soil functional biodiversity and ecosystem services, a transdisciplinary approach sustain project...
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Soil Functional Biodiversity and Ecosystem Services,
a Transdisciplinary Approach
SUSTAIN project (2011-2014)
SNOWMAN NETWORKKnowledge for sustainable soils
Meeting with the Orientation Committee
Paris, 26 February 2014
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Programme
9h30-11h30: Presentation concerning SUSTAIN - presentation of the project and the sites- presentation of some french results- presentation of some dutch results
Coffee Break- presentation of transversal actions- Life Cycle Analyis- dissemination actions :
- actions addressed to several public - brochures, technical guide
- opened day for farmers11h30-12h00 : general discussion
12h00-13h30 : lunch
13h30-14H00 : European view about agroecology ? (Ciro Gardi)14h00-14h50 : PEPITE and TILLMAN projects (Josephine Péigné) - presentation - discussion : what are complementary/common results and transfer to users ?14h50 - 15h40: Ranking of indicators and Ecosystem services (Michiel Rutgers) - presentation - discussion : how can we apply this to SUSTAIN resultsBreak16h00-16H30 : general discussion and synthesis : what about a common future ?
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What about SUSTAIN project ?
from october 2011 to december 2014
Brittany : a livestock region
Farm land in use = 1 711 200 ha
(6 % of national land in use)
Grassland : 703 600 ha
Cereals: 439 400 ha
Corn silage : 332 000 ha
Grain-maize : 126 000 ha
Rape : 31 500 ha
Vegetables : 83 200 ha
Brittany’s part in total french production
26 % of veal calves
20 % of collected milk
34 % of chicken production
58 % of pig production
(Year : 2008)
Regional French Context : Brittany
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No-tillage in Brittany (2010)
• Ploughed area : 748 439 ha• Reduced tillage : 232 542 ha• Annual crops : 987 014 ha
Reduced tillage/annual crops : 24 % vs 30% at national scale
Ploughed area : 76 %
Brittany Context
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Motivations of the farmers
• Working time saving
• Energy saving
• Amelioration of soil bearing capacity
Questions from the farmers
The impact of these technics on the soil , on the crops, on the water quality ?
Is the use of organic fertilizers compatible with the not ploughing practice ?
Netherlands
Total area of arable land 950,000 ha
(+/- 25% of land area)
50% of arable land on clay (loam) soils, 50% on sandy soils
Top 5 crops:
1. Corn (sandy soils, also in rotation with grassland)
2. Potatoes
3. Cereals (mainly for crop rotation reasons
4. Sugar beets
5. Onions
Dutch Context
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Reduced-tillage in the Netherlands• Mostly « non-inversion » tillage • < 1% of arable land except for south east of the country
-> erosion legislation• But interest among farmers is clearly growing
Dutch Context
SUSTAIN consortium partners
Dutch partners
Mirjam PullemanLijbert BrussaardSteven Crittenden
Ron De Goede
Wijnand SukkelGerard Korthals
Ben Delbaere, Veronika Mikos
PPO (Applied Plant Research)
European Center for Nature Conservation
Guénola PérèsDaniel Cluzeau(coordinator)
Michaël CorsonVincent HallaireSafya MenasseriThierry MorvanGuénola Pérès
(coordinator)
French partners
Djilali Heddadj
Understand how reduced tillage systems, as compared to conventional tillage systems, impact soil functional biodiversity and soil functions
Quantify the consequences of reduced tillage systems on soil ecosystem services
SUSTAIN Objectives
Develop tools such as - Soil disturbance-indicators - Life Cycling Analysis to evaluate the environmental impact of tillage systems
Investigate the socio-economic sustainability of reduced tillage systems
Dissemination
Kick-off meeting, 19-20 November 2013, Paris
SUSTAIN is conducted in France and the Netherlands
at experimental field sites and through regional farm networks
-
SUSTAIN collaborative approach
Lelystad
Hoeksche Waard
F K A
FKT
FKO
SUSTAIN analyses new data & existing datasets
Combination allows for a boarder perspective, reflecting different time scales.
Kerguéhennec
SUSTAIN collaborates with ECOSOM-Project (S. Houot, J. Faber)
SUSTAIN collaborates with - German colleagues M. Potthoff (univ. Göettingen) &
S. Schrader (vTI)
WP3 : Soil functions - Soil structure maintenance- Water regulation and filtering- OM and nutrient cycling- Pest regulation (nematode community)
WP4 : Ecosystem services -Food production-GHG mitigation
WP7 : Dissemination
WP5 : Sociology and economy- Sociology- Farm economics
WP6 : Modelling
- Indicator development- Environmental impact evaluation- System sustainability evaluation
WP2 : Soil biodiversity- Earthworms- Nematodes
SUSTAIN Work plan (7 WP)
Agricultural practices (tillage, reduced tillage, no tillage)
Experimental station of Kerguéhennec (Morbihan dept.) of CRAB since 2000 2 experimental designs under conventional system FKT and FKA 1 experimental design under organic farming (FKO)
Soil derived from micaschist, Dystric Cambisol (FAO) with a loamy texture and high organic matter (4.3%)
SUSTAIN - France – 3 field sites
F K A
FKT
FKO
"Transfer" experimentFKT
-> impact on run-offSince 2000
"Agronomic" experimentFKA
-> impact combined with OM inputsSince 2000
"Organic" experimentFKO
Since 2003 (destroyed 2013)
FKT
"Transfer" experimentFKT
-> impact of reduced tillage on run-off
« Transfer » trial – FKT site
3 Treatments are compared since 2000
with the same fertilisation
Crop rotation (every 2 years) : Grain maize – wheat – rye grass
Crop in January 2012
50 m
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6 m
Plo
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FKT site – Treatments and Trial plane
3 plots (6 m X 50 m) X 3 blocs -> 9 plots in totalConventional tillage, Moulboard ploughing 25 cm and circular spike
Superficial tillage 8Harrowing at 8 cm then chisel since 2006
No till, Direct drilling Disc seeder (wheat, rape, phacelia) et cultivation on the row (maize)
N
Bloc 1Bloc 2Bloc 3
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« Agronomic » trial – FKA site
F K A
"Agronomic" experimentFKA
-> impact of reduced tillage combined with OM inputs
Treatments are compared since 2000
Crop rotation (4 years) : grain maize-wheat-rape-wheat-phacelia
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Crop in January 2012
FKA site – treatments : reduced tillage X organic fertilisation
Conventional tillage LMoulboard ploughing 25 cm and circular spike
Superficial tillage 8 TS (S2) harrowing at 8 cm then chisel since 2006
No till (Direct drilling) SD (S1)disc seeder (wheat, rape, phacelia) et cultivation on the row (maize)
X
Mineral fertilization M
M Fertilisation + Cattle manure M-FB40 t of manure every 4 years
Pig slurry 25 m3/year LP
Poultry manure 6 t/year FV
With Equivalent N input
3 Tillage treatments 4 fertilisation treatments
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FKO "Organic" experimentFKO
-> impact of reduced tillage
« Organic » trial - FKO site
Crop succession :Grain-maize – triticale – buckwheat – Protein pea – triticale – alfalfa – alfalfa – triticale – grain-maize - wheat
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4 treatments are compared since
2003 but will be distroyed in
November 2013 !!!!
Common fertilisation (guano or pig
slurry or cow manure)
Crop in January 2012
Bloc II
Chisel 15 cmChisel 8 cm
Conventional ploughing
Agronomic
ploughing
Bloc I
Bande enherbée
Bande enherbée
Bande enherbée
Bloc III
Bande enherbée
105 m
25 m
15 m
S
NW
E
12 m
Conventional ploughing
Conventional ploughing
Agronomic
ploughing
Agronomic
ploughing
Chisel 15 cm
Chisel 15 cm
Chisel 8 cm
Chisel 8 cm
FKO site – Treatments and trial plan
4 plots (12 m X 25 m) X 3 blocs -> 12 plots in totalConventional tillage, ploughingMoulboard ploughing 25 cm and circular spike
Superficial tillage 8Harrowing at 8 cm then chisel since 2006
Superficial tillage 15 Harrowing at 15 cm then chisel since 2006
Agronomic ploughingMoulboard ploughing 15 cm and circular spike
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French site – Parameters measured (ex: FKA)
SOIL 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013
Physical properties
Structural state of surface
X X X X X X X X
Hydraulic conduticity
X X X X X
porosity X X X X X X X X X X
Structural stability
X X X X X
Morphological properties
Agricultural profil
X X X X X X
Chemical properties
analysis X X X
C and N stock X X X X X ? X ? X
Biological properties
Earthworm X X X
Microorgan X X X
Many parameters measured every year or ponctually
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CROPS 2000 2001 2002 2003 2044 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013
Disease X X X X X X X X X X X X X X
Pests X X X X X X X X X X X X X X
Weeds X X X X X X X X X X X X X X
Root profile X X X X X X
Crop yield and component
X X X X X X X X X X X X X X
Crop analysis X X X X X X X X X X X X X X
French site – Parameters measured (ex: FKA)Many parameters measured every year or ponctually
In the case of FKT : run-off, pesticides transferts
SUSTAIN - Netherlands - 2 Field sites
Two areas reclaimed from the sea. Calcareous marine-loam soils with clay-loam texture.
Hoeksche Waard(farmer fields, since 2009)
Lelystad (experimental farm of PPO since 2008)
In the 2 field sites, conventional and organic managements
Lelystad – Soil parameters measured (not exhaustive)
SOIL 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013
Physical properties
Aggregate stability X X
Penetrometer resistance
X X X
Saturated conductivity X
pF curves X X
Bulk density & porosity X X X
Infiltration X X X
Soil moisture profiles X X X
Soil temperature X X X
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Not all data are available for all trials all years
Lelystad – Soil parameters measured (not exhaustive)
SOIL 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013
Chemical properties
Mineral N X X X X X
Soil C and N, total X X X X X
Greenhouse gas emissions
X X X
Biological properties
Earthworms X X X X
Nematodes X - - X
Microbial parameters X - X
Mycohrriza spore and root colonization (organic only)
- - X - -
Natural enemies of pest (arthropods)
X
CROPS 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013
Crop yield and component
X X X X X X
Crop analysis (some crops only)
X X X X X X
France
- former analysis were been done in 2003 on previous network of
reduced-tillage farms (11 pairs of farms : reduced vs conventional)
SUSTAIN - France & the Netherlands – Farm networks
Netherlands
- the network already exits (4 farms) due to collaborations between
- PPO and farmers
- University of Wageningen and farmers
- a new network will be analysed in 20114 (16 farms : 4 per each
department, 4 treatments : direct-seeding, superficial tillage, non-
inversed –tillage and conventional ploughing)
integration of more geological and climatic contexts
Results
On french experimental sites
FKO
Kick-off meeting, 19-20 November 2013, Paris
Conventional tillage, ploughingMoulboard ploughing 25 cm and circular spike
Superficial tillage 8Harrowing at 8 cm, chisel since 2006
Superficial tillage 15 Harrowing at 15 cm, chisel since 2006
Agronomic ploughingMoulboard ploughing 15 cm and circular spike
Biodiversity – soil functions (WP2 & WP3 ) – french site
Site description – Organic trial
Bloc II
Chisel 15 cmChisel 8 cm
Conventional ploughing
Agronomic
ploughing
Bloc I
Bande enherbée
Bande enherbée
Bande enherbée
Bloc III
Bande enherbée
105 m
25 m
15 m
S
N
E
12 m
Conventional ploughing
Conventional ploughing
Agronomic
ploughing
Agronomic
ploughing
Chisel 15 cm
Chisel 15 cm
Chisel 8 cm
Chisel 8 cm
4 plots (12 m X 25 m) X 3 blocs -> 12 plots in total
Orientattion committee 26 February 2014, Paris
Abundance, Biomass of earthworm (2013, after 7 years)
Abundance • no significant effect of reduced tillage (last ploughing 1 year ½ earthworm abundance can recover )• low depth of ploughing is favourable to abundance, but superficial tillage is depressive
87,7
66,1
Biodiversity – soil functions (WP2 & WP3 ) – french site - organic
Biomass• no significant effect of reduced tillage• bad effect of conventional ploughing (tendance)
Orientattion committee 26 February 2014, Paris
• Epigeic : absent (Cluzeau et al., 2012)
• Endogeic : dominant (Cluzeau et al., 2012)
positive impact of ploughing (LA, 15cm, p<0.01)
Earthworm ecological group (in 2013)
Reduced tillage 8 cm Reduced tillage 15 cm(C15)
Agronomical Ploughing (LA)
Conventional ploughing (CP)
epigeic
anecic endogeic
A. caliginosa A. chlorotica
• Anecic: positive impact of reduced tillage systems, C8 (p=0.012) (Chan, 2001)
N. giardi
Biodiversity – soil functions (WP2 & WP3 ) – french site -
Orientattion committee 26 February 2014, Paris
Earthworm community
earthworm abundance
endogeic abundance
Reduced tillage systmes
No impact
Biodiversity – soil functions (WP2 & WP3 ) – french site - organic
Orientattion committee 26 February 2014, Paris
Earthworm community
earthworm abundance
endogeic abundance
earthworm biomass
anecic abundance
Reduced tillage systmes
No impact Positive impact
Biodiversity – soil functions (WP2 & WP3 ) – french site - organic
Orientattion committee 26 February 2014, Paris
• negative impact of conventional tillage on C (p<0.05), N and P (tendance) (0-15 cm)
• strongly related to OM
positive impact of reduced tillage, but limited to 0-5 cm
Biodiversity – soil functions (WP2 & WP3 ) – french site - organic
Chemical analysis (2013, after 7 years)
Orientattion committee 26 February 2014, Paris
• negative impact of conventional tillage on C (p<0.05), N and P (tendance) (0-15 cm)
• strongly related to OM
positive impact of reduced tillage, but limited to 0-5 cm high stratification of OM depending on practices
• decrease from top to sub-soil for reduced tillage system (reduced tillage systems)
Biodiversity – soil functions (WP2 & WP3 ) – french site - organic
Chemical analysis (2013, after 7 years)
• homogeneity under ploughing system, folllowing the ploughing depth
Orientattion committee 26 February 2014, Paris
L. rubellus positively correlated with hydraulic conductivity at soil surface and 5 cm depth epi-anecic species
creates vertical and opend burrows at soil surface
Conductivity (soil surface)
Conductivity (15 cm depth)
Conductivity (5 cm depth)
Linking diversity to function (hydraulic conductivity)
Biodiversity – soil functions (WP2 & WP3 ) – french site - organic
Endogeic species negatively correlated with hydraulic conductivity endogeic (Francis et al, 2001)
Orientattion committee 26 February 2014, Paris
Relation with Ecosystem service (WP4 ) – french site - organic
• Weeds : increase of weed pressure under reduced tillage system ploughing limits the risk of weeds (Mamarot, 2004)
Weeds and Yield
v v
Weeds
Yield
• Yield : decrease under reduced tillage systems presence of weeds increase the comptetion for wtaer and nutrients resource (Armal, 2010)
Biological
chemicalAgronomical
Physical
Superficial tillage (8cm)
Superficial tillage (15 cm)
Agronomical ploughing (15 cm)
Conventional ploughing (25 cm)
Synthesis
Orientattion committee 26 February 2014, Paris
Results
On dutch experimental sites