra
ised
us.
Oth
erw
ise,
it
is b
est
to p
rais
e a
wo
rker
in
th
e p
rese
nce
of
oth
er
emp
loy
ees
bec
ause
th
en
they
b
eco
me
furt
her
m
oti
vat
ed.
In
con
tras
t, t
he
crit
icis
m s
ho
uld
be
giv
en i
n p
riv
ate
bec
ause
on
ly t
hen
it
has
a p
osi
tiv
e m
oti
vat
ion
al f
orc
e. C
riti
cism
in f
ront
of
oth
er w
ork
ers
is
per
ceiv
ed a
s an
att
ack
on
on
e's
ow
n p
erso
nal
ity
, an
d h
e m
ay b
eco
me
dem
oti
vat
ed t
o w
ork
.
2.
An i
nte
gra
l par
t of
the
org
aniz
atio
nal
cu
ltu
re o
f su
cces
sfu
l co
mp
anie
s
is g
ivin
g a
war
ds to
wo
rker
s. T
his
in
clu
des
dec
lari
ng
an
em
plo
yee
of
the
mo
nth
, a
wo
rker
o
f th
e y
ear,
ce
leb
rati
ng
an
niv
ersa
ries
o
f th
e
emp
loy
ee i
n t
he
com
pan
y (
ten
th,
twen
tiet
h,
and
oth
er a
nn
iver
sari
es),
gra
nti
ng
dip
lom
as f
or
a w
ell
do
ne
job
, et
c. A
nd
th
ese
typ
es o
f re
war
ds
hav
e an
im
po
rtan
t m
oti
vat
ion
al r
ole
, am
on
g o
ther
th
ing
s, b
ecau
se t
hey
rein
forc
e a
sen
se
of
bel
on
gin
g.
Mo
reo
ver
, th
e F
acu
lty
o
f C
ivil
En
gin
eeri
ng
in
Zag
reb
pro
clai
ms
the
bes
t st
ud
ents
, an
d t
hei
r p
ictu
res
are
po
sted
on
th
e n
oti
ce b
oar
d o
f th
e F
acu
lty
.
75
7.
Rew
ardi
ng a
nd p
unis
hing
wor
kers
Wh
en t
hey
ask
ed D
rak
on
t w
hy
he
intr
od
uce
d t
he
dea
th p
enal
ty
for
mo
st c
rim
inal
off
ense
s, h
e an
swer
ed t
hat
he
bel
iev
ed t
hat
sm
all
off
ense
s [f
or
exam
ple
, st
eali
ng
ap
ple
s -
MA
] d
eser
ve
the
dea
th p
enal
ty,
and th
at he
could
not
thin
k of
a m
ore
se
ver
e p
un
ish
men
t fo
r m
ore
se
rio
us
off
ense
s. (
Plu
tarc
h a
bo
ut
Dra
ko
nt)
The
role
of r
ewar
d an
d pu
nish
men
t in
mot
ivat
ion
for w
ork
Psy
cho
log
y d
isti
ng
uis
hes
tw
o t
yp
es o
f w
ork
moti
vat
ion:
intr
insi
c an
d
extr
insi
c.
Intr
insi
c m
oti
vat
ion
is
in
tern
al,
wh
ich
co
mes
fr
om
th
e w
ork
er
him
self
. F
or
exam
ple
, w
hen
so
meo
ne
is p
lay
ing
th
e p
ian
o f
or
on
e's
ow
n
enjo
ym
ent,
on
e is
dri
ven
by
in
trin
sic
mo
tiv
atio
n.
Su
ch a
per
son
do
es n
ot
nee
d a
ny
ad
dit
ion
al r
ewar
d b
ecau
se h
e fi
nd
s fu
lfil
lmen
t in
th
e ac
tiv
itie
s h
e is
carr
yin
g o
ut.
We
enco
un
ter
this
ty
pe
of
mo
tiv
atio
n e
ven
at
the
wo
rkp
lace
.
Fo
r ex
amp
le,
teac
her
s so
met
imes
re
ally
en
joy
te
ach
ing
, es
pec
iall
y w
hen
stu
den
ts
are
inte
rest
ed
in
lear
nin
g.
Extr
insi
c m
oti
vat
ion
is
exte
rnal
mo
tiv
atio
n.
An
ex
amp
le o
f ex
trin
sic
mo
tiv
atio
n i
s a
wag
e. A
wo
rker
at
the
asse
mb
ly l
ine
do
es n
ot
wo
rk b
ecau
se t
his
wo
rks
cau
ses
him
ple
asu
re,
bu
t
bec
ause
he
nee
ds
the
mo
ney
. In
pre
vio
us
chap
ters
, th
e to
pic
of
intr
insi
c
mo
tiv
atio
n w
as m
enti
on
ed,
and
in
th
is ch
apte
r th
e em
ph
asis
w
ill
be
on
extr
insi
c m
oti
vat
ion
.
Ex
trin
sic
mo
tiv
atio
n i
s b
ased
on
rew
ards
and p
unis
hm
ents
. H
ow
ever
,
in o
rder
fo
r re
war
ds
and
pu
nis
hm
ents
to
be
effe
ctiv
e, i
t is
im
po
rtan
t th
at t
he
beh
avio
r o
f th
e p
erso
n,
wh
o im
po
sed
th
ese
mea
sure
s, is
ex
emp
lary
. F
or
exam
ple
, a
man
ager
who i
s la
te f
or
work
wil
l not
achie
ve
the
sam
e re
sult
s –
if h
e is
try
ing t
o p
reven
t del
ays
of
his
wo
rker
s -
as a
man
ager
wh
o r
egu
larl
y
58
bet
ter
for
the
ob
ject
ive
asse
ssm
ent
of
can
did
ates
, es
pec
iall
y w
hen
co
mb
ined
wit
h a
qu
anti
tati
ve
asse
ssm
ent
of
can
did
ates
fo
r ea
ch a
nsw
er.
Th
e ad
van
tag
e
of
un
stru
ctu
red
in
terv
iew
s is
a g
reat
er s
po
nta
nei
ty o
f co
nv
ersa
tio
n a
nd
a
gre
ater
op
po
rtu
nit
y f
or
free
ex
pre
ssio
n o
f in
terv
iew
ees.
Acc
ord
ing
to
th
e ty
pe
of
qu
esti
on
s,
we
dis
tin
gu
ish
a
situ
atio
nal
inte
rvie
w a
nd
a b
ehav
iora
l in
terv
iew
. In
th
e si
tuat
ion
al i
nte
rvie
w c
and
idat
es
are
exam
ined
ho
w t
hey
wo
uld
beh
ave
in a
hy
po
thet
ical
sit
uat
ion
, an
d i
n t
he
beh
avio
ral
inte
rvie
w w
e te
st h
ow
th
e ca
nd
idat
es b
ehav
e in
rea
l si
tuat
ion
s.
Ther
e ar
e al
so
the
so-c
alle
d
stre
ss
inte
rvie
ws
in
wh
ich
ca
nd
idat
es
are
del
iber
atel
y a
sked
pro
vo
cati
ve
qu
esti
on
s to
tes
t th
eir
abil
ity t
o c
ontr
ol
thei
r
emo
tio
ns.
Fo
r ex
amp
le,
if a
can
did
ate
was
un
emp
loyed
, an
inte
rvie
wer
is
try
ing
to
pro
vo
ke
the
qu
esti
on
: W
hat
mis
tak
es h
ave
yo
u d
on
e at
wo
rk s
ince
no
on
e w
ante
d t
o h
ire
yo
u f
or
six
mo
nth
s? S
om
e p
rob
lem
iss
ues
are
als
o
use
d
to
see
wh
at
is
a ca
nd
idat
e re
aso
nin
g
wh
en
un
der
st
ress
(a
nd
th
e
inte
rvie
w i
tsel
f is
a s
tres
s).
An
ex
amp
le o
f su
ch a
qu
esti
on
is
the
foll
ow
ing
:
Joh
n a
nd
An
tho
ny
to
get
her
hav
e 2
1 d
oll
ars.
Ho
w m
any
do
llar
s d
oes
Jo
hn
hav
e if
A
nth
on
y h
as 2
0 k
un
as m
ore
th
an h
im?
Alt
ho
ug
h it
is
a
sim
ple
mat
hem
atic
al q
ues
tio
n,
man
y ca
nd
idat
es g
ive
the
wro
ng
an
swer
b
ecau
se
they
fee
l n
erv
ou
s d
uri
ng
th
e in
terv
iew
.
Nu
mb
er o
f ex
amin
ers
in t
he
inte
rvie
w m
ay v
ary
fro
m o
ne
to r
elat
ivel
y
larg
e n
um
ber
o
f co
mm
itte
e m
emb
ers
(usu
ally
th
e co
mm
itte
e h
as
thre
e
mem
ber
s, b
ut
ther
e ar
e ti
mes
wh
en t
her
e ar
e m
ore
mem
ber
s).
Th
e re
aso
n f
or
the
lack
o
f n
um
ero
us
com
mit
tee
mem
ber
s is
a
cost
ly
pro
ced
ure
as
fo
r
sele
ctin
g t
he
can
did
ate
all
com
mit
tee
mem
ber
s m
ust
be
pai
d.
Ho
wev
er,
the
com
mit
tee
in t
hat
cas
e is
much
mo
re o
bje
ctiv
e b
ecau
se t
he
chan
ce o
f th
e
sub
ject
ive
asse
ssm
ent
of
on
e m
an's
ju
dg
men
t in
ch
oo
sin
g a
can
did
ate
is
59
red
uce
d.
Th
e m
ost
co
mm
on
fo
rm o
f in
terv
iew
is
an i
mm
edia
te c
on
ver
sati
on
,
bu
t th
e in
terv
iew
ov
er t
he
ph
on
e is
als
o o
ften
use
d,
esp
ecia
lly
wh
en t
he
can
did
ates
li
ve
far
fro
m
the
pla
ce
wh
ere
the
inte
rvie
w
tak
es
pla
ce.
An
add
itio
nal
ad
van
tag
e o
f te
lep
ho
ne
inte
rvie
ws
is
the
elim
inat
ion
o
f
can
did
ate'
s p
hy
sica
l ap
pea
ran
ce a
s a
fact
or
in d
ecis
ion
-mak
ing
ab
ou
t w
hic
h
mo
re w
ill
be
said
lat
er.
In r
ecen
t ti
mes
, a
tele
inte
rvie
w,
at w
hic
h c
om
mit
tee
mem
ber
s co
mm
un
icat
e w
ith
th
e ca
nd
idat
e o
ver
th
e In
tern
et
usi
ng
th
e
cam
era,
is
use
d m
ore
fre
qu
entl
y.
Du
e to
th
e re
du
ctio
n i
n t
rav
el c
ost
s, t
he
use
of
that
tec
hn
iqu
e is
lik
ely
to
in
crea
se i
n t
he
futu
re.
In th
e en
d,
it is
im
po
rtan
t to
sa
y h
ow
ef
fici
ent
inte
rvie
ws
are
for
qu
alit
y
sele
ctio
n
of
emp
loy
ees.
In
sh
ort
, st
ud
ies
hav
e sh
ow
n
that
un
stru
ctu
red
in
terv
iew
s le
ave
a la
rge
pro
bab
ilit
y o
f su
bje
ctiv
ity
in
ass
essi
ng
can
did
ates
. It
is
pro
ven
th
at t
he
ph
ysi
cal
app
eara
nce
of
the
can
did
ate,
his
attr
acti
ven
ess,
hum
or,
fi
rm
han
dsh
ake
and
lookin
g
into
th
e ey
es
of
the
exam
iner
are
mu
ch m
ore
im
po
rtan
t in
th
e se
lect
ion
of
the
can
did
ate
than
qu
alit
y r
esp
on
ses.
So
, it
is
adv
ised
to
use
str
uct
ure
d i
nte
rvie
ws,
a l
arg
er
nu
mb
er o
f co
mm
itte
e m
emb
ers,
th
e ev
alu
atio
n o
f ea
ch a
nsw
er f
rom
1 t
o 3
or
1-5
, d
eter
min
ing
in
ad
van
ce w
hic
h a
nsw
er i
s co
rrec
t an
d w
hic
h i
s in
corr
ect.
In t
his
way
a g
reat
er o
bje
ctiv
ity
in
dec
isio
n-m
akin
g i
s ac
hie
ved
. H
ow
ever
, it
is p
rov
en t
hat
ev
en s
uch
a m
eth
od
has
bee
n l
ess
effi
cien
t th
an t
he
mo
st
effi
cien
t m
eth
od
, an
d t
hat
is
giv
ing t
he
task
to
th
e ca
nd
idat
e.
How
to b
e se
lect
ed?
So
far
, th
e m
eth
od
s o
f ch
oo
sin
g a
go
od
em
plo
yee
hav
e b
een
an
aly
zed
.
How
ever
, now
new
ti
ps
wil
l be
giv
en
on
h
ow
y
ou
ca
n
incr
ease
th
e
74
5.
Co
mp
are
May
o's
an
d M
aslo
w's
th
eory
!
6.
Wh
at a
re t
he
bas
ic e
lem
ents
of
McC
lell
and
's t
heo
ry?
7.
Wh
at i
s a
self
-fu
lfil
lin
g p
rop
hec
y a
nd w
hat
does
it
mea
n f
or
work
mo
tiv
atio
n?
8.
Wh
at i
s th
e m
anag
emen
t to
war
ds
ob
ject
ives
? G
ive
an e
xam
ple
!
73
3.
Gen
eral
ly,
the
low
er n
eed
s h
ave
gre
ater
mo
tiv
atio
nal
fo
rce,
an
d h
igh
er
nee
ds
occ
ur
wh
en t
he
low
er n
eed
s ar
e sa
tisf
ied
. H
ow
ever
, th
ere
are
man
y d
evia
tio
ns
fro
m t
his
ru
le.
4.
Mas
low
's t
heo
ry i
s im
port
ant
for
the
mo
tiv
atio
n o
f w
ork
bec
ause
it
show
s th
at i
t is
not
enough t
o j
ust
giv
e th
e w
ork
ers
a sa
lary
, b
ut
they
also
hav
e a
nee
d t
o a
chie
ve
soci
al n
eed
s at
th
e w
ork
pla
ce,
the
nee
d
for
app
reci
atio
n,
even
fo
r se
lf-a
ctu
aliz
atio
n.
5.
McC
lell
and
st
ress
es
the
imp
ort
ance
o
f ch
ild
ho
od
fo
r fu
ture
w
ork
mo
tiv
atio
n.
Ho
wev
er,
chil
dh
oo
d i
s n
ot
cru
cial
bec
ause
mo
tiv
atio
n c
an
be
stre
ng
then
ed w
ith
ad
equ
ate
trai
nin
g e
ven
am
on
g a
du
lts.
6.
Sel
f-fu
lfil
lin
g
pro
ph
ecy
is
a
met
ho
d
in
wh
ich
p
osi
tiv
e p
rev
iou
s
exp
ecta
tio
ns
are
use
d b
ecau
se t
hey
hav
e a
larg
e im
pac
t o
n t
he
fin
al
resu
lt o
f th
e w
ork
. T
her
efo
re,
po
siti
ve
wo
rk e
nv
iro
nm
ent,
op
tim
isti
c
spir
it an
d p
rais
ing
th
e em
plo
yee
s h
ave
a p
osi
tive
impac
t on w
ork
mo
tiv
atio
n.
7.
Man
agem
ent
tow
ard
s o
bje
ctiv
es
is
a m
eth
od
in
w
hic
h
emp
loy
ees
det
erm
ine
thei
r o
per
atio
nal
go
als
tog
eth
er w
ith
th
eir
sup
erio
rs.
Th
is
met
ho
d
has
b
een
a
ver
y
succ
essf
ul
met
ho
d
in
incr
easi
ng
w
ork
mo
tiv
atio
n.
Exa
mpl
es o
f exa
m q
uest
ions
1.
Wh
at i
s m
oti
vat
ion
and
wh
y i
s it
rel
ativ
ely
dif
ficu
lt t
o a
nal
yze
it?
2.
Ho
w d
oes
Mas
low
cla
ssif
y h
um
an n
eed
s?
3.
Wh
at i
s th
e n
eed
fo
r se
lf-a
ctu
aliz
atio
n?
4.
Wh
at i
s th
e si
gn
ific
ance
of
Mas
low
's t
heo
ry f
or
the
anal
ysi
s o
f w
ork
mo
tiv
atio
n?
60
pro
bab
ilit
y f
or
get
tin
g a
jo
b.
Bas
ic t
ips
for
wri
tin
g C
Vs
and
ho
w t
o b
ehav
e
du
rin
g t
he
inte
rvie
w w
ill
also
be
pre
sen
ted
.
Cur
ricu
lum
Vita
e
At
the
beg
inn
ing
of
the
chap
ter
ther
e is
an
im
agin
ary
CV
of
a st
ud
ent
fro
m t
he
Fac
ult
y o
f C
ivil
En
gin
eeri
ng
. A
few
mo
re t
ips
for
wri
tin
g a
CV
wil
l
be
add
ed h
ere.
1.
Wri
te co
nci
se an
d re
adab
le C
Vs.
C
V sh
ou
ld b
e ea
sy to
re
ad an
d
sho
uld
at
trac
t th
e at
ten
tio
n
of
the
com
mit
tee.
T
her
efo
re,
om
it
un
nec
essa
ry d
etai
ls,
for
exam
ple
, h
ob
bie
s th
at h
ave
no
thin
g t
o d
o w
ith
com
pet
itio
n.
2.
If
edu
cati
on
is
y
ou
r st
ren
gth
, p
ut
the
dat
a o
n
sch
oo
lin
g
at
the
beg
inn
ing
of
a C
V.
Oth
erw
ise,
pu
t th
e ex
per
ien
ce i
n t
he
firs
t p
lace
.
So
rt t
he
dat
a in
rev
erse
ch
ron
olo
gic
al o
rder
, b
ecau
se t
he
rece
nt
dat
a is
mo
re i
mp
ort
ant
to y
ou
r em
plo
yer
th
an t
he
old
dat
a.
3.
If y
ou
fin
ish
ed c
oll
ege,
hig
h s
cho
ol
is n
ot
men
tioned
. If
you g
raduat
ed
fro
m h
igh
sch
oo
l, e
lem
enta
ry s
cho
ol
is n
ot
men
tio
ned
. T
he
facu
lty
sho
uld
al
way
s b
e st
ated
, ev
en if
you hav
e a
mas
ter'
s deg
ree
or
a
do
cto
rate
.
4.
Spec
ify t
he
languag
es y
ou c
an s
pea
k,
and k
now
ledge
of
com
pute
r
skil
ls.
5.
Sp
ecif
y h
ob
bie
s th
at m
ay b
e im
po
rtan
t fo
r th
e jo
b a
nd
th
ose
in
wh
ich
yo
u h
ave
ach
iev
ed g
reat
su
cces
ses.
6.
Ch
eck
po
ssib
le s
pel
lin
g a
nd
gra
mm
atic
al e
rro
rs i
n y
ou
r C
V b
ecau
se
they
lea
ve
a b
ad i
mp
ress
ion
.
61
Rul
es fo
r go
od b
ehav
ior
duri
ng th
e in
terv
iew
1.
Bef
ore
th
e in
terv
iew
co
llec
t as
mu
ch i
nfo
rmat
ion
as
po
ssib
le a
bo
ut
the
emplo
yer
. C
all
the
com
pan
y a
nd
ask
fo
r d
etai
ls a
bo
ut
the
off
ered
jo
b.
2.
Rea
d y
ou
r C
V w
ell
and
be
pre
par
ed f
or
qu
esti
on
s re
late
d t
o y
ou
r C
V.
3.
Dre
ss cl
assi
call
y (s
uit
s fo
r m
en an
d co
stu
mes
fo
r w
om
en).
A
vo
id
bri
gh
t co
lors
, ex
cess
ive
jew
elry
an
d h
eavy m
akeu
p,
but
do n
ot
hid
e
stre
ng
ths
of
yo
ur
app
eara
nce
b
ecau
se
stu
die
s h
ave
sho
wn
th
at
ph
ysi
cal
app
eara
nce
is
o
ne
of
the
mo
st
imp
ort
ant
fact
ors
th
at
infl
uen
ces
the
sele
ctio
n o
f em
plo
yee
s.
4.
Pre
par
e fo
r fr
equ
entl
y a
sked
qu
esti
on
s, s
uch
as:
a) W
hat
is
yo
ur
gre
ates
t q
ual
ity
?
b)
Do
yo
u h
ave
any
dra
wb
ack
s th
at y
ou
wo
uld
lik
e to
ch
ang
e?
c) W
hat
sal
ary
do
yo
u e
xp
ect?
d)
Wh
at w
ork
ex
per
ien
ce d
o y
ou
hav
e fo
r th
is j
ob
?
5.
Be
sure
to
co
me
to t
he
inte
rvie
w b
efo
re t
he
sch
edu
led
tim
e. Y
ou
r la
te
arri
val
at
the
inte
rvie
w i
s al
mo
st a
cer
tain
rea
son f
or
elim
inat
ion.
In
add
itio
n,
the
earl
ier
arri
val
wil
l ca
lm y
ou
do
wn
an
d y
ou
mig
ht
fin
d
ou
t so
me
add
itio
nal
in
form
atio
n a
bo
ut
the
inte
rvie
w.
6.
Do
no
t u
nd
eres
tim
ate
yo
urs
elf.
Th
e v
ery
fac
t th
at y
ou
go
t en
roll
ed a
t
the
Fac
ult
y
of
Civ
il
En
gin
eeri
ng
is
an
in
dic
ato
r o
f y
ou
r q
ual
ity
,
esp
ecia
lly
in
a c
ou
ntr
y w
her
e o
nly
8%
of
the
po
pu
lati
on
has
a c
oll
ege
deg
ree.
Yo
ur
chan
ce o
f g
etti
ng
a j
ob
wil
l in
crea
se s
ign
ific
antl
y w
hen
yo
u s
ucc
essf
ull
y f
inis
h y
ou
r st
ud
ies.
If
we
add
yo
ur
kn
ow
led
ge
of
fore
ign
lan
gu
ages
, th
e ab
ilit
y t
o w
ork
on
th
e co
mp
ute
r an
d y
ou
r o
ther
qu
alit
ies,
wh
ich
sh
ou
ld b
e cl
earl
y s
tate
d i
n y
ou
r C
V a
nd
du
rin
g t
he
72
easi
ly
qu
anti
fied
, it
is
u
sual
ly
stil
l p
oss
ible
to
ap
ply
th
e m
eth
od
o
f
man
agem
ent
tow
ard
s o
bje
ctiv
es.
It i
s im
po
rtan
t to
em
ph
asiz
e th
at t
he
task
s
sho
uld
b
e ch
alle
ng
ing
, b
ut
atta
inab
le.
If
task
s ar
e n
ot
suff
icie
ntl
y
chal
len
gin
g,
hu
man
re
sou
rces
co
mp
anie
s w
ill
no
t b
e ex
plo
ited
en
ou
gh
.
Ho
wev
er,
ther
e is
a b
igg
er p
rob
lem
if
the
task
s ar
e n
ot
atta
inab
le,
bec
ause
in
this
cas
e fr
ust
rati
on
of
the
man
agem
ent
and e
mplo
yee
s w
ill
on
ly p
ile
up
. In
add
itio
n,
it i
s n
eces
sary
th
at t
he
wo
rker
s g
et f
eed
bac
k o
n t
he
qu
alit
y o
f th
eir
work
in o
rder
to k
now
if
the
way
they
wo
rk i
s su
cces
sfu
l. S
o t
he
wo
rker
s ar
e
in a
sim
ilar
po
siti
on
as
the
stu
den
ts s
ince
aft
er t
he
exam
th
ey w
ant
to g
et
gra
des
as
soo
n a
s th
ey c
an,
to d
eter
min
e if
th
ey a
re i
n a
go
od
co
mm
and
of
the
mat
eria
l. F
inal
ly,
it s
ho
uld
be
no
ted
th
at w
ith
th
e m
anag
emen
t to
war
ds
ob
ject
ives
it
is d
esir
able
to
giv
e a
rela
tiv
ely
hig
h d
egre
e o
f au
ton
om
y t
o
emp
loy
ees.
U
ltim
atel
y,
wh
eth
er
the
met
ho
ds
cho
sen
b
y
the
wo
rker
ar
e
corr
ect
wil
l b
e se
en w
hen
th
e ef
fect
of
his
/her
wo
rk i
s p
erio
dic
ally
tes
ted
.
Ho
wev
er,
if
the
met
ho
d
of
man
agem
ent
tow
ard
s o
bje
ctiv
es
is
to
be
succ
essf
ul,
it
must
be
com
ple
men
ted
wit
h a
deq
uat
e re
war
ds
to w
ork
ers
and
wo
rker
s w
ho
do
no
t fu
lfil
l th
e o
bje
ctiv
es s
ho
uld
be
pu
nis
hed
. T
hat
wil
l b
e
the
top
ic o
f th
e n
ext
chap
ter.
Sum
mar
y
1.
Moti
vat
ion
is
rela
tivel
y
dif
ficu
lt
to
inv
esti
gat
e b
ecau
se
the
sam
e
beh
avio
r ca
n b
e th
e re
sult
of
dif
fere
nt
mo
tiv
es,
and
th
e sa
me
mo
tiv
e
may
cau
se d
iffe
ren
t b
ehav
iors
.
2.
Mas
low
id
enti
fies
fi
ve
typ
es o
f n
eed
s:
ph
ysi
olo
gic
al n
eed
s, sa
fety
nee
ds,
so
cial
nee
ds,
th
e n
eed
fo
r ap
pre
ciat
ion
an
d t
he
nee
d f
or
self
-
actu
aliz
atio
n.
71
such
as:
"I
can
do
it"
, "w
e ar
e th
e b
est"
, "w
e w
ill
mak
e it
," b
ecau
se s
uch
an
app
roac
h i
ncr
ease
s th
e m
oti
vat
ion
to
wo
rk a
nd
in
crea
ses
the
lik
elih
oo
d o
f
succ
ess.
On
e ca
n g
ener
ally
say
th
at o
pti
mis
m f
eed
s it
self
wit
h c
on
seq
uen
ces.
Sim
ilar
ly,
pes
sim
ism
(th
e b
elie
f th
at o
ne
wil
l fa
il)
incr
ease
s th
e li
kel
iho
od
that
th
is w
ill
real
ly h
app
en.
An
oth
er m
eth
od
, w
hic
h h
as a
lso
bee
n s
ucc
essf
ul
in p
ract
ice,
is
the
man
agem
ent
tow
ard
s o
bje
ctiv
es.
It
is
the
met
ho
d
in
wh
ich
em
plo
yee
s
det
erm
ine
thei
r w
ork
ing
g
oal
s to
get
her
w
ith
th
eir
sup
erio
rs.
In a
pri
vat
e
agre
emen
t w
ith
his
su
per
iors
an
em
plo
yee
an
d a
su
per
ior
mak
e p
lan
s w
hat
they
wil
l d
o i
n t
he
up
com
ing
per
iod
, u
sual
ly w
ith
in s
ix m
on
ths
to a
yea
r.
Aft
er t
hat
per
iod
has
pas
sed
, th
e su
per
ior
wit
h h
is e
mp
loy
ees
chec
ks
wh
eth
er
the
agre
ed o
bje
ctiv
es h
ave
bee
n ac
hie
ved
. In
th
is w
ay,
the
emp
loy
ee is
po
siti
vel
y m
oti
vat
ed b
ecau
se h
e h
as d
eter
min
ed h
is g
oal
s b
y h
imse
lf,
and
thu
s as
sum
ed t
he
resp
on
sibil
ity f
or
achie
vin
g t
he
go
als.
Th
e p
rere
qu
isit
e fo
r
the
app
lica
tio
n o
f m
eth
od
s o
f m
anag
emen
t to
war
ds
ob
ject
ives
is
mea
sura
ble
pro
duct
ivit
y,
whic
h i
s not
alw
ays
easy
to
acc
om
pli
sh.
Ho
wev
er,
wit
h t
he
pro
per
met
ho
d m
easu
rab
le g
oal
s ca
n b
e d
eter
min
ed t
o m
ost
em
plo
yee
s. T
he
norm
ca
n
be
det
erm
ined
fo
r ex
ecuti
ve
wo
rker
s,
and
h
igh
er
po
siti
on
ed
man
ager
s co
uld
, fo
r ex
amp
le,
set
a g
oal
to
in
crea
se p
rod
uct
ion
by
a c
erta
in
per
cen
tag
e,
red
uce
co
sts,
im
pro
ve
sale
s,
etc.
A
g
oo
d
exam
ple
o
f
man
agem
ent
tow
ard
s o
bje
ctiv
es i
s th
e w
ay t
he
un
iver
sity
tea
cher
s ar
e b
ein
g
con
tro
lled
. T
hey
are
re-
elec
ted
ev
ery
fiv
e y
ears
, an
d i
t is
ch
eck
ed w
het
her
they
ar
e el
igib
le
to
rem
ain
in
th
e cu
rren
t p
osi
tio
n
(ass
ista
nt
pro
fess
or,
pro
fess
or)
, o
r w
het
her
th
ey c
an b
e u
pg
rad
ed t
o a
hig
her
po
siti
on
. T
her
eby
,
mea
sura
ble
cri
teri
a ar
e b
ein
g d
eter
min
ed -
th
e n
um
ber
of
pu
bli
shed
pap
ers,
the
gra
des
th
ey r
ecei
ve
fro
m s
tud
ents
etc
. T
hu
s, e
ven
in
sec
tors
th
at a
re n
ot
62
inte
rvie
w,
then
th
ere
is
no
re
aso
n
to
be
afra
id
of
the
sele
ctio
n
pro
ced
ure
of
can
did
ates
fo
r th
e jo
b.
7.
Be
con
fid
ent,
bu
t n
ot
arro
gan
t.
8.
Lo
ok
th
e ex
amin
ers
in t
he
eyes
an
d b
e sm
ilin
g.
In a
dd
itio
n t
o p
hy
sica
l
app
eara
nce
, n
on
ver
bal
fac
tors
, w
hic
h a
ffec
t th
e im
pre
ssio
n y
ou
lea
ve,
are
also
im
po
rtan
t.
9.
Lea
rn
yo
ur
pre
sen
tati
on
b
y
hea
rt.
Be
sure
to
m
enti
on
y
ou
r w
ork
exp
erie
nce
, ed
uca
tio
n,
abil
ity
to
sp
eak
fo
reig
n l
ang
uag
es a
nd
sp
ecia
l
qu
alif
icat
ion
s.
10
. L
iste
n t
o q
ues
tio
ns
care
full
y a
nd
an
swer
th
em d
irec
tly
. A
sk f
or
an
exp
lan
atio
n i
f y
ou
do
no
t u
nd
erst
and
th
e q
ues
tio
n.
11
. D
o n
ot
forg
et t
o p
rais
e th
e ex
amin
ers
for
ask
ing
th
e q
ues
tio
ns
and
con
du
ctin
g
the
inte
rvie
w
bec
ause
it
in
crea
ses
yo
ur
chan
ce
to
be
cho
sen
.
Sum
mar
y
1.
Em
plo
yee
sel
ecti
on
is
a v
ery
im
po
rtan
t el
emen
t in
th
e m
anag
emen
t o
f
work
ers
bec
ause
the
pro
per
sel
ecti
on
of
wo
rker
s in
crea
ses
the
chan
ce
of
a su
cces
sfu
l b
usi
nes
s.
2.
Wo
rker
s ar
e u
sual
ly s
elec
ted
on
th
e b
asis
of
an a
pp
lica
tio
n f
or
the
ten
der
, C
V,
lett
er o
f re
com
men
dat
ion
, ta
sk c
om
ple
tio
n,
and
in
terv
iew
.
3.
Th
e m
ost
co
mm
on
tes
ts f
or
the
sele
ctio
n o
f w
ork
ers
are
inte
llig
ence
test
s, a
chie
vem
ent
test
s, p
sych
olo
gic
al t
ests
, p
hy
sica
l fi
tnes
s te
sts
and
soci
od
ram
atic
al t
ests
.
4.
Giv
ing
wo
rk t
ask
s h
as p
rov
en t
o b
e th
e m
ost
ob
ject
ive
met
ho
d o
f
sele
ctio
n o
f w
ork
ers.
63
5.
Inte
rvie
ws
are
div
ided
in
to s
tru
ctu
red
and u
nst
ruct
ure
d;
they
can
als
o
be
div
ided
in
to s
itu
atio
nal
, b
ehav
iora
l an
d s
tres
s in
terv
iew
s.
6.
Can
did
ates
may
be
inte
rvie
wed
by
an
in
div
idu
al o
r co
mm
itte
e. T
he
Co
mm
itte
e is
a b
ette
r (t
ho
ug
h m
ore
ex
pen
siv
e) s
olu
tio
n b
ecau
se i
t
red
uce
s th
e p
oss
ibil
ity
of
sub
ject
ive
sele
ctio
n o
f ca
nd
idat
es.
7.
Ob
ject
ivit
y
of
the
sele
ctio
n
is
gre
ater
w
hen
usi
ng
a st
ruct
ure
d
inte
rvie
w,
and
w
hen
th
e m
emb
ers
of
the
com
mit
tee
eval
uat
e th
e
can
did
ates
fo
r ea
ch q
ues
tio
n o
n t
he
bas
is o
f p
red
eter
min
ed c
rite
ria.
8.
Ph
ysi
cal
app
eara
nce
an
d n
on
-ver
bal
co
mm
un
icat
ion
pla
y a
n i
mp
ort
ant
role
in
sel
ecti
on
of
a ca
nd
idat
e.
Exa
mpl
es o
f exa
m q
uest
ions
1.
Wh
at a
re t
he
mai
n p
rob
lem
s th
at m
ake
sele
ctio
n o
f em
plo
yee
s h
ard
er?
2.
What
met
hods
are
use
d t
o s
elec
t em
plo
yee
s?
3.
Ho
w v
alu
able
are
rec
om
men
dat
ion
let
ters
in
th
e se
lect
ion
pro
cess
?
4.
Wh
ich
tes
ts a
re u
sed
to
sel
ect
the
emp
loy
ees?
5.
Wh
at i
s th
e m
ost
ob
ject
ive
met
ho
d i
n s
elec
tio
n o
f w
ork
ers?
6.
Wh
at t
yp
es o
f in
terv
iew
s ar
e th
ere?
7.
Wh
at a
re t
he
adv
anta
ges
of
a st
ruct
ure
d i
nte
rvie
w?
8.
Wh
at k
ind
of
inte
rvie
w i
s a
stre
ss i
nte
rvie
w?
9.
How
can
obje
ctiv
ity o
f th
e in
terv
iew
be
incr
ease
d?
10
. W
hat
are
th
e b
enef
its
of
tele
ph
on
e in
terv
iew
s?
11
. L
ist
the
bas
ic r
ule
s fo
r w
riti
ng
a g
oo
d C
V!
12
. S
pec
ify
th
e ru
les
of
a g
oo
d b
ehav
ior
at t
he
inte
rvie
w!
70
bec
ause
th
ere
is
an
adeq
uat
e tr
ain
ing
w
hic
h
incr
ease
s m
oti
vat
ion
-
bu
t
man
ager
s sh
ould
be
awar
e th
at s
om
e w
ork
ers
hav
e lo
wer
sta
rtin
g p
osi
tio
n
bec
ause
th
ey w
ere
inad
equ
atel
y e
du
cate
d i
n c
hil
dh
oo
d.
Met
hods
of e
ncou
ragi
ng w
ork
mot
ivat
ion
In
pra
ctic
e se
lf-f
ulf
illi
ng
p
roph
ecy
and
man
agem
ent
tow
ards
ob
ject
ives
are
tw
o p
rov
en m
eth
od
s o
f in
crea
sin
g w
ork
mo
tiv
atio
n.
Wh
at i
s
self
-fu
lfil
lin
g p
rop
hec
y w
ill
be
bes
t ex
pla
ined
wit
h t
he
des
crip
tio
n o
f o
ne
exp
erim
ent.
Tw
o g
rou
ps
of
stu
den
ts w
ere
crea
ted
wh
ose
tas
k w
as t
o t
rain
rats
in
a r
apid
pas
sag
e th
rou
gh
th
e la
by
rin
th.
Th
e fi
rst
gro
up
was
to
ld t
hat
thei
r ra
ts w
ere
ver
y i
nte
llig
ent,
an
d t
he
seco
nd w
as t
old
that
thei
r ra
ts w
ere
no
t in
tell
igen
t. A
fter
a
wh
ile
they
m
easu
red th
e su
cces
s of
rats
pas
sing
thro
ug
h t
he
lab
yri
nth
. O
f co
urs
e, t
he
firs
t g
rou
p a
chie
ved
far
bet
ter
resu
lts.
Ho
wev
er,
the
po
int
was
th
at t
he
lead
ers
of
the
exp
erim
ent
del
iber
atel
y p
ut
equ
ally
su
cces
sfu
l ra
ts
in
bo
th
gro
up
s.
Th
is
mea
ns
that
su
bse
qu
ent
dif
fere
nce
s in
th
e re
sult
s b
etw
een
th
e tw
o
gro
up
s w
ere
a re
sult
o
f
con
vic
tio
ns
of
thei
r „c
oach
es"
that
th
ey c
an a
chie
ve
go
od
or
bad
res
ult
s. T
he
accu
racy
o
f th
ese
fin
din
gs
was
co
nfi
rmed
b
y
sim
ilar
ex
per
imen
ts
wit
h
stu
den
ts
and
ex
per
imen
ts
wit
h
sold
iers
in
th
e Is
rael
i ar
my
. In
th
ese
exp
erim
ents
, th
e in
stru
cto
rs w
ere
told
that
one
gro
up i
s re
ally
succ
essf
ul
and
in t
he
end
th
is g
rou
p a
chie
ved
bet
ter
resu
lts,
alt
ho
ug
h a
t th
e b
egin
nin
g o
f th
e
exper
imen
t both
gro
ups
wer
e co
mple
tely
eq
ual
. F
rom
th
ese
exp
erim
ents
, w
e
can c
oncl
ude
that
peo
ple
ach
ieved
bet
ter
resu
lts
when
you t
rust
in t
hem
, an
d
wh
en y
ou
ex
pec
t g
oo
d r
esu
lts
fro
m t
hem
, an
d t
hat
is
exac
tly
wh
at t
he
effe
ct
of
self
-fu
lfil
lin
g p
rop
hec
y m
eth
od
s is
bas
ed o
n.
In o
ther
wo
rds,
man
ager
s
sho
uld
en
cou
rag
e a
po
siti
ve
atm
osp
her
e at
th
e w
ork
pla
ce w
ith
sta
tem
ents
69
sho
wn
in
May
o's
ex
per
imen
ts.
Th
eref
ore
, a
succ
essf
ul
man
ager
nee
ds
to b
e
awar
e o
f al
l th
e em
plo
yee
's
nee
ds
and
st
riv
e to
m
eet
them
in
o
rder
to
incr
ease
pro
du
ctiv
ity
. L
ack
of
Tay
lor
and
Fo
rd's
ap
pro
ach
was
th
at t
hey
con
cen
trat
ed o
nly
on
th
e lo
wes
t n
eed
s o
f w
ork
ers.
McC
lella
nd's
theo
ry o
f mot
ivat
ion
Wh
en
talk
ing
ab
ou
t w
ork
m
oti
vat
ion
, th
en
on
e sh
ou
ld
def
init
ely
men
tion M
cCle
llan
d bec
ause
he
has
in
ves
tig
ated
th
e re
aso
ns
wh
y m
any
peo
ple
are
un
mo
tiv
ated
to
wo
rk.
Th
e ca
use
s o
f th
is s
itu
atio
n M
cCle
llan
d
fou
nd
pri
mar
ily
in
ch
ild
ho
od
. H
is r
esea
rch
has
sh
ow
n t
hat
ch
ild
ren
wh
ose
par
ents
en
cou
rag
e au
ton
om
y (
for
exam
ple
, st
ori
ng
to
ys,
go
ing
to
sch
oo
l an
d
cro
ssin
g t
he
road
by
th
emse
lves
) ac
hie
ve,
on
av
erag
e, b
ette
r p
erfo
rman
ce
resu
lts
wh
en t
hey
gro
w u
p.
Co
nst
ant
sup
po
rt a
nd
pra
ise
fro
m t
hei
r p
aren
ts
stim
ula
te c
hil
dre
n's
wo
rk m
oti
vat
ion
wh
ich
lat
er r
emai
ns
for
life
. T
he
sto
ries
that
kid
s re
ad i
n c
hil
dh
oo
d m
ay a
lso
hav
e a
po
siti
ve
or
neg
ativ
e ef
fect
on
th
e
mo
tiv
atio
n o
f w
ork
. F
or
exam
ple
, S
no
w W
hit
e cr
eate
s th
e w
ron
g v
alu
e
bec
ause
th
e g
irls
are
en
cou
rag
ed t
o b
elie
ve
that
mar
ryin
g a
ric
h p
rin
ce w
ill
solv
e th
eir
pro
ble
ms.
In
co
ntr
ast,
st
ory
b
y
Mat
e L
ov
rak
Pe
ro K
vrži
ca's
Gro
up, c
reat
e a
po
siti
ve
val
ue
bec
ause
it
po
siti
vel
y v
alu
es w
ork
. H
ow
ever
, it
is i
mp
ort
ant
to n
ote
th
at M
cCle
llan
d d
oes
no
t ab
solu
tize
ch
ild
ho
od
as
the
on
ly p
erio
d i
n w
hic
h t
he
wo
rk h
abit
s ar
e fo
rmed
. O
n t
he
con
trar
y,
the
auth
or
has
fo
rmu
late
d a
tra
inin
g p
rog
ram
fo
r w
ork
ers
wh
o h
ave
litt
le m
oti
vat
ion
to
wo
rk.
In
this
p
rog
ram
, co
ncr
ete
ach
iev
able
ta
sks,
fr
om
ea
sy
to
mo
re
dif
ficu
lt,
are
set
for
wo
rker
s. W
ork
ers
hav
e th
e ab
ilit
y t
o c
on
stan
tly
ob
serv
e
thei
r p
rog
ress
at
wo
rk.
In t
his
way
thei
r co
nfi
den
ce a
nd
wo
rk m
oti
vat
ion
are
bei
ng
str
eng
then
ed.
So
mo
tiv
atio
n i
s p
oss
ible
to
dev
elo
p t
hro
ug
ho
ut
life
-
64
65
6.
Wor
k m
otiv
atio
n
What
wil
l be
the
most
im
port
ant
fact
ors
to
yo
u w
hen
ch
oo
sin
g a
jo
b?
(ran
k =
1 t
he
mo
st i
mp
ort
ant,
th
e le
ast
imp
ort
ant
= 7
) -
Inte
rest
ing
jo
b
- Jo
b c
erta
inty
-
Sal
ary
-
Wo
rkin
g c
on
dit
ion
s -
Po
ssib
ilit
y o
f ad
van
cem
ent
- G
oo
d r
elat
ion
ship
s w
ith
co
-wo
rker
s -
Hu
man
tre
atm
ent
of
emp
loy
ees
Mot
ivat
ion
Cro
atia
n e
ncy
clo
ped
ic d
icti
on
ary
def
ines
mo
tiv
atio
n a
s "t
hat
wh
ich
mo
ves
us
to s
om
e ac
tiv
ity
."29 T
hu
s, e
xp
lori
ng
th
e m
oti
vat
ion
to
wo
rk,
we
exp
lore
th
e re
aso
ns
wh
y s
om
eon
e is
wo
rkin
g a
nd
th
e w
ays
wit
h w
hic
h w
e
can e
nco
ura
ge
som
eone
to p
erfo
rm h
igh
qu
alit
y j
ob
s. T
his
to
pic
has
alr
ead
y
bee
n d
iscu
ssed
in
th
e ch
apte
rs o
n t
he
his
tory
of
the
soci
olo
gy
of
wo
rk.
Wh
ile
Tay
lor
red
uce
d
mo
tiv
atio
n
excl
usi
vel
y
to
mo
ney
, M
ayo
d
isco
ver
ed
add
itio
nal
fac
tors
th
at m
oti
vat
e w
ork
ers.
Th
is c
hap
ter
wil
l p
rese
nt
add
itio
nal
fin
din
gs
fro
m t
he
area
acq
uir
ed b
y t
he
soci
olo
gy
of
wo
rk.
Ho
wev
er,
it i
s
nec
essa
ry t
o e
mp
has
ize
that
th
e m
oti
ves
are
rel
ativ
ely
dif
ficu
lt t
o a
nal
yze
bec
ause
dif
fere
nt
mo
tiv
es c
an r
esu
lt i
n t
he
sam
e b
ehav
ior.
Fo
r ex
amp
le,
som
eon
e co
uld
get
en
roll
ed a
t th
e F
acu
lty
of
Civ
il E
ng
inee
rin
g b
ecau
se h
is
par
ents
hav
e a
con
stru
ctio
n c
om
pan
y,
bec
ause
th
ey h
ave
fail
ed t
o e
nro
ll a
t
the
Fac
ult
y o
f A
rch
itec
ture
or
bec
ause
th
ey f
anta
size
ab
ou
t h
ow
to
bu
ild
29 C
roat
ian
Ency
clop
edic
Dic
tiona
ry (
Hrv
atsk
i en
cikl
oped
ijski
rje
čnik
),op.
cit.
, pp. 235.
68
If n
eed
s ar
e n
ot
bei
ng
m
et,
they
ar
e ac
tiv
ated
b
y v
ario
us
def
ense
mec
han
ism
s -
sub
lim
atio
n,
rati
on
aliz
atio
n,
fan
tasy
an
d
agg
ress
ion.
Su
bli
mat
ion
is
the
rep
lace
men
t o
f o
ne
acti
vit
y w
ith
an
oth
er,
so,
for
exam
ple
,
wo
men
wh
o c
ann
ot
hav
e ch
ild
ren
oft
en t
end t
o h
ave
pet
s as
a s
ubco
nsc
ious
sub
stit
ute
fo
r a
chil
d.
Rat
ion
aliz
atio
n
is
an
atte
mp
t to
d
imin
ish
th
e
sig
nif
ican
ce o
f so
met
hin
g th
at is
m
issi
ng
, so
if
so
meo
ne
do
es n
ot
hav
e
mo
ney
to
bu
y g
rap
es t
hat
on
e w
ou
ld l
ike
to e
at,
one
would
oft
en c
om
men
t
that
su
rely
th
e g
rap
es a
re s
ou
r. I
n a
dd
itio
n,
peo
ple
fan
tasi
ze a
bout
what
they
get
an
d s
om
e ca
n u
se a
gg
ress
ion
to t
hro
w o
ut
thei
r o
wn
fru
stra
tio
ns.
Th
is b
rief
rev
iew
of
the
bas
ic t
erm
s o
f p
sych
olo
gy
aim
s to
tea
ch u
s
ho
w t
he
wo
rk m
oti
vat
ion
is
asso
ciat
ed w
ith
th
e g
ener
al m
oti
vat
ion
. If
we
app
ly M
aslo
w's
th
eory
on
th
e w
ork
fie
ld,
we
can c
oncl
ude
that
it
is o
ften
easi
er t
o m
eet
low
er n
eeds
of
emplo
yee
s (w
ages
, n
utr
itio
n),
th
an t
he
hig
her
nee
ds
such
as
th
e n
eed
fo
r ap
pre
ciat
ion
an
d se
lf-a
ctu
aliz
atio
n at
to
day
's
wo
rkp
lace
. T
he
val
ue
of
May
o's
th
eory
is
that
he
sug
ges
ted
th
at t
he
hig
her
nee
ds
must
be
taken
into
acc
ount
for
work
mo
tiv
atio
n.
In a
sit
uat
ion
wh
en a
man
sp
end
s a
gre
at p
art
of
his
lif
e at
th
e w
ork
pla
ce,
it b
eco
mes
sig
nif
ican
t
that
he
is a
pp
reci
ated
by
his
wo
rkin
g e
nv
iro
nm
ent.
In
ad
dit
ion
, th
e fe
elin
g
that
one
has
att
ained
his
physi
cal
and
men
tal
po
ten
tial
s d
uri
ng
his
wo
rkin
g
yea
rs b
eco
mes
an
im
po
rtan
t el
emen
t o
f a
hap
py
lif
e. T
hu
s, t
he
po
sses
sio
n o
f
a d
egre
e is
no
t o
nly
a g
oo
d b
asis
fo
r a
hig
her
sal
ary,
bu
t al
so o
ne
of
the
imp
ort
ant
elem
ents
of
self
-res
pec
t, i
ncl
ud
ing
res
pec
t fr
om
th
e en
vir
on
men
t.
Per
son
s w
ho
fai
l to
co
mp
lete
co
lleg
e o
ften
try
to c
ure
th
eir
fru
stra
tio
ns
wit
h
con
stan
t cr
itic
ism
of
inte
llec
tual
s o
r em
ph
asiz
ing
th
eir
wea
lth
to
co
mp
ensa
te
thei
r fa
ilu
re i
n s
cho
ol.
Ho
wev
er,
it i
s im
po
rtan
t to
em
ph
asiz
e th
at p
eop
le
wit
h l
ow
er e
du
cati
on
hav
e a
nee
d t
o h
ave
thei
r w
ork
ap
pre
ciat
ed,
wh
ich
was
67
thei
r m
oti
vat
ion
al
forc
e.
Mas
low
fi
rst
iden
tifi
es
hu
man
n
eed
s an
d
then
clas
sifi
es t
ho
se w
ith
th
e g
reat
est
mo
tiv
atio
nal
po
ten
tial
to
lea
st m
oti
vat
ion
al
po
ten
tial
. T
he
hie
rarc
hy
is
the
foll
ow
ing
:
1.
Phys
iolo
gica
l ne
eds
are
the
nee
ds
for
ox
yg
en,
wat
er,
foo
d,
slee
p,
war
mth
an
d s
exu
al n
eed
s.
2.
The
need
for
sec
urity
is
the
nee
d t
o b
e p
rote
cted
ag
ain
st p
ote
nti
al
atta
cks
on
u
s as
p
eop
le.
Th
ese
serv
ices
ar
e p
rov
ided
b
y
mil
itar
y,
po
lice
, fi
refi
gh
ters
an
d e
tc.
3.
Soci
al n
eeds
ar
e th
e nee
ds
for
love,
fr
iendsh
ip
and
har
monio
us
rela
tio
nsh
ip w
ith
th
e co
mm
un
ity
. M
an i
s a
soci
al b
ein
g a
nd
ou
tsid
e
the
com
mu
nit
y h
e co
uld
bar
ely
su
rviv
e. T
hat
is
wh
y h
e n
eed
s cl
ose
rela
tio
nsh
ips
wit
h o
ther
peo
ple
.
4.
Peo
ple
hav
e a
nee
d f
or
self
-est
eem
(a
go
od
op
inio
n o
f h
imse
lf)
and
a
nee
d f
or
appr
ecia
tion
by t
he
soci
ety.
5.
Th
e n
eed
fo
r se
lf-ac
tual
izat
ion
is
the
nee
d
to
dev
elo
p
on
e's
ow
n
men
tal
and
ph
ysi
cal
abil
itie
s to
th
e m
axim
um
.
Gen
eral
ly s
pea
kin
g,
the
ph
ysi
olo
gic
al n
eed
s h
ave
the
gre
ates
t st
ren
gth
of
mo
tiv
atio
n an
d se
lf-a
ctu
aliz
atio
n h
as th
e le
ast
stre
ng
th.
Hig
her
n
eed
s
bec
om
e im
po
rtan
t w
hen
th
e lo
wer
nee
ds
are
sati
sfie
d.
Ho
wev
er,
this
ru
le h
as
man
y e
xce
pti
on
s. F
or
exam
ple
, d
uri
ng
th
e w
ar,
peo
ple
are
oft
en w
illi
ng
to
dep
riv
e th
emse
lves
fro
m t
he
nat
ura
l p
hy
sio
log
ical
nee
ds
by
def
end
ing
th
eir
ho
mel
and
. In
su
ch c
ases
, th
e n
eed
to
res
pec
t y
ou
rsel
f (y
ou
are
no
t a
cow
ard
),
and
so
cial
nee
ds
bec
om
e m
ore
im
po
rtan
t th
an t
he
nee
d f
or
secu
rity
, fo
od
,
war
mth
an
d s
leep
(p
hy
sio
log
ical
nee
ds)
. L
ow
er n
eed
s ar
e in
stin
ctiv
e, w
hil
e
hig
her
nee
ds
are
more
rat
ional
.
66
bri
dg
es.
So
, d
iffe
ren
t m
oti
ves
can
res
ult
in
th
e sa
me
effe
ct -
ad
mis
sio
n t
o t
he
Fac
ult
y o
f C
ivil
En
gin
eeri
ng
. S
imil
arly
, o
ne
mo
tiv
e m
ay r
esu
lt i
n d
iffe
ren
t
beh
avio
r. T
he
des
ire
to h
ave
a lo
t o
f m
on
ey c
an m
oti
vat
e an
in
div
idu
al t
o
wo
rk h
ard
, an
d t
he
oth
er p
erso
n m
ay t
ry t
o r
ob
a b
ank
. F
urt
her
mo
re,
the
sati
sfac
tion
of
nee
ds
can
reduce
m
oti
vat
ion
, b
ut
it
can
al
so
incr
ease
mo
tiv
atio
n.
Su
cces
sfu
lly
so
lved
pro
ble
ms
at m
ath
emat
ics
exam
may
be
a
reas
on
fo
r o
ne
stu
den
t n
ot
to s
tudy t
hat
subje
ct a
fter
pas
sing t
he
exam
, w
hil
e
ano
ther
stu
den
t m
ay d
ecid
e to
ch
ang
e th
e fa
cult
y a
nd
in
stea
d o
f st
ud
yin
g a
t
the
Fac
ult
y o
f C
ivil
En
gin
eeri
ng
, h
e/sh
e w
ill
stu
dy
mat
hem
atic
s. S
cien
tist
s
them
selv
es m
ake
mat
ters
fu
rth
er c
om
pli
cate
d s
ince
th
ey h
ave
dif
fere
nt,
oft
en
con
flic
tin
g
theo
ries
o
n
mo
tiv
atio
n.
Fo
r ex
amp
le,
in
con
tem
po
rary
psy
cho
log
y t
her
e ar
e d
ivid
ed o
pin
ion
s o
n F
reu
dia
n t
heo
ry.
In o
ther
wo
rds,
the
anal
ysi
s o
f w
ork
mo
tiv
atio
n i
s n
ot
easy
bec
ause
peo
ple
are
dif
fere
nt,
an
d
the
soci
al
scie
nce
s ar
e tr
yin
g
to
fin
d
reg
ula
riti
es
that
ex
ist
in
peo
ple
's
acti
on
s, e
ven
in
th
e m
oti
vat
ion
to
wo
rk.
Mas
low
's th
eory
of m
otiv
atio
n30
Mas
low
is
cert
ain
ly o
ne
of
the
mo
st i
mp
ort
ant
auth
ors
wh
o d
ealt
wit
h
mo
tiv
atio
n.
He
is
par
ticu
larl
y
sig
nif
ican
t b
ecau
se
of
his
cl
assi
fica
tio
n
acco
rdin
g
to
the
nee
ds
of
the
mo
tiv
atio
nal
fo
rce.
In
fa
ct,
ever
y
man
is
con
stan
tly
co
nfr
on
ted
wit
h d
iffe
ren
t n
eed
s th
at m
ay b
e in
co
nfl
ict.
Wh
en t
he
stu
den
t w
akes
up
in
th
e m
orn
ing
, h
e k
no
ws
he
sho
uld
lea
rn,
bu
t h
e al
so f
eels
the
nee
d f
or
foo
d.
Wh
ich
of
the
two
act
ivit
ies
wil
l b
e d
on
e fi
rst
dep
end
s o
n
30 T
his
an
d t
he
nex
t ch
apte
r ar
e bas
ed o
n V
ecch
io,
Rober
t P
. 2003.
Org
aniz
atio
nal b
ehav
ior:
cor
e co
ncep
ts.
Mas
on
, O
hio
: T
ho
mso
n/S
ou
th-W
este
rn,
pp
. 7
0-1
22
.