soil formation and morphology basics
DESCRIPTION
Processes Additions Losses Translocations TransformationsTRANSCRIPT
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Soil Formation and Morphology
Basics
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AdditionsLossesTranslocationsTransformations
Processes
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Pedogenesis:
The process of soil formation as the resultof the combination of soil forming factors leading to addition, loss, transformation and translocation of materials
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Soil Forming Factors
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ClimateOrganisms
ReliefParent Material
Time
Soil Forming Factors
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Climate
Climate involves both local (microclimatic) and global (macroclimatic) considerations. The key components of climate in soil formation are moisture and temperature.
Temperature speeds reactionsWater promotes translocation
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Organisms The soil and the organisms living on and in it comprise an ecosystem. The active components of the soil ecosystem are the vegetation, fauna, including microorganisms, and man.
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Grassland Forest Pineland
Organisms: Vegetation
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Organisms: Meso-/Macrofauna
EarthwormsTermites
AntsBeetles
ArthropodsRabbitsMoles
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Organisms: microorganisms
BacteriaVirusAlgaeFungi
Actinomycetesprotozoa
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Relief/Topography
Altitude elevation climate, vegetation type, potential energy
slope gradient overland and subsurface flow, velocity and runoff rate
aspect slope direction solar radiation
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Parent Material
in situ weathering of consolidated rock
superficial deposits, which may have been transported by ice, water, wind or gravity
organic sediments
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Time acts on soil formation in two ways:
The value of a soil forming factor may change with time (e.g. climatic change, new parent material).
The extent of a pedogenetic reaction depends on the time for which it has operated.
Time
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Soil as a Natural Body
Parent Material
Bedrock
Additions
Losses
Translocations
Transformations
Differentiation
Bedrock
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Soil Horizons
Roughly parallel layers in the soil with varying composition and properties
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Soil Profile
Soil Profile – 2D representation of a vertical section of soil from the surface to its deepest layers or horizons.
The Essentials of Soils
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Soil Horizons
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Soil Horizons
Roughly parallel layers in the soil with varying composition and properties
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Definitions:
Eluviation: the loss of materials including clays,organic matter, oxides of Fe and Al.
Illuviation: accumulation of materials resultingfrom eluvial horizons.
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Master HorizonsMaster Horizons
A horizon [
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A horizon• topsoil/plow layer.• Accumulates organic
material• Often darker than soil
below.• high in plant roots, biotic
activity• Zone of gas and water
exchange
The A HorizonThe A Horizon
A horizon
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Master HorizonsMaster Horizons
A horizonE horizon
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- Zone of EEluviation
The E horizonThe E horizon
E horizon
A horizon
Elluviation = exitIlluviation = into
•Organic matter•Clay•Carbonates•Fe, Al oxides•color
(Illuvial)
(Elluvial)
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Master HorizonsMaster Horizons
A horizon
B horizon[E horizon
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- Accumulates material lost from above, or forms in place.
(translocation, transformation)
- Zone of Illuviation (translocation).
- Maximum expression of soil development.
• clays, O.M., Fe/Al• soil structure• Strong color development• Potentially high reactivity
B horizon
The B HorizonThe B Horizon
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Master HorizonsMaster Horizons
A horizon
B horizon
C horizon [
E horizon
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-Weakly altered by soil forming processes.
-Closely resembles parent material C horizon
The C horizonThe C horizon
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Master HorizonsMaster Horizons
A horizon
B horizon
C horizon
E horizon
R HorizonFlorida?
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R horizon
The R HorizonThe R Horizon
limestone
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O Horizon
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• Surface Horizon• Organic horizon Very high in organic matter
Usually dark-colored
• Often called peat, muck
• Some are very fertile, valuable
• In some countries, O horizon used as fuel.
The O HorizonThe O Horizon
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Master HorizonsMaster Horizons
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