sofc metallic retrospective · 2014-08-19 · 3. dual atmospheres (c, s, h 2, h 2 o) 4. high...

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Briggs M. White, Ph.D. Project Manager Advanced Energy Systems Division SOFC Metallic Interconnect Retrospective A Collaborative Success 15 th Annual SECA Workshop, July 2223, 2014, Sheraton Station Square, Pittsburgh, PA

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Page 1: SOFC Metallic Retrospective · 2014-08-19 · 3. Dual atmospheres (C, S, H 2, H 2 O) 4. High temperatures 5. Electrically conductive Scale & coating 6. Low‐volatility (chrome) 7

Briggs M. White, Ph.D.

Project Manager

Advanced Energy Systems Division

SOFC Metallic Interconnect RetrospectiveA Collaborative Success

15th Annual SECA Workshop, July 22‐23, 2014, Sheraton Station Square, Pittsburgh, PA

Page 2: SOFC Metallic Retrospective · 2014-08-19 · 3. Dual atmospheres (C, S, H 2, H 2 O) 4. High temperatures 5. Electrically conductive Scale & coating 6. Low‐volatility (chrome) 7

Challenges

1. Low‐cost material2. Identify commercial alloy3. Dual atmospheres (C, S, H2, 

H2O)4. High temperatures5. Electrically conductive

Scale & coating6. Low‐volatility (chrome)7. Adherent scale

Thermal cycles Several year service life

Metallic Interconnect DevelopmentDrivers and Challenges

15th Annual SECA Workshop, July 22‐23, 2014, Pittsburgh Sheraton Station Square

Drivers

1. Low cost2. Commercial alloys 

available in large volumes3. No densification required

*vs. Lanthanum Chromite4. Easier to post‐process

*e.g. stamp

Enabled by anode‐support (thin electrolyte & lower temp)

Page 3: SOFC Metallic Retrospective · 2014-08-19 · 3. Dual atmospheres (C, S, H 2, H 2 O) 4. High temperatures 5. Electrically conductive Scale & coating 6. Low‐volatility (chrome) 7

State Of The Art at SECA StartApproaches Identified

15th Annual SECA Workshop, July 22‐23, 2014, Pittsburgh Sheraton Station Square

Materials Breakout Notes – Session A1. Investigation of commercially available 

alloys 2. Cathode side surface treatments on 

commercially available metallic interconnect 

3. Investigation of developmental alloys 4. Interconnect designs that minimize 

material use5. Investigation o f the interconnect and 

electrode interface

Materials Breakout Notes – Session B1. Examine interface and coatings inter‐

relations and stability2. Examine stability and electric transport at 

interface3. Conduct surface modification studies

Page 4: SOFC Metallic Retrospective · 2014-08-19 · 3. Dual atmospheres (C, S, H 2, H 2 O) 4. High temperatures 5. Electrically conductive Scale & coating 6. Low‐volatility (chrome) 7

Initial Approaches:• Ni‐based superalloys (Haynes)• Hi‐chrome alloys (E‐Brite)• 400‐series steels

Commercial Alloy SelectionKey Elements

15th Annual SECA Workshop, July 22‐23, 2014, Pittsburgh Sheraton Station Square

Alloys Cr Mn Fe C Al Si P S Ti Misc

Haynes 230

22‐26 0.5‐0.7

3 0.3 5 CoBal Ni

E‐Brite 26‐27 <0.1 Bal <0.05 0.03‐0.2 <0.05 1 Mo

Crofer 22 APU

23 0.4‐0.8

Bal 0.030 <0.02 <0.02 0.02 0.05 0.02 0.20 La

430 16‐18 <1.0 Bal <0.12 <1.0 <0.04 <0.03

441 18 0.35 Bal 0.01 0.05 0.34 0.023 0.002 0.22 0.5 Nb0.3 Ni

Page 5: SOFC Metallic Retrospective · 2014-08-19 · 3. Dual atmospheres (C, S, H 2, H 2 O) 4. High temperatures 5. Electrically conductive Scale & coating 6. Low‐volatility (chrome) 7

441 Stainless SteelMufflers & Fuel Cells ‐ An Amazing Coincidence

15th Annual SECA Workshop, July 22‐23, 2014, Pittsburgh Sheraton Station Square

Key 441 Features

Economical, mass produced

Expansion matched

Laves phases

Chromia former

Maintains conductive scale

Dual-atmosphere stability 441 Substrate

Mn‐Co Coating

Images courtesy of PNNL

441

Page 6: SOFC Metallic Retrospective · 2014-08-19 · 3. Dual atmospheres (C, S, H 2, H 2 O) 4. High temperatures 5. Electrically conductive Scale & coating 6. Low‐volatility (chrome) 7

2000: Pre‐screening of alloys2001: Down‐selection to ferritic

stainless steels 2002: Screening of alloy properties2003: Evaluation of protective 

coatings2004: Identify spinel coatings2007: Initial studies on 4412008: Ce coatings and Ce‐modified 

MnCo spinel coatings 2010: Physical modifications to steel 

surface 2013: 6,000h validation of surface‐

modifed, spinel‐coated 441 in stack test fixture

TimelineWorkshops, Development, Tech Transfer

2000: SECA Workshop Breakout Sessions2001: SECA Workshop Materials Roadmapping2004: Interconnect Workshop at ANL2006: Industry‐National Lab Cr poisoning study

2008: ATI 441 order –National Labs & Industry Teams2008: Topical Report on 441 & coatings transferred to Industry Teams2010‐2013: 2 patents, 2 R&D 100 awards

15th Annual SECA Workshop, July 22‐23, 2014, Pittsburgh Sheraton Station Square

Page 7: SOFC Metallic Retrospective · 2014-08-19 · 3. Dual atmospheres (C, S, H 2, H 2 O) 4. High temperatures 5. Electrically conductive Scale & coating 6. Low‐volatility (chrome) 7

Coating Development ProgressRigorous Evaluation and Optimization

15th Annual SECA Workshop, July 22‐23, 2014, Pittsburgh Sheraton Station Square

EvaluationMaterialsCharacterization

OptimizationCompositionProcessing

VerificationLong‐term TestingStack Testing

0.0

0.2

0.4

0.6

0.8

1.0

1.2

1.4

1.6

1.8

2.0

0 200 400 600 800 1000 1200

Temperature (oC)

L/L

%

Mn2.5Co0.5O4

Mn2.0Co1.0O4

Mn0.5Co2.5O4

Mn1.0Co2.0O4

Mn1.5Co1.5O4

SECA Stack Fixture

heat  exchanger

heat  exchangercell

Page 8: SOFC Metallic Retrospective · 2014-08-19 · 3. Dual atmospheres (C, S, H 2, H 2 O) 4. High temperatures 5. Electrically conductive Scale & coating 6. Low‐volatility (chrome) 7

Transmission Electron Microscopy (TEM) analysis shows unique steel-coating

synergy

ASR Testing at 800 °C in Air

0

20

40

60

80

100

120

140

160

180

200

0 5000 10000 15000 20000 25000

ASR (m

‐cm

2 )

Time (hours)

Bare441‐2008

MC441‐2008

0.5CeMC441‐2008

Bare441

.02CeMC441

.02CeMC/NETL‐Ce441

Manganese‐Cobalt Spinel CoatingCoating Performance Verified

Low stable Area‐Specific Resistance (ASR) for >2 years at 800C

Coating

Steel

Page 9: SOFC Metallic Retrospective · 2014-08-19 · 3. Dual atmospheres (C, S, H 2, H 2 O) 4. High temperatures 5. Electrically conductive Scale & coating 6. Low‐volatility (chrome) 7

More Adherent ScalesTested 18,000 hours at 800 °C in air

Surface Blast

Surface Ground

De‐siliconized

50% Cold Rolled

2 Rare Earth Treatments Physical Surface Modifications

Chemical & Physical ModificationsOptions for enhanced reliability and lifetime

Integrate RE within coating

Multiple approaches improve upon as‐received steel.• Extends lifetime by delaying scale 

spallation• Standard commercial processes

Ceria surface coating (alone or in combination with coating)

Page 10: SOFC Metallic Retrospective · 2014-08-19 · 3. Dual atmospheres (C, S, H 2, H 2 O) 4. High temperatures 5. Electrically conductive Scale & coating 6. Low‐volatility (chrome) 7

1. 2011: Mn‐Co Coating for Solid Oxide Fuel Cell Interconnects, Chris Johnson, Randy Gemmen, and Xingbo Liu (WVU)

2. 2010: Cerium Oxide Coating for Oxidation Rate Reduction in Stainless Steels and Nickel Superalloys, Paul Jablonski and Dave Alman

R&D Over The YearsNumerous Successes

15th Annual SECA Workshop, July 22‐23, 2014, Pittsburgh Sheraton Station Square

1. E.V. Stephens, X. Sun, W. Liu, J.W. Stevenson, W. Surdoval, and M.A. Khaleel, “Surface Modification to Prevent Oxide Scale Spallation,” U.S. Patent 8,486,582 (2013).

2. Z.G. Yang, J.W. Stevenson, and G.G. Xia, “Approach for Improved Stability and Performance of SOFC Metallic Interconnects,” U.S. Patent 8,241,817 (2012).

Page 11: SOFC Metallic Retrospective · 2014-08-19 · 3. Dual atmospheres (C, S, H 2, H 2 O) 4. High temperatures 5. Electrically conductive Scale & coating 6. Low‐volatility (chrome) 7

Low‐cost stainless steel interconnects (and flow fields) are viable for anode‐supported planar SOFCs

– Substantial progress in alloy identification, coating development, processing development, and verification

– Commercial offerings now available: • Steel: 441, Crofer H, Sandvik• Coatings: MCO, Co, aerosol spray, electroplating, pre‐coated• Surface treatments: shot‐peening, rare‐earths

Strong collective effort within SECA (complemented world‐wide)

– Many groups involved– Thank you for the hard work

State Of The ArtFinal Thoughts

15th Annual SECA Workshop, July 22‐23, 2014, Pittsburgh Sheraton Station Square

Page 12: SOFC Metallic Retrospective · 2014-08-19 · 3. Dual atmospheres (C, S, H 2, H 2 O) 4. High temperatures 5. Electrically conductive Scale & coating 6. Low‐volatility (chrome) 7

• Nguyen Minh – U Cal. San Diego (formerly GE)• Steve Visco ‐ LBNL• Michael Krumpelt ‐ ANL• Randy Gemmen & Paul Jablonski ‐ NETL• Jeff Stevenson ‐ PNNL• Jeffrey Fergus ‐ Auburn• Prabhakar Singh – UCONN (formerly PNNL, Siemens)• Eric Tang & Brian Borglum – VPS/FCE• Subhasish Mukerjee – Ceres Power (formerly Delphi)

• Results, images, figures courtesy of Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, National Energy Technology Laboratory, Auburn University, and NexTech Materials Ltd.

AcknowledgementsThank You

15th Annual SECA Workshop, July 22‐23, 2014, Pittsburgh Sheraton Station Square