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Q) What are the different types of sockets?

Ans) Stream sockets and Datagram sockets. They are referred to as SOCK_STREAM and

SOCK_DGRAM. SOCK_STREAM provide reliable two-way communication. Datagramsockets are connectionless sockets.

Q) What is the network part and the host part of an IP address?Ans) The first 3 bytes of an IP address is the network part and the last byte is the host part.

Q) What is the signature of socket/bind/connect/listen/accept system calls?

Ans)

- intsocket(int domain, int type, int protocol);

- int bind(int sockfd, struct sockaddr *my_addr, int addrlen);

- int connect(int sockfd, struct sockaddr *serv_addr, int addrlen);- int listen(int sockfd, int backlog);

- int accept(int sockfd, struct sockaddr *addr, socklen_t *addrlen);

- intsend(int sockfd, const void *msg, int len, int flags);

- int recv(int sockfd, void *buf, int len, int flags);

Q) What is the signature of sendto() and recvfrom() for SOCK_DGRAM sockets?

Ans)

intsendto(int sockfd, const void *msg, int len, unsigned int flags, const struct sockaddr *to,

socklen_t tolen);int recvfrom(int sockfd, void *buf, int len, unsigned int flags, struct sockaddr *from, int

*fromlen);

Q) What will happen if one side closes a socket and the other side tries to do a

send/recv on that connection?

Ans) Once you do a close(s) on a socket file descriptor, the socket connection gets freedup. If at any point of time after the closure of the socket at one end, the peer side tries to doa recv(), it will return 0. On the other hand, a send(), it will receive a signal SIGPIPE and

return -1 and errno will be set to EPIPE.

Q) What is the difference between calling close(sockfd) and shutdown(sockfd, how)?

Ans)

close(sockfd);

This will prevent any more reads and writes to the socket. Anyone attempting to read orwrite the socket on the remote end will receive an error.

Just in case you want a little more control over how the socket closes, you can use the

shutdown() function. It allows you to cut off communication in a certain direction, or bothways (just like close() does.)

Synopsis:

int shutdown(int sockfd, int how);sockfdis the socket file descriptor you want to shutdown, and how is one of the following:

0 Further receives are disallowed

1 Further sends are disallowed

2 Further sends and receives are disallowed (like close())

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shutdown() returns 0 on success, and -1 on error (with errno set accordingly.)

If you deign to use shutdown() on unconnected datagram sockets, it will simply make the

socket unavailable for furthersend() and recv() calls (remember that you can use these ifyou connect() your datagram socket.)

It's important to note that shutdown() doesn't actually close the file descriptorit just

changes its usability. To free a socket descriptor, you need to use close().

Q) What does getpeername() do?

Ans)The function getpeername() will tell you who is at the other end of a connected stream

socket. The synopsis:

#include

int getpeername(int sockfd, struct sockaddr *addr, int *addrlen);sockfd is the descriptor of the connected stream socket, addr is a pointer to a struct

sockaddr (or a struct sockaddr_in) that will hold the information about the other side of the

connection, and addrlen is a pointer to an int, that should be initialized to sizeof *addr or

sizeof(struct sockaddr).The function returns -1 on error and sets errno accordingly. Once you have their address,

you can use inet_ntop(), getnameinfo(), or gethostbyaddr() to print or get moreinformation.

Q) What does getnameinfo() do?

Ans)

intgetnameinfo(conststructsockaddr*sa,socklen_tsalen, char*host,size_thostlen,

char*serv,size_tservlen,intflags);

The getnameinfo() function is the inverse ofgetaddrinfoit converts a socket address to a

corresponding host and service, in a protocol-independent manner.Thesa argument is a pointer to a generic socket address structure (of typesockaddr_in or

sockaddr_in6) of sizesalen that holds the input IP adderss and port number. The

arguments hostandserv are pointers to caller-allocated buffers (of size hostlen andservlenrespectively) into which getnameinfo() places null-terminated strings containing the host

and service names respectively.

Q) What does gethostname() do?

Ans)

It returns the name of the computer

that your program is running on. The name can then be used by gethostbyname(), below,to determine the IP address of your local machine.

#include intgethostname(char *hostname, size_t size);

The arguments are simple: hostname is a pointer to an array of chars that will contain the

hostname upon the function's return, andsize is the length in bytes of the hostname array.

The function returns 0 on successful completion, and -1 on error, setting errno as usual.

http://www.kernel.org/doc/man-pages/online/pages/man3/getaddrinfo.3.htmlhttp://www.kernel.org/doc/man-pages/online/pages/man3/getaddrinfo.3.htmlhttp://www.kernel.org/doc/man-pages/online/pages/man3/getaddrinfo.3.html

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Q) What is a blocking call?

Ans)block is techie jargon for sleep. You probably noticed that when you run listener,

above, it just sits there until a packet arrives. What happened is that it called recvfrom(),

there was no data, and so recvfrom() is said to block (that is, sleep there) until some dataarrives. Lots of functions block. accept()blocks. All the recv() functions block.

When you first create the socket descriptor with socket(), the kernel sets it to

blocking. If you don't want a socket to be blocking, you have to make a call to fcntl():

#include

#include

sockfd = socket(PF_INET, SOCK_STREAM, 0);fcntl(sockfd, F_SETFL, O_NONBLOCK);

By setting a socket to non-blocking, you can effectively poll the socket for information.

If you try to read from a non-blocking socket and there's no data there, it's not allowed toblockit will return -1 and errno will be set to EWOULDBLOCK.

Q) What is the use of a select() call?

Ans)

Take the following situation: you are a server and you want to listen for incomingconnections as well as keep reading from the connections you already have. select() gives

you the power to monitor several sockets at the same time. It'll tell you which ones are

ready for reading, which are ready for writing, and which sockets have raised exceptions, if

you really want to know that. This being said, in modern times select(), though veryportable, is one of the slowest methods for monitoring sockets.

int select(int numfds, fd_set *readfds, fd_set *writefds, fd_set *exceptfds, struct timeval*timeout);

The function monitors sets of file descriptors; in particular readfds, writefds, andexceptfds. If you want to see if you can read from standard input and some socket

descriptor, sockfd, just add the file descriptors 0 and sockfd to the set readfds. The

parameternumfds should be set to the values of the highest file descriptor plus one. In this

example, it should be set tosockfd+1, since it is assuredly higher than standard input (0).When select() returns, readfds will be modified to reflect which of the file descriptors you

selected which is ready for reading. You can test them with the macro FD_ISSET(),

below. Before progressing much further, I'll talk about how to manipulate these sets. Eachset is of the type fd_set. The following macros operate on this type:

FD_SET(int fd, fd_set *set); Addfdto theset.

FD_CLR(int fd, fd_set *set); Removefdfrom theset.

FD_ISSET(int fd, fd_set *set); Return true iffdis in theset.

FD_ZERO(fd_set *set); Clear all entries from theset.

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Sometimes you don't want to wait forever for someone to send you some data. This time

structure allows you to specify a timeout period. If the time is exceeded and select() still

hasn't found any ready file descriptors, it'll return so you can continue processing.The struct timeval has the follow fields:

struct timeval {

int tv_sec; // secondsint tv_usec; // microseconds

};

Sample:

#include

#include #include

#include

#define STDIN 0 // file descriptor for standard inputint main(void)

{struct timeval tv;

fd_set readfds;

tv.tv_sec = 2;tv.tv_usec = 500000;

FD_ZERO(&readfds);

FD_SET(STDIN, &readfds);// don't care about writefds and exceptfds:

select(STDIN+1, &readfds, NULL, NULL, &tv);

if (FD_ISSET(STDIN, &readfds))printf("A key was pressed!\n");

else

printf("Timed out.\n");return 0;

}