soil and water kelly young ua cooperative extension
TRANSCRIPT
![Page 1: Soil and Water Kelly Young UA Cooperative Extension](https://reader034.vdocument.in/reader034/viewer/2022051018/56649e185503460f94b046c6/html5/thumbnails/1.jpg)
Soil and WaterKelly Young
UA Cooperative Extension
![Page 2: Soil and Water Kelly Young UA Cooperative Extension](https://reader034.vdocument.in/reader034/viewer/2022051018/56649e185503460f94b046c6/html5/thumbnails/2.jpg)
Objectives:• Discuss soil components, texture,
chemistry• Consider relationships between soil,
water, plants and air• Learn about the properties of water• Compare and contrast fertilizers• Suggest soil amendments
2
![Page 3: Soil and Water Kelly Young UA Cooperative Extension](https://reader034.vdocument.in/reader034/viewer/2022051018/56649e185503460f94b046c6/html5/thumbnails/3.jpg)
4
Ideal Soil Composition
Desert soils have significantly less than 5% organic matter. Why?
![Page 4: Soil and Water Kelly Young UA Cooperative Extension](https://reader034.vdocument.in/reader034/viewer/2022051018/56649e185503460f94b046c6/html5/thumbnails/4.jpg)
5
![Page 5: Soil and Water Kelly Young UA Cooperative Extension](https://reader034.vdocument.in/reader034/viewer/2022051018/56649e185503460f94b046c6/html5/thumbnails/5.jpg)
• Maricopa County soils:–Mineral–Alkaline–Arid–Probably some caliche–May be rocky and shallow,
particularly in foothills–May be saline–May be heavy 6
![Page 6: Soil and Water Kelly Young UA Cooperative Extension](https://reader034.vdocument.in/reader034/viewer/2022051018/56649e185503460f94b046c6/html5/thumbnails/6.jpg)
Soil Texture
8
beachball
frisbee
dime
![Page 7: Soil and Water Kelly Young UA Cooperative Extension](https://reader034.vdocument.in/reader034/viewer/2022051018/56649e185503460f94b046c6/html5/thumbnails/7.jpg)
Soil texture affects water movement
9
![Page 8: Soil and Water Kelly Young UA Cooperative Extension](https://reader034.vdocument.in/reader034/viewer/2022051018/56649e185503460f94b046c6/html5/thumbnails/8.jpg)
Determine your soil texture
11
![Page 9: Soil and Water Kelly Young UA Cooperative Extension](https://reader034.vdocument.in/reader034/viewer/2022051018/56649e185503460f94b046c6/html5/thumbnails/9.jpg)
Soil Texture Triangle
12
![Page 10: Soil and Water Kelly Young UA Cooperative Extension](https://reader034.vdocument.in/reader034/viewer/2022051018/56649e185503460f94b046c6/html5/thumbnails/10.jpg)
13
![Page 11: Soil and Water Kelly Young UA Cooperative Extension](https://reader034.vdocument.in/reader034/viewer/2022051018/56649e185503460f94b046c6/html5/thumbnails/11.jpg)
Soil Compaction
• Compaction reduces pore space:– Restricts H2O and O2
– Poor root development
14
![Page 12: Soil and Water Kelly Young UA Cooperative Extension](https://reader034.vdocument.in/reader034/viewer/2022051018/56649e185503460f94b046c6/html5/thumbnails/12.jpg)
![Page 13: Soil and Water Kelly Young UA Cooperative Extension](https://reader034.vdocument.in/reader034/viewer/2022051018/56649e185503460f94b046c6/html5/thumbnails/13.jpg)
![Page 14: Soil and Water Kelly Young UA Cooperative Extension](https://reader034.vdocument.in/reader034/viewer/2022051018/56649e185503460f94b046c6/html5/thumbnails/14.jpg)
Capillary Action• Cohesion – “like sticking
to like”– Water molecules stick
together
• Adhesion – “sticking to unlike”– Water molecules stick to
certain surfaces
• Capillary action – drawing of water in a narrow tube
![Page 15: Soil and Water Kelly Young UA Cooperative Extension](https://reader034.vdocument.in/reader034/viewer/2022051018/56649e185503460f94b046c6/html5/thumbnails/15.jpg)
![Page 16: Soil and Water Kelly Young UA Cooperative Extension](https://reader034.vdocument.in/reader034/viewer/2022051018/56649e185503460f94b046c6/html5/thumbnails/16.jpg)
Soil-Plant-Air Continuum
![Page 17: Soil and Water Kelly Young UA Cooperative Extension](https://reader034.vdocument.in/reader034/viewer/2022051018/56649e185503460f94b046c6/html5/thumbnails/17.jpg)
Stomata Factors affecting opening and closing:• Light, especially blue light• Water• Temperature• CO2
![Page 18: Soil and Water Kelly Young UA Cooperative Extension](https://reader034.vdocument.in/reader034/viewer/2022051018/56649e185503460f94b046c6/html5/thumbnails/18.jpg)
Water moves down its concentration gradient
•Concentration of water is–Highest in soil–High in plant–Low in air
![Page 19: Soil and Water Kelly Young UA Cooperative Extension](https://reader034.vdocument.in/reader034/viewer/2022051018/56649e185503460f94b046c6/html5/thumbnails/19.jpg)
When transpiration > water uptake by roots, wilting occurs.
![Page 20: Soil and Water Kelly Young UA Cooperative Extension](https://reader034.vdocument.in/reader034/viewer/2022051018/56649e185503460f94b046c6/html5/thumbnails/20.jpg)
Water loss• Evaporation – change of water phase
from liquid to gas• Transpiration – evaporation of water
from leaves• Evapotranspiration (Et) – combined loss
of water directly from soil evaporation and transpiration
![Page 21: Soil and Water Kelly Young UA Cooperative Extension](https://reader034.vdocument.in/reader034/viewer/2022051018/56649e185503460f94b046c6/html5/thumbnails/21.jpg)
Factors that affect Et
• Temperature• Relative humidity• Wind speed• Light intensity• Type of plant
![Page 22: Soil and Water Kelly Young UA Cooperative Extension](https://reader034.vdocument.in/reader034/viewer/2022051018/56649e185503460f94b046c6/html5/thumbnails/22.jpg)
Terry’s 1-2-3 RuleWatering depth
1. 1 ft - Flowers, vegetables and other small annuals
2. 2 ft – Shrubs
3. 3 ft – Trees
![Page 23: Soil and Water Kelly Young UA Cooperative Extension](https://reader034.vdocument.in/reader034/viewer/2022051018/56649e185503460f94b046c6/html5/thumbnails/23.jpg)
Root volume• V = ½( 4/3 π r3)
Π ≈ 3.14
r = ½ diameter
If a tree has a 12’ diameter:
r = 6’
The root volume would occupy approximately
452 cubic feet.
![Page 24: Soil and Water Kelly Young UA Cooperative Extension](https://reader034.vdocument.in/reader034/viewer/2022051018/56649e185503460f94b046c6/html5/thumbnails/24.jpg)
Root volume
V = ½( 4/3 π r3)Π ≈ 3.14r = ½ diameter
Assume 5 years later the tree has a 20’ canopy:r = 10’Now, the root volume would occupy
approximately 2093 cubic feet!
![Page 25: Soil and Water Kelly Young UA Cooperative Extension](https://reader034.vdocument.in/reader034/viewer/2022051018/56649e185503460f94b046c6/html5/thumbnails/25.jpg)
Soil Chemistry
29
atom
![Page 26: Soil and Water Kelly Young UA Cooperative Extension](https://reader034.vdocument.in/reader034/viewer/2022051018/56649e185503460f94b046c6/html5/thumbnails/26.jpg)
• Cations:– NH4
+, K+, Fe++, Ca++
• Anions:
– NO3-, SO42-
30
Cation Exchange Capacity
Clay particle
Organic matter and clay carry a negative charge
![Page 27: Soil and Water Kelly Young UA Cooperative Extension](https://reader034.vdocument.in/reader034/viewer/2022051018/56649e185503460f94b046c6/html5/thumbnails/27.jpg)
Plant Nutrients
Macronutrients• C• H• O• N• P
• K• Ca• Mg• S
Micronutrients• Fe• Zn• Mn• B• Mo• Cu 31
![Page 28: Soil and Water Kelly Young UA Cooperative Extension](https://reader034.vdocument.in/reader034/viewer/2022051018/56649e185503460f94b046c6/html5/thumbnails/28.jpg)
32
Nitrogen deficiency
![Page 29: Soil and Water Kelly Young UA Cooperative Extension](https://reader034.vdocument.in/reader034/viewer/2022051018/56649e185503460f94b046c6/html5/thumbnails/29.jpg)
33
Phosphorus deficiency
![Page 30: Soil and Water Kelly Young UA Cooperative Extension](https://reader034.vdocument.in/reader034/viewer/2022051018/56649e185503460f94b046c6/html5/thumbnails/30.jpg)
pH is a measure of acidity/alkalinity34
![Page 31: Soil and Water Kelly Young UA Cooperative Extension](https://reader034.vdocument.in/reader034/viewer/2022051018/56649e185503460f94b046c6/html5/thumbnails/31.jpg)
35
![Page 32: Soil and Water Kelly Young UA Cooperative Extension](https://reader034.vdocument.in/reader034/viewer/2022051018/56649e185503460f94b046c6/html5/thumbnails/32.jpg)
36
Zn deficiency
Fe deficiency
![Page 33: Soil and Water Kelly Young UA Cooperative Extension](https://reader034.vdocument.in/reader034/viewer/2022051018/56649e185503460f94b046c6/html5/thumbnails/33.jpg)
• Add nutrients to the soil• Organic and inorganic forms• Usually salts• Can burn plants• Must be watered in
37
Fertilizers
![Page 34: Soil and Water Kelly Young UA Cooperative Extension](https://reader034.vdocument.in/reader034/viewer/2022051018/56649e185503460f94b046c6/html5/thumbnails/34.jpg)
Fertilizer analysis
N-P2O5-K2O(nitrogen-phosphate-potash)
Complete fertilizer
Incomplete fertilizer
Slow release fertilizers
38
![Page 35: Soil and Water Kelly Young UA Cooperative Extension](https://reader034.vdocument.in/reader034/viewer/2022051018/56649e185503460f94b046c6/html5/thumbnails/35.jpg)
“Organic” versus “Chemical” fertilizers
Organic
Manure, compost, fish emulsion, etc.
Sometimes recycles waste
May be resource intensive
Can be bulky, heavy
Micronutrients
Pathogens, weeds
Salt
Chemical
Ammonium nitrate, urea, superphosphate, etc.
Can be energy intensive to make
Lighter weight
Salt
Must be purchased
Salt
39
![Page 36: Soil and Water Kelly Young UA Cooperative Extension](https://reader034.vdocument.in/reader034/viewer/2022051018/56649e185503460f94b046c6/html5/thumbnails/36.jpg)
41
Salinity• Na, Ca, K
and other salts accumulate in soils
![Page 37: Soil and Water Kelly Young UA Cooperative Extension](https://reader034.vdocument.in/reader034/viewer/2022051018/56649e185503460f94b046c6/html5/thumbnails/37.jpg)
How does soil become saline?
• Shallow watering• Fertilizers• Irrigation water quality• Application of other salty
substances to soil.
![Page 38: Soil and Water Kelly Young UA Cooperative Extension](https://reader034.vdocument.in/reader034/viewer/2022051018/56649e185503460f94b046c6/html5/thumbnails/38.jpg)
43
Soil Amendments• Used to modify soil chemistry
–Gypsum (Calcium sulfate) – temporarily removes Na from soil
–Soil sulfur – may eventually reduce pH after many yearly applications
–Organic matter
![Page 39: Soil and Water Kelly Young UA Cooperative Extension](https://reader034.vdocument.in/reader034/viewer/2022051018/56649e185503460f94b046c6/html5/thumbnails/39.jpg)
What should be added to the native soil when planting trees and shrubs in the landscape?
44
1. Organic matter
2. Fertilizer
3. Organic matter and fertilizer
4. Nothing, only native soil should be backfilled into the planting hole.
![Page 40: Soil and Water Kelly Young UA Cooperative Extension](https://reader034.vdocument.in/reader034/viewer/2022051018/56649e185503460f94b046c6/html5/thumbnails/40.jpg)
Possible causes of “unthriftiness”
• High soil salinity
• Root diseases• Root parasitic
nematodes