soil and boring reports
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Understanding Soils andUnderstanding Soils and
Dr. Norman HummelDr. Norman Hummel
(www.turfdoctor.com)(www.turfdoctor.com)
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oa s:oa s:
Participants will have a betterParticipants will have a betterunderstandin of soil borin re orts soilunderstandin of soil borin re orts soiltesting and soil test reports.testing and soil test reports.
,,understand, and use soil test reports.understand, and use soil test reports.
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en s xp ora ory or seen s xp ora ory or se
New ConstructionNew Construction
soil profile prior to constructionsoil profile prior to construction
Ma rovide direction for desi n andMa rovide direction for desi n andconstruction.construction.
Existin FieldsExistin Fields
Diagnose soil problems in existing fieldsDiagnose soil problems in existing fields
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n orma on ougn orma on oug
Impenetrable layersImpenetrable layers
Depth to ground waterDepth to ground water
Soil types presentSoil types present
an t e reuse , mo e , or a mportean t e reuse , mo e , or a mporte
Permeability to waterPermeability to water
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Sam lin MethodsSam lin Methods --PreconstructionPreconstruction
Soil AugersSoil Augers
sample tubessample tubes
equipmentequipment
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Sampling MethodsSampling Methods ExistingExistingFieldsFields
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The unconsolidated mineral orThe unconsolidated mineral or
surface of the earth that serves assurface of the earth that serves as
of land plants.of land plants.
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SOILSOIL
-- Has been subjected to andHas been subjected to and
environmental factors of climateenvironmental factors of climate
micro and macroorganisms,micro and macroorganisms,conditioned b relief actin onconditioned b relief actin onparent material over a period ofparent material over a period oftime.time.
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roper es o o sroper es o o s
ChemicalBiological
Physical
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o ys ca roper eso ys ca roper es
TextureTexture StructureStructure
DensityDensity
Soil waterSoil water
Unsaturated hydraulic conductivityUnsaturated hydraulic conductivity
W r n n w r r n i n h r ri iW r n n w r r n i n h r ri i
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o ex ureo ex ure
Division of soil particles according to size:Division of soil particles according to size:sand, silt, clay.sand, silt, clay.
Textural classes determined by percentageTextural classes determined by percentage
of each.of each. Influences physical properties of the soil:Influences physical properties of the soil:
porosity, pore space distribution,porosity, pore space distribution,
compressibility, and drainagecompressibility, and drainagecharacteristics.characteristics.
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o ass ca on ys emso ass ca on ys ems
Unified Soil Classification SystemUnified Soil Classification System
Textural analysis, plasticity indexTextural analysis, plasticity index
ASTM D2488, visual basedASTM D2488, visual based
se pr mar y or eng neer ng purposesse pr mar y or eng neer ng purposesVery comprehensive, definitiveVery comprehensive, definitive
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LLLL liquid limitliquid limitCLCL Sandy lean claySandy lean clay
MLML -- gravelly silt with sandgravelly silt with sandan co esan co es
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eveseves
Sieve Number Sieve Size
#4 4.75 mm Coarser is gravel
.
#16 1.19 mm
#30 0.6 mm#50 0.3 mm
#100 0.15 mm
#200 0.075 mm Separates sand from silt
and clay
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Soil Classification S stemsSoil Classification S stems --USDAUSDA
12 soil textural classes12 soil textural classes
soils.soils.
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eveseves
Sieve Number Sieve Size
#10 2 mm Coarser is gravel
#35 0.5 mm
#60 0.25 mm#140 0.1 mm
#270 0.05 mm Separates sand from siltand clay
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Can we amend soils toCan we amend soils to
Yes!Yes!
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Considerations in Amendin SoilsConsiderations in Amendin Soilswith Sandwith Sand
Sand particle size distributionSand particle size distribution
Composition of sand (calcareous vs. silica)Composition of sand (calcareous vs. silica)
an par c e s apean par c e s ape
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RecommendationsRecommendations Based onBased onOhio State ResearchOhio State Research
ASTM CASTM C--33 concrete sand with Cu33 concrete sand with Cu
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-- oncre e anoncre e an
Sand SizeSand Size % Passing% Passing
2.36 mm (No. 8)2.36 mm (No. 8) 8080 100%100%
. mm o.. mm o.
0.60 mm (No. 30)0.60 mm (No. 30) 2525 30%30%
0.30 mm (No. 50)0.30 mm (No. 50) 55 30%30%
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o u ens yo u ens y
Unit weight of dry soil (g/cc,Unit weight of dry soil (g/cc, pcfpcf))
higher than fine textured soils.higher than fine textured soils.
. .
Directly related to porosity. DirectlyDirectly related to porosity. Directly
a ec s ra nage.a ec s ra nage. Reported in lb/cu ft or g/cc.Reported in lb/cu ft or g/cc.
Conversion (g/cc x 62.4 = lb./cu. ft.)Conversion (g/cc x 62.4 = lb./cu. ft.)
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o u ens eso u ens es
Sandy soilsSandy soils 1.4 to 1.7 g/cc1.4 to 1.7 g/cc . .. .
Also heavily influenced by organic contentAlso heavily influenced by organic content
o w a s ense compac eo w a s ense compac e
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roc or es ngroc or es ng
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96
95
95.5
/cu
ft
94.5
i
t
lb
93.5D
en
0% 5% 10% 15% 20%
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Moisture Density Relationsh ip o f Sand Based Structural Soil (Lab ID No.
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107.5
107
.ft.)
106
it
y
(lb
/c
105
.
D
en
s
104.50% 2% 4% 6% 8% 10% 12% 14% 16% 18% 20%
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er es arame erser es arame ers
Saturated Hydraulic ConductivitySaturated Hydraulic Conductivity
Air filledAir filled
DensityDensity
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Saturated H draulic ConductivitSaturated H draulic Conductivit(Infiltration rate)(Infiltration rate) rate at which soilrate at which soil
core conducts water.core conducts water.
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P r iP r i v i xi in w n n nv i xi in w n n nsoil particles, or within soil aggregates.soil particles, or within soil aggregates.
Macro orosit aerationMacro orosit aeration lar er oreslar er oresthat conduct water under saturatedthat conduct water under saturated
conditions filled with air when evacuated.conditions filled with air when evacuated. Microporosity (capillary)Microporosity (capillary) smaller poressmaller pores
forces.forces.
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rgan c a errgan c a er
Increases soil cation exchange capacityIncreases soil cation exchange capacity
Increases microbial o ulations andIncreases microbial o ulations andactivityactivity
Im roves soil h sical conditionsIm roves soil h sical conditions Lower density, increased porosityLower density, increased porosity
Im roved structureIm roved structure
Increased infiltrationIncreased infiltration Increased water holding capacityIncreased water holding capacity
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ompos ua y or men ng o sompos ua y or men ng o s
Solvita Maturity Index 5 to 8Solvita Maturity Index 5 to 8
Meet EPA or state guidelinesMeet EPA or state guidelines
o < .o < .
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Sample soil to be used asSample soil to be used asto soil onto soil on--site, stock ilesite, stock ile
Use lab you are familiarUse lab you are familiarwith.with.
Use a t at provi esUse a t at provi esrecommendationsrecommendations
Chemical TestinChemical Testin WhatsWhats
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Chemical TestinChemical Testin What sWhat sImportantImportant
pH, pH bufferpH, pH buffer,,
Calcium, magnesium, sodiumCalcium, magnesium, sodium
cronu r en scronu r en s
Nitrogen?Nitrogen?
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