soils and biosolids nutrient management...t c=0.13 bs app +0.85, r 2=0.98 total carbon total carbon...
TRANSCRIPT
![Page 1: Soils and Biosolids Nutrient Management...T C=0.13 bs app +0.85, r 2=0.98 Total Carbon Total Carbon T N=0.01 bs app +0.08, r 2=0.99 Total N ... PO. 4-3. strong low. NO. 3-weak high](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022071218/60539a3c3a6a1917a87c9695/html5/thumbnails/1.jpg)
Soils and Biosolids Nutrient Management
Craig CoggerSoil ScientistWSU Puyallup
![Page 2: Soils and Biosolids Nutrient Management...T C=0.13 bs app +0.85, r 2=0.98 Total Carbon Total Carbon T N=0.01 bs app +0.08, r 2=0.99 Total N ... PO. 4-3. strong low. NO. 3-weak high](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022071218/60539a3c3a6a1917a87c9695/html5/thumbnails/2.jpg)
Soil Components
Pore SpaceMineralMatter
OrganicMatter
![Page 3: Soils and Biosolids Nutrient Management...T C=0.13 bs app +0.85, r 2=0.98 Total Carbon Total Carbon T N=0.01 bs app +0.08, r 2=0.99 Total N ... PO. 4-3. strong low. NO. 3-weak high](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022071218/60539a3c3a6a1917a87c9695/html5/thumbnails/3.jpg)
Residue decompositionNutrient cyclingAggregation and porosityEnhance plant growthBreak down contaminants
The soil is the great connector of our lives, the source and destination of all. - Wendell Berry
The Soil Ecosystem
![Page 4: Soils and Biosolids Nutrient Management...T C=0.13 bs app +0.85, r 2=0.98 Total Carbon Total Carbon T N=0.01 bs app +0.08, r 2=0.99 Total N ... PO. 4-3. strong low. NO. 3-weak high](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022071218/60539a3c3a6a1917a87c9695/html5/thumbnails/4.jpg)
Bacteria, fungi, actinomycetes, protozoa, nematodes, arthropods, earthworms
Pictures courtesy D. Collins, M. Fauci and D. Bezdicek
Soil Organisms
![Page 5: Soils and Biosolids Nutrient Management...T C=0.13 bs app +0.85, r 2=0.98 Total Carbon Total Carbon T N=0.01 bs app +0.08, r 2=0.99 Total N ... PO. 4-3. strong low. NO. 3-weak high](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022071218/60539a3c3a6a1917a87c9695/html5/thumbnails/5.jpg)
Soil Air and Water
• Water MovementHow quickly water moves through soil
• Water Holding CapacityHow much water a soil can hold available for plant growth
![Page 6: Soils and Biosolids Nutrient Management...T C=0.13 bs app +0.85, r 2=0.98 Total Carbon Total Carbon T N=0.01 bs app +0.08, r 2=0.99 Total N ... PO. 4-3. strong low. NO. 3-weak high](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022071218/60539a3c3a6a1917a87c9695/html5/thumbnails/6.jpg)
Pore Space and Air-Water Relations
• Soil acts like a sponge• Macropores control infiltration and
drainage• Capillary pores control water holding
capacity• Micropores hold unavailable water
![Page 7: Soils and Biosolids Nutrient Management...T C=0.13 bs app +0.85, r 2=0.98 Total Carbon Total Carbon T N=0.01 bs app +0.08, r 2=0.99 Total N ... PO. 4-3. strong low. NO. 3-weak high](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022071218/60539a3c3a6a1917a87c9695/html5/thumbnails/7.jpg)
What Affects the Size of the Soil Pores?
• Soil texture• Soil structure• Compaction and disturbance• Organic matter
To be a successful farmer one must first know the nature of the soil. - Xenophon, 400 B.C.
![Page 8: Soils and Biosolids Nutrient Management...T C=0.13 bs app +0.85, r 2=0.98 Total Carbon Total Carbon T N=0.01 bs app +0.08, r 2=0.99 Total N ... PO. 4-3. strong low. NO. 3-weak high](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022071218/60539a3c3a6a1917a87c9695/html5/thumbnails/8.jpg)
•Texture•Structure•Compaction•Organic Matter
![Page 9: Soils and Biosolids Nutrient Management...T C=0.13 bs app +0.85, r 2=0.98 Total Carbon Total Carbon T N=0.01 bs app +0.08, r 2=0.99 Total N ... PO. 4-3. strong low. NO. 3-weak high](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022071218/60539a3c3a6a1917a87c9695/html5/thumbnails/9.jpg)
Texture: Soil Particle Sizes
Sand .05-2 mmSilt .002-.05 mmClay <.002 mm
Coarse Fragments >2 mm
![Page 10: Soils and Biosolids Nutrient Management...T C=0.13 bs app +0.85, r 2=0.98 Total Carbon Total Carbon T N=0.01 bs app +0.08, r 2=0.99 Total N ... PO. 4-3. strong low. NO. 3-weak high](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022071218/60539a3c3a6a1917a87c9695/html5/thumbnails/10.jpg)
Texture: Approximate Surface Areas of 1 gram Samples
Coarse sand: one dollar
Fine clay:soccer field
![Page 11: Soils and Biosolids Nutrient Management...T C=0.13 bs app +0.85, r 2=0.98 Total Carbon Total Carbon T N=0.01 bs app +0.08, r 2=0.99 Total N ... PO. 4-3. strong low. NO. 3-weak high](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022071218/60539a3c3a6a1917a87c9695/html5/thumbnails/11.jpg)
Sandy soils
Clay soils
LoamySoils
Textural Triangle
![Page 12: Soils and Biosolids Nutrient Management...T C=0.13 bs app +0.85, r 2=0.98 Total Carbon Total Carbon T N=0.01 bs app +0.08, r 2=0.99 Total N ... PO. 4-3. strong low. NO. 3-weak high](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022071218/60539a3c3a6a1917a87c9695/html5/thumbnails/12.jpg)
•Texture•Structure•Compaction•Organic Matter
![Page 13: Soils and Biosolids Nutrient Management...T C=0.13 bs app +0.85, r 2=0.98 Total Carbon Total Carbon T N=0.01 bs app +0.08, r 2=0.99 Total N ... PO. 4-3. strong low. NO. 3-weak high](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022071218/60539a3c3a6a1917a87c9695/html5/thumbnails/13.jpg)
Soil StructureAggregation of Sand, Silt, and Clay Particles
Structure affects:•Macroporosity•Infiltration•Aeration
![Page 14: Soils and Biosolids Nutrient Management...T C=0.13 bs app +0.85, r 2=0.98 Total Carbon Total Carbon T N=0.01 bs app +0.08, r 2=0.99 Total N ... PO. 4-3. strong low. NO. 3-weak high](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022071218/60539a3c3a6a1917a87c9695/html5/thumbnails/14.jpg)
Formation of Soil Structure
• Growth of roots and movement of organisms create pores and aggregates
• Soil bacteria make glues that stabilize aggregates
• Fungi help bind aggregates• Physical, chemical processes also
involved
![Page 15: Soils and Biosolids Nutrient Management...T C=0.13 bs app +0.85, r 2=0.98 Total Carbon Total Carbon T N=0.01 bs app +0.08, r 2=0.99 Total N ... PO. 4-3. strong low. NO. 3-weak high](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022071218/60539a3c3a6a1917a87c9695/html5/thumbnails/15.jpg)
•Texture•Structure•Compaction•Organic Matter
![Page 16: Soils and Biosolids Nutrient Management...T C=0.13 bs app +0.85, r 2=0.98 Total Carbon Total Carbon T N=0.01 bs app +0.08, r 2=0.99 Total N ... PO. 4-3. strong low. NO. 3-weak high](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022071218/60539a3c3a6a1917a87c9695/html5/thumbnails/16.jpg)
Human Compaction:• Clearing• Construction• Traffic
Natural Compaction:
• Basal glacial till• Very compact• Nearly
impermeable
![Page 17: Soils and Biosolids Nutrient Management...T C=0.13 bs app +0.85, r 2=0.98 Total Carbon Total Carbon T N=0.01 bs app +0.08, r 2=0.99 Total N ... PO. 4-3. strong low. NO. 3-weak high](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022071218/60539a3c3a6a1917a87c9695/html5/thumbnails/17.jpg)
•Texture•Structure•Compaction•Organic Matter
![Page 18: Soils and Biosolids Nutrient Management...T C=0.13 bs app +0.85, r 2=0.98 Total Carbon Total Carbon T N=0.01 bs app +0.08, r 2=0.99 Total N ... PO. 4-3. strong low. NO. 3-weak high](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022071218/60539a3c3a6a1917a87c9695/html5/thumbnails/18.jpg)
Why is Organic Matter Important?
• Structure and macropores
• Water holding capacity
• Infiltration
• Nutrient supply
• Biological activity
• Improved root environment
![Page 19: Soils and Biosolids Nutrient Management...T C=0.13 bs app +0.85, r 2=0.98 Total Carbon Total Carbon T N=0.01 bs app +0.08, r 2=0.99 Total N ... PO. 4-3. strong low. NO. 3-weak high](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022071218/60539a3c3a6a1917a87c9695/html5/thumbnails/19.jpg)
GP17
Biosolid application rate, dry tons/acreapplied every four years
0 1 2 3 4 5
Total C, %, 0-6"
0.0
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
1.0
1.2
1.4
1.6Total N, %
, 0-6"
0.07
0.08
0.09
0.10
0.11
0.12
0.13
0.14
T C=0.13 bs app +0.85, r 2=0.98Total CarbonTotal Carbon
T N=0.01 bs app +0.08, r 2=0.99
Total N
Total N
Soil C and N after 4 biosolids applications to dryland wheat
Total N (%
)To
tal C
(%)
0 to 6 inch depth
Biosolids and Soil Organic Matter
![Page 20: Soils and Biosolids Nutrient Management...T C=0.13 bs app +0.85, r 2=0.98 Total Carbon Total Carbon T N=0.01 bs app +0.08, r 2=0.99 Total N ... PO. 4-3. strong low. NO. 3-weak high](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022071218/60539a3c3a6a1917a87c9695/html5/thumbnails/20.jpg)
Organic Matter: One-Minute Drill
What soil components does this pie chart show?
![Page 21: Soils and Biosolids Nutrient Management...T C=0.13 bs app +0.85, r 2=0.98 Total Carbon Total Carbon T N=0.01 bs app +0.08, r 2=0.99 Total N ... PO. 4-3. strong low. NO. 3-weak high](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022071218/60539a3c3a6a1917a87c9695/html5/thumbnails/21.jpg)
Nutrient Management• Meet crop nutrient needs• Maintain soil quality• Conserve resources• Protect water quality - reduce
leaching and runoff risk
![Page 22: Soils and Biosolids Nutrient Management...T C=0.13 bs app +0.85, r 2=0.98 Total Carbon Total Carbon T N=0.01 bs app +0.08, r 2=0.99 Total N ... PO. 4-3. strong low. NO. 3-weak high](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022071218/60539a3c3a6a1917a87c9695/html5/thumbnails/22.jpg)
Plant Nutrients
Micronutrients• Boron• Iron• Manganese• Zinc• Copper• Chloride• Molybdenum
Major Nutrients• Nitrogen• Phosphorus• Potassium• Calcium• Magnesium• Sulfur
![Page 23: Soils and Biosolids Nutrient Management...T C=0.13 bs app +0.85, r 2=0.98 Total Carbon Total Carbon T N=0.01 bs app +0.08, r 2=0.99 Total N ... PO. 4-3. strong low. NO. 3-weak high](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022071218/60539a3c3a6a1917a87c9695/html5/thumbnails/23.jpg)
What Do Nutrients Do?Example: Nitrogen
Bern Kohler, Ohio State Univ.
Chlorophyll –photosynthesis
Amino acidsand proteins
DNA
Plant and Soil Sciences, U Nebraska
Amino Acid
![Page 24: Soils and Biosolids Nutrient Management...T C=0.13 bs app +0.85, r 2=0.98 Total Carbon Total Carbon T N=0.01 bs app +0.08, r 2=0.99 Total N ... PO. 4-3. strong low. NO. 3-weak high](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022071218/60539a3c3a6a1917a87c9695/html5/thumbnails/24.jpg)
How Do Nutrients Become Available to Plants?
![Page 25: Soils and Biosolids Nutrient Management...T C=0.13 bs app +0.85, r 2=0.98 Total Carbon Total Carbon T N=0.01 bs app +0.08, r 2=0.99 Total N ... PO. 4-3. strong low. NO. 3-weak high](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022071218/60539a3c3a6a1917a87c9695/html5/thumbnails/25.jpg)
KMgCa
NS
P
K+ Ca+2
soluble, available
Notavailable
Weathering Biological release
NH4+ SO4
-2
Mineral Matter Organic Matter
What Happens to These Nutrients When It Rains?
![Page 26: Soils and Biosolids Nutrient Management...T C=0.13 bs app +0.85, r 2=0.98 Total Carbon Total Carbon T N=0.01 bs app +0.08, r 2=0.99 Total N ... PO. 4-3. strong low. NO. 3-weak high](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022071218/60539a3c3a6a1917a87c9695/html5/thumbnails/26.jpg)
KMgCa
NS
P
K+ NH4+ Ca++ SO4
-2
soluble, available
Notavailable
clay organic matter
- - -- - -- - - -- - - - -
![Page 27: Soils and Biosolids Nutrient Management...T C=0.13 bs app +0.85, r 2=0.98 Total Carbon Total Carbon T N=0.01 bs app +0.08, r 2=0.99 Total N ... PO. 4-3. strong low. NO. 3-weak high](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022071218/60539a3c3a6a1917a87c9695/html5/thumbnails/27.jpg)
KMgCa
NS
P
K+ NH4+ Ca+2 SO4
-2
soluble, available
Notavailable
clay organic matter
- - -- - -- - - -- - - - -
Ca++ K+ Mg++
K+
![Page 28: Soils and Biosolids Nutrient Management...T C=0.13 bs app +0.85, r 2=0.98 Total Carbon Total Carbon T N=0.01 bs app +0.08, r 2=0.99 Total N ... PO. 4-3. strong low. NO. 3-weak high](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022071218/60539a3c3a6a1917a87c9695/html5/thumbnails/28.jpg)
Cation Exchange Capacity
• Cation (+ ion)• Anion (- ion)• Cation exchange capacity
(CEC):Negative sites on clay and organic matter that can hold cations.
- - - -- - - - -
Ca++ K+
![Page 29: Soils and Biosolids Nutrient Management...T C=0.13 bs app +0.85, r 2=0.98 Total Carbon Total Carbon T N=0.01 bs app +0.08, r 2=0.99 Total N ... PO. 4-3. strong low. NO. 3-weak high](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022071218/60539a3c3a6a1917a87c9695/html5/thumbnails/29.jpg)
Nutrient Anion Availability
Anion Binding SolubilityPO4
-3 strong lowNO3
- weak high
![Page 30: Soils and Biosolids Nutrient Management...T C=0.13 bs app +0.85, r 2=0.98 Total Carbon Total Carbon T N=0.01 bs app +0.08, r 2=0.99 Total N ... PO. 4-3. strong low. NO. 3-weak high](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022071218/60539a3c3a6a1917a87c9695/html5/thumbnails/30.jpg)
Organic N
Ammonium NH4+
Nitrate NO3-
Leaching Gases(N2, N20)
Plants,Microbes
Soil organic matter,Plant residues,Manure
Nitrogen Cycle
Atmosphere
N fixation
![Page 31: Soils and Biosolids Nutrient Management...T C=0.13 bs app +0.85, r 2=0.98 Total Carbon Total Carbon T N=0.01 bs app +0.08, r 2=0.99 Total N ... PO. 4-3. strong low. NO. 3-weak high](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022071218/60539a3c3a6a1917a87c9695/html5/thumbnails/31.jpg)
Biosolids and Other Nutrients
• These nutrients accumulate in the soil when biosolids are applied to meet N needs:PhosphorusZinc
• This nutrient will decline in soil if biosolids are the sole source of nutrients:Potassium
![Page 32: Soils and Biosolids Nutrient Management...T C=0.13 bs app +0.85, r 2=0.98 Total Carbon Total Carbon T N=0.01 bs app +0.08, r 2=0.99 Total N ... PO. 4-3. strong low. NO. 3-weak high](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022071218/60539a3c3a6a1917a87c9695/html5/thumbnails/32.jpg)
Nutrient Uptake
The forms of nutrients taken up by plants are the same –
Whether the source of the nutrients is the soil, an organic fertilizer, or a
manufactured fertilizer.
![Page 33: Soils and Biosolids Nutrient Management...T C=0.13 bs app +0.85, r 2=0.98 Total Carbon Total Carbon T N=0.01 bs app +0.08, r 2=0.99 Total N ... PO. 4-3. strong low. NO. 3-weak high](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022071218/60539a3c3a6a1917a87c9695/html5/thumbnails/33.jpg)
The nation that destroys its soil, destroys itself.
-Franklin Delano Roosevelt
But, our management must maintain soil organic matter over the long run.
![Page 34: Soils and Biosolids Nutrient Management...T C=0.13 bs app +0.85, r 2=0.98 Total Carbon Total Carbon T N=0.01 bs app +0.08, r 2=0.99 Total N ... PO. 4-3. strong low. NO. 3-weak high](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022071218/60539a3c3a6a1917a87c9695/html5/thumbnails/34.jpg)
Soil pH• Indicates relative acidity or alkalinity• pH 7 = neutral; less than 7 = acid; more than 7 = alkaline or basic• Logarithmic scale
![Page 35: Soils and Biosolids Nutrient Management...T C=0.13 bs app +0.85, r 2=0.98 Total Carbon Total Carbon T N=0.01 bs app +0.08, r 2=0.99 Total N ... PO. 4-3. strong low. NO. 3-weak high](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022071218/60539a3c3a6a1917a87c9695/html5/thumbnails/35.jpg)
Why is pH Important?
• Nutrient availability
• Availability of toxic metals
• Microbiological activity
![Page 36: Soils and Biosolids Nutrient Management...T C=0.13 bs app +0.85, r 2=0.98 Total Carbon Total Carbon T N=0.01 bs app +0.08, r 2=0.99 Total N ... PO. 4-3. strong low. NO. 3-weak high](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022071218/60539a3c3a6a1917a87c9695/html5/thumbnails/36.jpg)
What Affects pH?
• ClimateHumid areas tend to have acid soils, and arid areas tend to have alkaline soils.
• Parent materialSome parent materials contain lime and keep soil pH higher.
• ManagementMany fertilizers tend to produce acidity.
![Page 37: Soils and Biosolids Nutrient Management...T C=0.13 bs app +0.85, r 2=0.98 Total Carbon Total Carbon T N=0.01 bs app +0.08, r 2=0.99 Total N ... PO. 4-3. strong low. NO. 3-weak high](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022071218/60539a3c3a6a1917a87c9695/html5/thumbnails/37.jpg)
Desirable pH Ranges
• Vegetables 6 to 7.5
• Pastures 5.5 to 8
• Acid loving plants 4.5 to 5.5
![Page 38: Soils and Biosolids Nutrient Management...T C=0.13 bs app +0.85, r 2=0.98 Total Carbon Total Carbon T N=0.01 bs app +0.08, r 2=0.99 Total N ... PO. 4-3. strong low. NO. 3-weak high](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022071218/60539a3c3a6a1917a87c9695/html5/thumbnails/38.jpg)
Modifying Soil pH
• Lime (CaCO3) neutralizes acidity and increases pH• Elemental sulfur generates acidity and decreases
pH
http://images-of-elements.com/sulfur-4.jpg
![Page 39: Soils and Biosolids Nutrient Management...T C=0.13 bs app +0.85, r 2=0.98 Total Carbon Total Carbon T N=0.01 bs app +0.08, r 2=0.99 Total N ... PO. 4-3. strong low. NO. 3-weak high](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022071218/60539a3c3a6a1917a87c9695/html5/thumbnails/39.jpg)
Biosolids and Soil pH
• Mineralization of organic N and S causes decline in pH (more acid)
• Alkaline-stabilized biosolids increase soil pH (liming effect)
![Page 40: Soils and Biosolids Nutrient Management...T C=0.13 bs app +0.85, r 2=0.98 Total Carbon Total Carbon T N=0.01 bs app +0.08, r 2=0.99 Total N ... PO. 4-3. strong low. NO. 3-weak high](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022071218/60539a3c3a6a1917a87c9695/html5/thumbnails/40.jpg)
Soil Testing
![Page 41: Soils and Biosolids Nutrient Management...T C=0.13 bs app +0.85, r 2=0.98 Total Carbon Total Carbon T N=0.01 bs app +0.08, r 2=0.99 Total N ... PO. 4-3. strong low. NO. 3-weak high](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022071218/60539a3c3a6a1917a87c9695/html5/thumbnails/41.jpg)
Soil Testing
• Theory: Extracts “plant-available” nutrients.• Results: Used to predict nutrient availability
and need.• Biosolids management: Indicates which
biosolids nutrients are needed. Identifies excessive nutrient levels in soil.
![Page 42: Soils and Biosolids Nutrient Management...T C=0.13 bs app +0.85, r 2=0.98 Total Carbon Total Carbon T N=0.01 bs app +0.08, r 2=0.99 Total N ... PO. 4-3. strong low. NO. 3-weak high](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022071218/60539a3c3a6a1917a87c9695/html5/thumbnails/42.jpg)
Soil Testing Requirements
• Vary, depending upon your permit
• Most soil testing is voluntary; much of it is useful for biosolids management.
![Page 43: Soils and Biosolids Nutrient Management...T C=0.13 bs app +0.85, r 2=0.98 Total Carbon Total Carbon T N=0.01 bs app +0.08, r 2=0.99 Total N ... PO. 4-3. strong low. NO. 3-weak high](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022071218/60539a3c3a6a1917a87c9695/html5/thumbnails/43.jpg)
What Is a Soil Test?
• A chemical evaluation of the nutrient supplying capability of the soil.
• Soil test results are calibrated with crop response research to develop fertilizer recommendations.
![Page 44: Soils and Biosolids Nutrient Management...T C=0.13 bs app +0.85, r 2=0.98 Total Carbon Total Carbon T N=0.01 bs app +0.08, r 2=0.99 Total N ... PO. 4-3. strong low. NO. 3-weak high](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022071218/60539a3c3a6a1917a87c9695/html5/thumbnails/44.jpg)
Types of Tests
• Pre-application tests: nutrients, metals, (nitrate east of Cascades)
• Post-harvest nitrate: a check on application rates.
• Nutrients: Check on nutrient sufficiency, biosolids benefits.
![Page 45: Soils and Biosolids Nutrient Management...T C=0.13 bs app +0.85, r 2=0.98 Total Carbon Total Carbon T N=0.01 bs app +0.08, r 2=0.99 Total N ... PO. 4-3. strong low. NO. 3-weak high](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022071218/60539a3c3a6a1917a87c9695/html5/thumbnails/45.jpg)
Make a Sampling Plan
Sweet Corn
Orchard
Vegetableshouse
hillside
valley
4
2
3 1
![Page 46: Soils and Biosolids Nutrient Management...T C=0.13 bs app +0.85, r 2=0.98 Total Carbon Total Carbon T N=0.01 bs app +0.08, r 2=0.99 Total N ... PO. 4-3. strong low. NO. 3-weak high](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022071218/60539a3c3a6a1917a87c9695/html5/thumbnails/46.jpg)
When to Take a Sample?
• Sample before applying biosolids or fertilizer
• Repeat every 2-3 years
![Page 47: Soils and Biosolids Nutrient Management...T C=0.13 bs app +0.85, r 2=0.98 Total Carbon Total Carbon T N=0.01 bs app +0.08, r 2=0.99 Total N ... PO. 4-3. strong low. NO. 3-weak high](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022071218/60539a3c3a6a1917a87c9695/html5/thumbnails/47.jpg)
How to Take a Representative Sample?
0-12 inchesdeep
Mix them in a plastic bucket
Take 15-20 small samples!
![Page 48: Soils and Biosolids Nutrient Management...T C=0.13 bs app +0.85, r 2=0.98 Total Carbon Total Carbon T N=0.01 bs app +0.08, r 2=0.99 Total N ... PO. 4-3. strong low. NO. 3-weak high](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022071218/60539a3c3a6a1917a87c9695/html5/thumbnails/48.jpg)
Mix the Sample and Spread It to Dry
Dry it infresh air
![Page 49: Soils and Biosolids Nutrient Management...T C=0.13 bs app +0.85, r 2=0.98 Total Carbon Total Carbon T N=0.01 bs app +0.08, r 2=0.99 Total N ... PO. 4-3. strong low. NO. 3-weak high](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022071218/60539a3c3a6a1917a87c9695/html5/thumbnails/49.jpg)
When the Sample is Dry:
Mix it again
Put it in a plastic bag and close the bag
Send it to an agricultural laboratory
![Page 50: Soils and Biosolids Nutrient Management...T C=0.13 bs app +0.85, r 2=0.98 Total Carbon Total Carbon T N=0.01 bs app +0.08, r 2=0.99 Total N ... PO. 4-3. strong low. NO. 3-weak high](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022071218/60539a3c3a6a1917a87c9695/html5/thumbnails/50.jpg)
Sampling Tools
Use tools that collect uniform coresHydraulic Probe Hand Probe
![Page 51: Soils and Biosolids Nutrient Management...T C=0.13 bs app +0.85, r 2=0.98 Total Carbon Total Carbon T N=0.01 bs app +0.08, r 2=0.99 Total N ... PO. 4-3. strong low. NO. 3-weak high](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022071218/60539a3c3a6a1917a87c9695/html5/thumbnails/51.jpg)
How Deep to Sample?
• Nutrients, typically 12 inches.• Nitrate 12 inches, except for
dryland grain production, where entire root zone is sampled.
![Page 52: Soils and Biosolids Nutrient Management...T C=0.13 bs app +0.85, r 2=0.98 Total Carbon Total Carbon T N=0.01 bs app +0.08, r 2=0.99 Total N ... PO. 4-3. strong low. NO. 3-weak high](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022071218/60539a3c3a6a1917a87c9695/html5/thumbnails/52.jpg)
Choosing a Lab
• Does the lab routinely do agricultural tests?• Do they use OSU or WSU test methods?• Do they give fertilizer recommendations?• What information do they need?• How to send sample?• Cost?• Turn-around time?• What does report look like?
![Page 53: Soils and Biosolids Nutrient Management...T C=0.13 bs app +0.85, r 2=0.98 Total Carbon Total Carbon T N=0.01 bs app +0.08, r 2=0.99 Total N ... PO. 4-3. strong low. NO. 3-weak high](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022071218/60539a3c3a6a1917a87c9695/html5/thumbnails/53.jpg)
Choosing a Lab
• Quality assurance: Does lab participate in proficiency testing program or sample exchange?
• Quality assurance: Submit a “known” sample for a check.
![Page 54: Soils and Biosolids Nutrient Management...T C=0.13 bs app +0.85, r 2=0.98 Total Carbon Total Carbon T N=0.01 bs app +0.08, r 2=0.99 Total N ... PO. 4-3. strong low. NO. 3-weak high](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022071218/60539a3c3a6a1917a87c9695/html5/thumbnails/54.jpg)
Leaching Gases
One-Minute Drill
Atmosphere
• What are the three most common forms of nitrogen in soils and soil amendments?
• Which of these forms are available to plants?
![Page 55: Soils and Biosolids Nutrient Management...T C=0.13 bs app +0.85, r 2=0.98 Total Carbon Total Carbon T N=0.01 bs app +0.08, r 2=0.99 Total N ... PO. 4-3. strong low. NO. 3-weak high](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022071218/60539a3c3a6a1917a87c9695/html5/thumbnails/55.jpg)
Soil Nitrate Tests
• Pre-sidedress nitrate testoMid-season nitrate test to determine need for additional N.oCalibrated for corn.oResearch on other crops in progress
• Post-harvest nitrate testo Is excess leachable N in soil at end of season?oUse to modify next year’s N management.
![Page 56: Soils and Biosolids Nutrient Management...T C=0.13 bs app +0.85, r 2=0.98 Total Carbon Total Carbon T N=0.01 bs app +0.08, r 2=0.99 Total N ... PO. 4-3. strong low. NO. 3-weak high](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022071218/60539a3c3a6a1917a87c9695/html5/thumbnails/56.jpg)
Soil Nitrate Tests
• PSNT:o taken when corn is 6-12 inches tall, or similar growth
stage for other cropsoSample 0-12 inch depth.
• Post harvest test:oSeptember 1 to October 15oSample 0-12 inch depth.oSample preservation is important
• Reference - EM8650. The Pre-Sidedress Nitrate Test
![Page 57: Soils and Biosolids Nutrient Management...T C=0.13 bs app +0.85, r 2=0.98 Total Carbon Total Carbon T N=0.01 bs app +0.08, r 2=0.99 Total N ... PO. 4-3. strong low. NO. 3-weak high](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022071218/60539a3c3a6a1917a87c9695/html5/thumbnails/57.jpg)
Interpreting Soil Tests
• Nutrient status Low, medium, high
• Fertilizer recommendation• Reference:
EC 1478. Soil Test Interpretation Guide
![Page 58: Soils and Biosolids Nutrient Management...T C=0.13 bs app +0.85, r 2=0.98 Total Carbon Total Carbon T N=0.01 bs app +0.08, r 2=0.99 Total N ... PO. 4-3. strong low. NO. 3-weak high](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022071218/60539a3c3a6a1917a87c9695/html5/thumbnails/58.jpg)
Phosphorus Soil Test Interpretation
•Bray test (acid soils):Low < 20 ppmMedium 20 to 40 ppmHigh 40 to 100 ppmExcessive > 100 ppm
• Olsen test (alkaline soils)• Acetate or Morgan test (acid soils)
![Page 59: Soils and Biosolids Nutrient Management...T C=0.13 bs app +0.85, r 2=0.98 Total Carbon Total Carbon T N=0.01 bs app +0.08, r 2=0.99 Total N ... PO. 4-3. strong low. NO. 3-weak high](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022071218/60539a3c3a6a1917a87c9695/html5/thumbnails/59.jpg)
Potassium Soil Test Interpretation
Low < 150 ppmMedium 150 to 250 ppmHigh 250 to 800 ppmExcessive > 800 ppm
![Page 60: Soils and Biosolids Nutrient Management...T C=0.13 bs app +0.85, r 2=0.98 Total Carbon Total Carbon T N=0.01 bs app +0.08, r 2=0.99 Total N ... PO. 4-3. strong low. NO. 3-weak high](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022071218/60539a3c3a6a1917a87c9695/html5/thumbnails/60.jpg)
Calcium Soil Test Interpretation
Low < 5 meq/100g soilMedium 5 to 10 meq/100gHigh >10 meq/100g
(sometimes units are cmol/kg)
![Page 61: Soils and Biosolids Nutrient Management...T C=0.13 bs app +0.85, r 2=0.98 Total Carbon Total Carbon T N=0.01 bs app +0.08, r 2=0.99 Total N ... PO. 4-3. strong low. NO. 3-weak high](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022071218/60539a3c3a6a1917a87c9695/html5/thumbnails/61.jpg)
Magnesium Soil Test Interpretation
Low: < 0.5 meq/100g soilMedium: 0.5 to 1.5 meq/100gHigh: >1.5 meq/100g
(sometimes units are cmol/kg)
![Page 62: Soils and Biosolids Nutrient Management...T C=0.13 bs app +0.85, r 2=0.98 Total Carbon Total Carbon T N=0.01 bs app +0.08, r 2=0.99 Total N ... PO. 4-3. strong low. NO. 3-weak high](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022071218/60539a3c3a6a1917a87c9695/html5/thumbnails/62.jpg)
Boron Soil Test Interpretation
Low < 0.5 ppmMedium 0.5 to 2 ppmHigh > 2 ppm
![Page 63: Soils and Biosolids Nutrient Management...T C=0.13 bs app +0.85, r 2=0.98 Total Carbon Total Carbon T N=0.01 bs app +0.08, r 2=0.99 Total N ... PO. 4-3. strong low. NO. 3-weak high](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022071218/60539a3c3a6a1917a87c9695/html5/thumbnails/63.jpg)
Soil Sampling and Interpretation Information
http://www.soils1.org
Click on “Soils and Soil Testing” for information on soil sampling,
soil testing labs, and soil test interpretation.
![Page 64: Soils and Biosolids Nutrient Management...T C=0.13 bs app +0.85, r 2=0.98 Total Carbon Total Carbon T N=0.01 bs app +0.08, r 2=0.99 Total N ... PO. 4-3. strong low. NO. 3-weak high](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022071218/60539a3c3a6a1917a87c9695/html5/thumbnails/64.jpg)
BiosolidsNutrients and
Agronomic Rate
Calculation
![Page 65: Soils and Biosolids Nutrient Management...T C=0.13 bs app +0.85, r 2=0.98 Total Carbon Total Carbon T N=0.01 bs app +0.08, r 2=0.99 Total N ... PO. 4-3. strong low. NO. 3-weak high](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022071218/60539a3c3a6a1917a87c9695/html5/thumbnails/65.jpg)
Soil is full of nutrients, but most are not available to plants
K
CaN S
Mineral Organic
Insoluble, unavailable
Ca++, K+ NH4+, SO4
--Soluble, available
![Page 66: Soils and Biosolids Nutrient Management...T C=0.13 bs app +0.85, r 2=0.98 Total Carbon Total Carbon T N=0.01 bs app +0.08, r 2=0.99 Total N ... PO. 4-3. strong low. NO. 3-weak high](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022071218/60539a3c3a6a1917a87c9695/html5/thumbnails/66.jpg)
One-Minute Drill
• Describe the difference between total nutrient content and plant-available nutrient content of biosolids.
• What do you need to know to estimate the fertilizer N replacement value of biosolids?
![Page 67: Soils and Biosolids Nutrient Management...T C=0.13 bs app +0.85, r 2=0.98 Total Carbon Total Carbon T N=0.01 bs app +0.08, r 2=0.99 Total N ... PO. 4-3. strong low. NO. 3-weak high](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022071218/60539a3c3a6a1917a87c9695/html5/thumbnails/67.jpg)
Agronomic Rate Goals
• Environmental: Balance crop N demand with plant-available N to prevent nitrate leaching.
• Economic: Provide enough N for near maximum yield and quality of crop.
![Page 68: Soils and Biosolids Nutrient Management...T C=0.13 bs app +0.85, r 2=0.98 Total Carbon Total Carbon T N=0.01 bs app +0.08, r 2=0.99 Total N ... PO. 4-3. strong low. NO. 3-weak high](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022071218/60539a3c3a6a1917a87c9695/html5/thumbnails/68.jpg)
Agronomic Rate Calculation
![Page 69: Soils and Biosolids Nutrient Management...T C=0.13 bs app +0.85, r 2=0.98 Total Carbon Total Carbon T N=0.01 bs app +0.08, r 2=0.99 Total N ... PO. 4-3. strong low. NO. 3-weak high](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022071218/60539a3c3a6a1917a87c9695/html5/thumbnails/69.jpg)
Agronomic Rate Calculation
• Soil and crop information• Other sources of plant-available N• Estimate plant available N needed from biosolids• Biosolids data• Estimate plant available N per dry ton of biosolids• Calculate agronomic rate• Convert to “as-is” basis
![Page 70: Soils and Biosolids Nutrient Management...T C=0.13 bs app +0.85, r 2=0.98 Total Carbon Total Carbon T N=0.01 bs app +0.08, r 2=0.99 Total N ... PO. 4-3. strong low. NO. 3-weak high](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022071218/60539a3c3a6a1917a87c9695/html5/thumbnails/70.jpg)
Example 1: Grass Hay, West of Cascades
• Soil: Jory silty clay loam• Crop: grass hay• Yield goal: 2-3 dt/a• Plant-available N needed:• Plant available N from other sources:
none
120 lbs N/acre
![Page 71: Soils and Biosolids Nutrient Management...T C=0.13 bs app +0.85, r 2=0.98 Total Carbon Total Carbon T N=0.01 bs app +0.08, r 2=0.99 Total N ... PO. 4-3. strong low. NO. 3-weak high](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022071218/60539a3c3a6a1917a87c9695/html5/thumbnails/71.jpg)
Example 1:Grass Hay, West of Cascades
• Biosolids form: solid• Biosolids processing: anaerobic• Method of application: surface• Days before incorporation: never• Expected application season: April-May• Biosolids analysis: Mom’s analytical services
![Page 72: Soils and Biosolids Nutrient Management...T C=0.13 bs app +0.85, r 2=0.98 Total Carbon Total Carbon T N=0.01 bs app +0.08, r 2=0.99 Total N ... PO. 4-3. strong low. NO. 3-weak high](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022071218/60539a3c3a6a1917a87c9695/html5/thumbnails/72.jpg)
Example 2:Dryland Wheat, Columbia Plateau
• Soil: Walla Walla silt loam• Crop: Wheat-fallow• Yield goal: 65 bushels/acre (sw wheat)• Plant-available N needed:• Plant available N from other sources:
Preplant N in root zone - 85 lb/acre
110 lbs/acre
![Page 73: Soils and Biosolids Nutrient Management...T C=0.13 bs app +0.85, r 2=0.98 Total Carbon Total Carbon T N=0.01 bs app +0.08, r 2=0.99 Total N ... PO. 4-3. strong low. NO. 3-weak high](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022071218/60539a3c3a6a1917a87c9695/html5/thumbnails/73.jpg)
Example 2:Dryland Wheat, Columbia Plateau
• Biosolids form: solid• Biosolids processing: anaerobic• Method of application: incorporated• Days before incorporation: 4• Expected application season: Sept.-Oct.• Biosolids analysis: Bob’s Fly by night services
![Page 74: Soils and Biosolids Nutrient Management...T C=0.13 bs app +0.85, r 2=0.98 Total Carbon Total Carbon T N=0.01 bs app +0.08, r 2=0.99 Total N ... PO. 4-3. strong low. NO. 3-weak high](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022071218/60539a3c3a6a1917a87c9695/html5/thumbnails/74.jpg)
On The WebBiosolids publications and links:
http://www.soils1.org “Biosolids” page
Direct link to spreadsheet:http://cru.cahe.wsu.edu/CEPublications/pnw0511e/pnw0511e.pdf
Soil Testing:http://www.soils1.org “Soils and Soil Testing” page