soil regeneration for healthy farms and resiliency
TRANSCRIPT
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Soil Regeneration for Healthy Farms and
Resiliency ACORN Conference Charlottetown, PEI
November 23- 25, 2015
Ruth Knight – Organic Consultant Inc
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Soil is weathered rock materials (sand, silt and clay) that are – or have been – in contact with plant roots
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Green plants capture sunlight and carbon dioxide (CO2) and turn weathered rock minerals into soil
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Fertile topsoil is a product of
photosynthesis and microbial resynthesis
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Photosynthesis
“Photo” = Light
“Synthesis” = Putting together
“Making Life from Light”
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Photosynthesis
forms the basis
of the pyramid
of life not soil
Soil
Roots, Microbes
PHOTOSYNTHESIS
Green plants, Light, CO2
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known mycorrhizal fungi and free living nitrogen-fixing since 1890's
microbes are plant dependent
most microbes are plant dependent
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Physical
Chemical
Biological
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Animals
Plants
SOIL
Soil
Roots, Microbes
PHOTOSYNTHESIS
Green plants, Light, CO2
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mm
rudy garcia
2012
Soil Macroaggregates: formed by a healthy soil healthy
Coarse Sand: 1.0 - 0.5 mm Med. Sand: 0.5 - 0.25 mm Fine Sand: 0.25 - 0.10 mm
Silt: 0.05 - 0.002 mm Clay: < 0.002 mm
Med. Sand
Fine sand
Soil Microaggregates: consisting of silt, clay, humus, iron & aluminum oxides, lime (i.e., depending on soil pH), precipitated minerals (e.g. calcium phosphate).
Root Hairs: 0.01- 0.05 mm dia.
Soil Microaggregates: < 0.25 mm dia.
(Large Aggregates: > 2 – 5 mm dia.)
Fine feeder root: (≈ 0.3 mm dia.)
Mycorrhizal fungi: (0.002 – 0.007 mm dia.) Hyphae can grow 5 – 15 cm from the root. Glomalin coats & aggregates the soil particles.
Water held between the aggregates.
Soil Pore
(RH ≈ 100%)
Bacterial Colonies (Bacteria:
0.0005 - 0.005 mm dia.)
(3.2 mm ≈ 1/8 inch) mm
mm
Micropores (< 0.06 mm
dia.)
Particulate Organic
Matter
Rhizosphere
(Ref. NRCS Soil Quality Indicators)
RH
= R
ela
tiv
e
Hu
mid
ity
Rh
izo
sph
ere
Sand
Coarse Sand
The Blue background is
water held in the aggregate.
Clay coating
on sand.
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85% to 90% of plant nutrient acquisition is mediated by microbes
without microbes plants starve unless we fertilize them
without plants microbes starve
microbes feed on liquid carbon
Liquid carbon pathway regenerates soil
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photosynthesis
translocation to roots
transfer to soil
Humification
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C ~ 60% N ~ 6-8% P ~ 1-2%
S ~ 0.8-1.5%
Organo-mineral complex
(ie carbon plus minerals)
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non labile (stable) carbon -resistant to breakdown by microbes
increases water holding capacity, increases structural stability and increases resiliency
increases macro and micro minerals - improving nutrient density
all by increasing photosynthetic capacity and rate
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Increase photosynthetic capacity – green plants, living roots 24/7
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Gruver, Joel http://www.slideshare.net/jbgruver/
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Increase photosynthetic rate - reduce synthetic N and P, increased availability of N and P displaces the microbes that synthesize N and P, the increase in N changes C:N ratio lead to reduction of carbon while microbes breakdown nitrogen,
Nitrogen has to be biologically fixed in order to sequester carbon in stable form
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When the liquid carbon pathway is operating largest increases in soil carbon will around the actively growing roots (usually at 30 to 40cm depth). Versus Surface carbon is labile carbon.
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Decomposition Pathway
Photosynthesis
Biomass production
Decomposition
CO2
Organic Matter
Organic matter – Lose CO2
Labile = not stable
Humification Pathway
Photosynthesis
Translocation to roots
Translocation to soil/ microbes
Humus
Humus – Increase C
Non Labile = Stable
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Gruver, Joel http://www.slideshare.net/jbgruver/
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1. Minimize soil disturbance - tillage
2. Keep soil covered 24/7
3. Living roots as long as possible
4. Diversity
5. Integrate livestock
6. Manage Farmscape for other ecological services -
pollinators, wildlife, community
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Nutrition
Immunity
Happiness (Love)
Ref Farmacology: Dr Daphne Miller, M.D. 2013
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Nutrient cycle – more microbial diversity and more nutrition in food
Fruit and Soil Quality of Organic and Conventional Strawberry Agroecosystems John P. Reganold et al, Plos September 1, 2010 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0012346
Soil Ecology and Ecosystem Services, Oxford Press 2012 Edited Diana H Wall et al, Chapter 3.3 Antunes et al.
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Nutrient cycle - soil bacteria genes transfer to gut biome and aid digestion
Transfer of carbohydrate-active enzymes from marine bacteria to Japanese gut microbiota
Jan-Hendrik Hehemann et al. Nature 464, 908-912 (8 April 2010)
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Connection - Biome
Soil
Microbes
Plants
People
Animals
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Immunity cycle Loss of biodiversity increases incidence of asthma and allergies, including depression
SCIENCE AND SOCIETY: Farm living: effects on childhood asthma and allergy Erika von Mutius & Donata Vercelli Nature Reviews Immunology 10, 861-868 (December 2010) - Dr Erika von Mutius, Asthma and Allergy Dept. Dr. von Hauner Children's Hospital University of Munich, Germany.
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Mood cycle LOVE - Mycobacterium vaccae, soil bacterium used in cancer treatment found to lower depression
ingested stimulates release of serotonin – antidepressant
More diversity of microbes = more happiness
Happy Farmers – Happy Food
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crop/soil management that maintains or improves the function of microbes and ability to facilitate microbial synthesis of nutrients - inoculation and/or mediating with management for endemic microbes for enhanced crop nutrient
crop breeding to recognize AM fungi responsiveness - Dr Wendy Taheri PhD AM trained fungi taxonomy - Terra Nimbus independent lab to screen seeds for AM responsiveness
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NRCS: Manage for Soil Carbon
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That generations to
come will thank us for
how we manage our
farmscapes.