software 3.1 system software: the power behind the power 3.2 the operating system: what it does 3.3...

Software3.1 System Software: The Power behind the Power3.2 The Operating System: What It Does3.3 Other System Software: Device Drivers & Utilities3.4 Common Features of the User Interface3.5 Common Operating Systems3.6 Application Software3.7 Word Processing3.8 Spreadsheets3.9 Database Software3.10 Specialty Software

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Study Guide Components of system software: What are the four components of system software?

(pg 119) Booting: Briefly describe the stages of booting. What is the difference between a warm and

a cold boot? (pp 120-121) Kernel: What does the kernel do? (pg 121) Formatting: What happens when a disk is formatted? How does formatting affect data

already stored on the disk to be formatted? Security management: What types of permissions are associated with access to files? (pg

124) Utility programs (compression, antivirus SW, backup, disk cleanup, data recovery,

defragmentation): What does each utility do? What is the main advantage of defragmentation? (Practical Action box on pp 125-126)

GUI & command-driven operating systems: Give an example of each. How are GUI-based operating systems better than command-driven ones? (pg 130)

Hardware & software platforms (pg 135) Common operating systems (only these: Mac OS, Windows, UNIX, LINUX) (pp 136-142) Copyright: What is the purpose of a software copyright? Types of software with respect to terms of use: commercial SW, freeware, shareware,

public domain SW, abandonware, and custom SW. What are the differences between these? Are they all copyrighted? Are there any special copyright considerations for custom SW and abandonware? (pp 145-147)

Software licenses: What are the different types of software licenses? How do they differ from each other? (pp 145-146)

Software versions and releases: What is the difference between a software version and a release? (pg 146)

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Software

Application Software

System Software

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System Software: The Power behind the Power

Application Software Software developed to solve a particular

problem for users Either performs useful work on a specific task Or provides entertainment

We interact mainly with this software System Software

Enables application software to interact with the computer

Helps the computer to manage its own internal and external resources

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System Software: The Power behind the Power System Software has 3 basic components

Operating System (OS) The principal component of system software Low-level, master system of programs to manage

basic computer operations Some hardware requires specific Operating

Systems Macintosh computers run Macintosh OS PCs run Microsoft Windows, Linux, or BSD Unix IBM Mainframes run MVS or VM Cray supercomputers run COS or UNICOS

Device Drivers Help the computer control peripheral devices

Utility Programs Used to support, enhance, or expand existing

programs in the computer

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The Operating System: What It Does

Booting The process of loading an OS into the

computer’s main memory The steps are (Cold booting):

1. Turn the computer on2. Diagnostic routines test main memory, CPU, and

other hardware3. Basic Input/Output System (BIOS) programs are

copied to main memory BIOS contains instructions for operating the hardware The computer needs those instructions to operate the

hardware and find a copy of the OS

4. Boot program obtains the OS and loads it into computer’s main memory

Warm Booting

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Central Processing Unit (CPU) Management Kernel is the supervising software that manages

CPU Kernel must remain in memory while the computer runs If another program uses the kernel’s memory when the

kernel needs it, the computer will crash Memory Management

OS keeps track of memory locations to prevent programs and data from overlapping each other

Swaps portions of programs and data into the same memory but at different times

Keeps track of virtual memory Queues, Buffers, Spooling

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Central Processing Unit (CPU) Management (continued) Queues, Buffers, Spooling

Queue: First-in, First-out (FIFO) sequence of data or programs that waits in line for its turn to be processed

Buffer: The place where the data or programs sit while they are waiting

To Spool: The act of placing a print job into a buffer Needed because the CPU is faster than printers The CPU can work on other tasks while the print

jobs wait

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File Management A file is either a

Data File: a named collection of data

Program File: a program that exists in a computer’s secondary storage

The File System arranges files in a hierarchical manner Top level is Directories

(aka Folders) Subdirectories come below

Folders Disk formatting is the process

of preparing a hard disk or other storage medium for use, including setting up an empty file system

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Task Management Required for computers that accommodate

multiple users Required for computers that allow multiple

simultaneous applications Methods of processing two or more programs

Multitasking By one user on one processor

Multiprogramming By multiple users concurrently on one processor

Time-sharing By multiple users in round-robin fashion on one processor

Multiprocessing By one or more users simultaneously on two or more

processors

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Security Management Operating Systems permit users to

control access to their computers Users gain access using an ID and

password You set the password the first time you

boot up a new computer System Administrators can set up new

accounts and assign new passwords

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(pg 119) Booting: Briefly describe the stages of booting. What is the difference between a warm

and a cold boot? (pp 120-121) Kernel: What does the kernel do? (pg 121) Formatting: What happens when a disk is formatted? How does formatting affect data

already stored on the disk to be formatted? (refer to slides + notes) Security management: What types of permissions are associated with access to files?

(pg 124) Utility programs (compression, antivirus SW, backup, disk cleanup, data recovery,



Hardware & software platforms (pg 135) Common operating systems (only these: Mac OS, Windows, UNIX, LINUX) (pp 136-142) Copyright: What is the purpose of a software copyright? Types of software with respect to terms of use: commercial SW, freeware,

shareware, public domain SW, abandonware, and custom SW. What are the differences between these? Are they all copyrighted? Are there any special copyright considerations for custom SW and abandonware? (pp 145-147)



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Other System Software: Device Drivers & Utilities Device Drivers

Specialized software programs that allow input and output devices to communicate with the rest of the OS

When you get a brand-new printer or monitor, you may also need to install the device driver for it

Device drivers come with new hardware, or download from the manufacturer’s website, or sites like www.driverguide.com or www.windrivers.com

Utilities Service programs that perform tasks related to the

control and allocation of computer resources Some come with the OS, others can be bought

separately like Norton SystemWorks, McAfee Utilities

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Other System Software: Device Drivers & Utilities

Practical Utility programs perform the following tasks Virus protection Data compression File defragmentation Disk scanner & disk cleanup Backup Data recovery

Discussion Question: How many of you have lost important files such as a term paper? Didn’t you wish you had made a backup copy? ALL data media are subject to possible failure and data loss!

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Common Features of the User Interface

User Interface The user-controllable display screen you use

to interact with the computer Keyboard and Mouse

User input devices that you use to interact with the display screen

Both devices have special-purpose keys Keyboard Special-purpose keys: Esc, Ctrl, Alt, Del,

Ins, Home, End, PgUp, PgDn, Num Lock Mouse special-purpose keys: left-click, right-click,

and (on some mice) scroll wheel or center click

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Common Features of the User Interface

Graphical User Interface (GUI) Allows you to use a mouse or keystrokes to

select icons and commands from menus Replaces command-driven interfaces

used in earlier programs Three main features are: desktop, icons,

and menus Desktop: The system’s main interface screen Icon: Small pictorial figure that represents a

program, data file, or procedure Rollover: A small text box that explains the icon

when you roll your mouse over it Menus: A list of built-in commands and/or

options from which to choose

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already stored on the disk to be formatted? Security management: What types of permissions are associated with access to files?








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Common Operating Systems

Platform The particular processor model and operating

system on which a computer system is based Operating Systems are platform-specific PC (Wintel) platforms

Dell, Compaq, Hewlett-Packard, IBM PCs Originally ran Disk Operating System (DOS) Currently run Linux, Unix, Windows

Apple (Macintosh) platforms Run Mac OS (System 9 was proprietary, OS X

is Unix-based)

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Mac OS The OS that runs on Apple Macintosh

computers Pioneered the easy-to-use GUI Proprietary OS

System 9 is OS from 1999, but still popular Mac OS X is based on BSD Unix kernel Tiger is 2005 release of Mac OS X; features include

Spotlight – a desktop search engine for locating files on local hard disk

Dashboard – for creating desktop “widgets” Automator – automatically helps users to script

repetitive tasks

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Unix, Solaris, BSD Developed at AT&T Bell Laboratories in

1969 as minicomputer operating system Is a multitasking operating system with

multiple users that has built-in networking capability and a version for every platform

Unix interface GUI – An optional shell program that starts

after the kernel Command interface – starts when kernel

loads

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Linux A flavor (version) of Unix A free, nonproprietary version of UNIX

May legally be downloaded and used for free May legally be modified for free, as long as

modifications aren’t copyrighted In 2000, adopted by China as national

standard OS Linux vendors produce Linux Distributions

Software is distributed for free Support services are sold for a profit

Many PCs are set up to dual-boot Linux and Windows

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Operating Systems for Handhelds Palm OS

Dominant handheld OS Proprietary OS requires proprietary software

Windows CE Has familiar Windows look and feel Can be directly programmed using Visual Basic 2005

Symbian OS Symbian is world’s largest producer of smartphone

software Software is open-source

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There are 5 ways to legally obtain software1. Commercial Software

Copyrighted – license must be purchased

2. Public-domain software Not copyrighted – legal to copy

3. Shareware Copyrighted – download for free, then pay if you use it

4. Freeware Copyrighted – but available for free. Pay on honor

system

5. Rentalware Copyrighted – lease for a fee

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Software License Types Site licenses

Allow software to be used on all computers at a specific location Concurrent-user license

Allows a specified number of copies to be used at one time May require additional license-monitoring software

Multiple-user license Specifies the number of people who may use the software

Single-use license Limits the software to one user at a time

Version (1.0, 2.0, 2003, 2007, etc.) A major upgrade in a software product

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Other software categories Pirated software

Software obtained illegally in violation of copyright

Software & Industry Information Association Anti-Piracy division prosecutes violators of software copyright laws http://www.siia.net/piracy/

Don’t pirate software!!! Abandonware

Software that is no longer being sold or supported by its publisher

Subject to copyright for 95 years from date of publication

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already stored on the disk to be formatted? Security management: What types of permissions are associated with access to files?








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Importing files Getting data from another source and

converting it into a format for the application you are using

Allows you to edit files from other applications

Exporting files Transforming data into a format that can be

used by a different application, then transmitting it

Common export files end in the .rtf extension

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