soil 4213 bioen 4213 history of using indirect measures for detecting nutrient status oklahoma state...
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SOIL 4213SOIL 4213BIOEN 4213BIOEN 4213
History of Using Indirect History of Using Indirect Measures for detecting Measures for detecting
Nutrient StatusNutrient Status
SOIL 4213SOIL 4213BIOEN 4213BIOEN 4213
History of Using Indirect History of Using Indirect Measures for detecting Measures for detecting
Nutrient StatusNutrient Status
Oklahoma State UniversityOklahoma State UniversityOklahoma State UniversityOklahoma State University
Field Element SizeField Element SizeField Element SizeField Element Size
• Area which provides the most Area which provides the most precise measure of the available precise measure of the available nutrient where the level of that nutrient where the level of that nutrient changes with distancenutrient changes with distance
• Area which provides the most Area which provides the most precise measure of the available precise measure of the available nutrient where the level of that nutrient where the level of that nutrient changes with distancenutrient changes with distance
FES should theoretically identifyFES should theoretically identify• 1. The smallest resolution where cause and effect relationships 1. The smallest resolution where cause and effect relationships
can be identifiedcan be identified• 2. The precise resolution where variances between paired 2. The precise resolution where variances between paired
samples of the same size (area) become unrelated and where samples of the same size (area) become unrelated and where heterogeneity can be recognizedheterogeneity can be recognized
• 3. The resolution where misapplication could pose a risk to the 3. The resolution where misapplication could pose a risk to the environmentenvironment
• 4. The treated resolution where net economic return is 4. The treated resolution where net economic return is achieved.achieved.
• 5. The resolution where differences in yield potential may exist5. The resolution where differences in yield potential may exist
FES should theoretically identifyFES should theoretically identify• 1. The smallest resolution where cause and effect relationships 1. The smallest resolution where cause and effect relationships
can be identifiedcan be identified• 2. The precise resolution where variances between paired 2. The precise resolution where variances between paired
samples of the same size (area) become unrelated and where samples of the same size (area) become unrelated and where heterogeneity can be recognizedheterogeneity can be recognized
• 3. The resolution where misapplication could pose a risk to the 3. The resolution where misapplication could pose a risk to the environmentenvironment
• 4. The treated resolution where net economic return is 4. The treated resolution where net economic return is achieved.achieved.
• 5. The resolution where differences in yield potential may exist5. The resolution where differences in yield potential may exist
ReviewReviewReviewReview
Science: 283:310-316Science: 283:310-316• By 2020 global demand for rice, wheat, By 2020 global demand for rice, wheat,
and maize will increase 40%and maize will increase 40%• People have been predicting yield ceilings People have been predicting yield ceilings
for millennia, and they’ve never been right for millennia, and they’ve never been right “Matthew Reynolds” CIMMYT“Matthew Reynolds” CIMMYT
• Supercharging Photosynthesis: Supercharging Photosynthesis: Reproduce the CReproduce the C44 cycle in rice cycle in rice
• Role of Biotechnology in Precision Role of Biotechnology in Precision AgricultureAgriculture
Science: 283:310-316Science: 283:310-316• By 2020 global demand for rice, wheat, By 2020 global demand for rice, wheat,
and maize will increase 40%and maize will increase 40%• People have been predicting yield ceilings People have been predicting yield ceilings
for millennia, and they’ve never been right for millennia, and they’ve never been right “Matthew Reynolds” CIMMYT“Matthew Reynolds” CIMMYT
• Supercharging Photosynthesis: Supercharging Photosynthesis: Reproduce the CReproduce the C44 cycle in rice cycle in rice
• Role of Biotechnology in Precision Role of Biotechnology in Precision AgricultureAgriculture
Sunlight reachingearthSunlight reachingearth
Chlorophyll bChlorophyll b
B-CaroteneB-Carotene
PhycoerythrinPhycoerythrin
PhycocyaninPhycocyanin
Chlorophyll aChlorophyll a
300 400 500 600 700 800300 400 500 600 700 800
Wavelength, nmWavelength, nm
Ab
sorp
tio
nA
bso
rpti
on
SPAD 501, 502(430, 750)SPAD 501, 502(430, 750)
Lehninger, Nelson and CoxLehninger, Nelson and Cox
Absorption of Visible Lightby Photopigments
Absorption of Visible Lightby Photopigments
VISIBLE Color AbsorbedVISIBLE Color Absorbed
VISIBLE Color TransmittedVISIBLE Color TransmittedVISIBLE Color TransmittedVISIBLE Color Transmitted
VioletViolet BlueBlue GreenGreen YellowYellow Orange Orange RedRedVioletViolet BlueBlue GreenGreen YellowYellow Orange Orange RedRed
Short wavelengthShort wavelengthHigh frequencyHigh frequencyHigh energyHigh energy
Long wavelengthLong wavelengthLow frequencyLow frequencyLow energyLow energy
0.010.01 1010 380380 450450 495495 570570 590590 620620 750750 1x101x1066 1x101x101111
wavelength, nmwavelength, nm0.010.01 1010 380380 450450 495495 570570 590590 620620 750750 1x101x1066 1x101x101111
wavelength, nmwavelength, nm
Gam
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Gam
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Infr
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Infr
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Infr
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Infr
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Mic
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, TV
ElectronicElectronic VibrationalVibrational RotationalRotationaltransitionstransitions transitionstransitions transitionstransitionsElectronicElectronic VibrationalVibrational RotationalRotationaltransitionstransitions transitionstransitions transitionstransitions
Yellow-greenYellow-green YellowYellow VioletViolet BlueBlue Green-blueGreen-blue Blue-greenBlue-green
Short wavelengthShort wavelengthHigh energyHigh energy
Long wavelengthLong wavelengthLow energyLow energy
0.010.01 1010 380380 450450 495495 570570 590590 620620 750750 wavelength, nmwavelength, nm
0.010.01 1010 380380 450450 495495 570570 590590 620620 750750 wavelength, nmwavelength, nm
X-R
ays
X-R
ays
X-R
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X-R
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Ult
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Ult
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tU
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Infr
ared
Infr
ared
Infr
ared
Infr
ared
Chlorophyll bChlorophyll b
B-CaroteneB-Carotene
PhycoerythrinPhycoerythrin
PhycocyaninPhycocyanin
Chlorophyll aChlorophyll a
Near-Infrared AbsorptionNear-Infrared AbsorptionMajor Amino and Methyl Analytical Bands Major Amino and Methyl Analytical Bands
and Peak Positionsand Peak Positions
Near-Infrared AbsorptionNear-Infrared AbsorptionMajor Amino and Methyl Analytical Bands Major Amino and Methyl Analytical Bands
and Peak Positionsand Peak Positions
700700 800800 900900 10001000 11001100 12001200 13001300 14001400 15001500 16001600 17001700 18001800 19001900 20002000 21002100 22002200700700 800800 900900 10001000 11001100 12001200 13001300 14001400 15001500 16001600 17001700 18001800 19001900 20002000 21002100 22002200
|| || || || || || || || || || || || || || || |||| || || || || || || || || || || || || || || ||
Wavelength, nmWavelength, nmWavelength, nmWavelength, nm
RNHRNH22RNHRNH22 RNHRNH22RNHRNH22 RNHRNH22RNHRNH22 RNHRNH22RNHRNH22
CHCH33CHCH33 CHCH33CHCH33 CHCH33CHCH33 CHCH33CHCH33 CHCH33CHCH33 CHCH33CHCH33
Sensor DesignSensor DesignSensor DesignSensor Design
Plant and Soil targetPlant and Soil target
Micro-Processor, A/D Conversion, and Signal ProcessingMicro-Processor, A/D Conversion, and Signal Processing
Ultra-SonicUltra-SonicSensorSensor
Photo-DetectorPhoto-Detector
Optical FiltersOptical Filters
CollimationCollimation
History of Using Indirect Measures History of Using Indirect Measures for Detecting Nutrient Statusfor Detecting Nutrient Status
History of Using Indirect Measures History of Using Indirect Measures for Detecting Nutrient Statusfor Detecting Nutrient Status
• NIRS analyzer which is connected to a NIRS analyzer which is connected to a computer focuses infrared rays on a prepared computer focuses infrared rays on a prepared sample of dried pulverized plant material. The sample of dried pulverized plant material. The instrument measures protein, fiber and other instrument measures protein, fiber and other plant components because each one reflects plant components because each one reflects infrared rays differently. infrared rays differently.
• Samples and standards (previously Samples and standards (previously characterized) and then mathematically characterized) and then mathematically comparedcompared
• NIRS analyzer which is connected to a NIRS analyzer which is connected to a computer focuses infrared rays on a prepared computer focuses infrared rays on a prepared sample of dried pulverized plant material. The sample of dried pulverized plant material. The instrument measures protein, fiber and other instrument measures protein, fiber and other plant components because each one reflects plant components because each one reflects infrared rays differently. infrared rays differently.
• Samples and standards (previously Samples and standards (previously characterized) and then mathematically characterized) and then mathematically comparedcompared
History of Using Indirect Measures History of Using Indirect Measures for Detecting Nutrient Statusfor Detecting Nutrient Status
History of Using Indirect Measures History of Using Indirect Measures for Detecting Nutrient Statusfor Detecting Nutrient Status
• NIRS (near infrared reflectance spectroscopy)NIRS (near infrared reflectance spectroscopy)• Measuring the vibrations caused by the stretching Measuring the vibrations caused by the stretching
and bending of hydrogen bonds with carbon and bending of hydrogen bonds with carbon oxygen and nitrogen.oxygen and nitrogen.
• Each of the major organic components of a forage Each of the major organic components of a forage or other feed has light absorption characteristics.or other feed has light absorption characteristics.
• These absorption characteristics cause the These absorption characteristics cause the reflectance that enables us to identify plant reflectance that enables us to identify plant compositioncomposition
• NIRS (near infrared reflectance spectroscopy)NIRS (near infrared reflectance spectroscopy)• Measuring the vibrations caused by the stretching Measuring the vibrations caused by the stretching
and bending of hydrogen bonds with carbon and bending of hydrogen bonds with carbon oxygen and nitrogen.oxygen and nitrogen.
• Each of the major organic components of a forage Each of the major organic components of a forage or other feed has light absorption characteristics.or other feed has light absorption characteristics.
• These absorption characteristics cause the These absorption characteristics cause the reflectance that enables us to identify plant reflectance that enables us to identify plant compositioncomposition
Chlorophyll MetersChlorophyll MetersChlorophyll MetersChlorophyll Meters• Minolta: SPAD (soil plant analysis development Minolta: SPAD (soil plant analysis development
unit ) 501 & 502unit ) 501 & 502• www.www.specmetersspecmeters.com/.com/anebaneb..htmhtm• http://agronomy.http://agronomy.ucdavisucdavis..eduedu//uccericeuccerice//afsafs/agfs0394./agfs0394.htmhtm
• http://www.store.ripplecreek.com/category-greenforhttp://www.store.ripplecreek.com/category-greenformulas.htmlmulas.html
• light absorbance (light attenuation) at 430 (violet) light absorbance (light attenuation) at 430 (violet) and 750 nm (red/NIR transition) and 750 nm (red/NIR transition)
• no tissue collectionno tissue collection• Leaf chlorophyll (SPAD) vs Leaf N concentration Leaf chlorophyll (SPAD) vs Leaf N concentration
and NOand NO33-N-N
• Minolta: SPAD (soil plant analysis development Minolta: SPAD (soil plant analysis development unit ) 501 & 502unit ) 501 & 502
• www.www.specmetersspecmeters.com/.com/anebaneb..htmhtm• http://agronomy.http://agronomy.ucdavisucdavis..eduedu//uccericeuccerice//afsafs/agfs0394./agfs0394.htmhtm
• http://www.store.ripplecreek.com/category-greenforhttp://www.store.ripplecreek.com/category-greenformulas.htmlmulas.html
• light absorbance (light attenuation) at 430 (violet) light absorbance (light attenuation) at 430 (violet) and 750 nm (red/NIR transition) and 750 nm (red/NIR transition)
• no tissue collectionno tissue collection• Leaf chlorophyll (SPAD) vs Leaf N concentration Leaf chlorophyll (SPAD) vs Leaf N concentration
and NOand NO33-N-N
Short wavelengthShort wavelengthHigh energyHigh energy
Long wavelengthLong wavelengthLow energyLow energy
0.010.01 1010 380380 450450 495495 570570 590590 620620 750750 wavelength, nmwavelength, nm
0.010.01 1010 380380 450450 495495 570570 590590 620620 750750 wavelength, nmwavelength, nm
X-R
ays
X-R
ays
X-R
ays
X-R
ays
Ult
ravi
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tU
ltra
vio
let
Ult
ravi
ole
tU
ltra
vio
let
Infr
ared
Infr
ared
Infr
ared
Infr
ared
Chlorophyll bChlorophyll b
B-CaroteneB-Carotene
PhycoerythrinPhycoerythrin
PhycocyaninPhycocyanin
Chlorophyll aChlorophyll a
On-the-go-chemical-analysesOn-the-go-chemical-analysesOn-the-go-chemical-analysesOn-the-go-chemical-analyses
• ‘‘SoilDoctor’ selective ion electrode mounted SoilDoctor’ selective ion electrode mounted on the shank of an anhydrous ammonia on the shank of an anhydrous ammonia applicatorapplicator
• Electromagnetic induction (EMI)Electromagnetic induction (EMI)• http://oldsci.eiu.edu/physics/DDavis/1160/Ch21Ind/Farady.htmlhttp://oldsci.eiu.edu/physics/DDavis/1160/Ch21Ind/Farady.html• VERIS VERIS
• measurements (Missouri)measurements (Missouri)– predicting grain yieldpredicting grain yield– sand depositionsand deposition– depth to clay pandepth to clay pan
• ‘‘SoilDoctor’ selective ion electrode mounted SoilDoctor’ selective ion electrode mounted on the shank of an anhydrous ammonia on the shank of an anhydrous ammonia applicatorapplicator
• Electromagnetic induction (EMI)Electromagnetic induction (EMI)• http://oldsci.eiu.edu/physics/DDavis/1160/Ch21Ind/Farady.htmlhttp://oldsci.eiu.edu/physics/DDavis/1160/Ch21Ind/Farady.html• VERIS VERIS
• measurements (Missouri)measurements (Missouri)– predicting grain yieldpredicting grain yield– sand depositionsand deposition– depth to clay pandepth to clay pan
Use of EM as a data layer to better predict yield potential
Use of EM as a data layer to better predict yield potential
On-the-go-chemical-analysesOn-the-go-chemical-analysesOn-the-go-chemical-analysesOn-the-go-chemical-analyses
• On-the-go sensors for organic matter On-the-go sensors for organic matter and ground slope (Yang, Shropshire, and ground slope (Yang, Shropshire, Peterson and Whitcraft)Peterson and Whitcraft)
• Satellite imagesSatellite images
• Aerial images (NIR sensitive film)Aerial images (NIR sensitive film)
• On-the-go sensors for organic matter On-the-go sensors for organic matter and ground slope (Yang, Shropshire, and ground slope (Yang, Shropshire, Peterson and Whitcraft)Peterson and Whitcraft)
• Satellite imagesSatellite images
• Aerial images (NIR sensitive film)Aerial images (NIR sensitive film)
ImplicationsImplicationsImplicationsImplications• Reports of improved correlation between indirect Reports of improved correlation between indirect
measures and yield (EMI) versus soil test measures and yield (EMI) versus soil test parametersparameters
• Soil testing (process of elimination)Soil testing (process of elimination)– no single parameter is expected to be correlated with no single parameter is expected to be correlated with
yieldyield– K vs yield K vs yield – P vs yieldP vs yield– N vs yieldN vs yield– pH vs yieldpH vs yield
• Reports of improved correlation between indirect Reports of improved correlation between indirect measures and yield (EMI) versus soil test measures and yield (EMI) versus soil test parametersparameters
• Soil testing (process of elimination)Soil testing (process of elimination)– no single parameter is expected to be correlated with no single parameter is expected to be correlated with
yieldyield– K vs yield K vs yield – P vs yieldP vs yield– N vs yieldN vs yield– pH vs yieldpH vs yield
Spectral RadianceSpectral RadianceSpectral RadianceSpectral Radiance
• Radiance: the rate of flow of light energy Radiance: the rate of flow of light energy reflected from a surfacereflected from a surface
• Measuring the radiance of light (at several Measuring the radiance of light (at several wavelengths) that is reflected from the plant wavelengths) that is reflected from the plant canopy canopy
• Photodiodes detect light intensity (or Photodiodes detect light intensity (or radiance) of certain wavelengths (interference radiance) of certain wavelengths (interference filters, e.g., red, green, NIR) that are reflected filters, e.g., red, green, NIR) that are reflected from plants and soil.from plants and soil.
• Radiance: the rate of flow of light energy Radiance: the rate of flow of light energy reflected from a surfacereflected from a surface
• Measuring the radiance of light (at several Measuring the radiance of light (at several wavelengths) that is reflected from the plant wavelengths) that is reflected from the plant canopy canopy
• Photodiodes detect light intensity (or Photodiodes detect light intensity (or radiance) of certain wavelengths (interference radiance) of certain wavelengths (interference filters, e.g., red, green, NIR) that are reflected filters, e.g., red, green, NIR) that are reflected from plants and soil.from plants and soil.
380380 450450 495495 570570 590590 620620 750750
wavelength, nmwavelength, nm
380380 450450 495495 570570 590590 620620 750750
wavelength, nmwavelength, nm
Chlorophyll bChlorophyll b
B-CaroteneB-Carotene
PhycoerythrinPhycoerythrin
PhycocyaninPhycocyanin
Chlorophyll aChlorophyll a
PhotodiodePhotodiodeInterference FilterInterference Filter
White LightWhite Light
Normalized Difference Vegetation Index (NDVI)
= NIR ref – red ref / NIR ref + red ref
Normalized Difference Vegetation Index (NDVI)
= NIR ref – red ref / NIR ref + red ref
(up – down)(up – down)excellent predictor of plant N uptakeexcellent predictor of plant N uptake
0
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0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8 0.9 1
NDVI, Feekes 4-6
Ea
rly-
sea
son
pla
nt N
up
take
, kg
ha-1
N*P Perkins, 1998
S*N Perkins, 1998
S*N Tipton, 1998
transect Stillw ater, 1999
transect Perkins, 1999
transect Efaw , 2000, Jan
transect Perkins, 2000 Jan
transect Efaw , 2000 Mar
transect Perkins, 2000 Mar
y = 1019.5x3 - 1507.5x2 + 811.5x - 130.32R2 = 0.78
Units:
N uptake, kg ha-1
Units:
N uptake, kg ha-1