SOL Review

SOL Review What do you remember?

Biology. The study of life.8 Characteristics of LifeC Cell Structure and FunctionR ReproductionO OrganizationG Grow and DevelopmentH HomeostasisE Energy R Response to StimuliE Evolution (Adaptation)

Or GO-CHEERR

The Scientific Method

Are there any safety rules?Scientific Method TermsIndependent Variable: The variable which is used as the basis for estimating or predicting the outcome of an experiment (what is changed). Example: Time Dependent Variable: The variable which is estimated or predicted (what is measured).Example: Rate of Growth

Control: Standard for comparison for testing the results of an experiment. The group that is not exposed to the variable.Variable: The condition that is being tested. *Only one variable can be tested in an experiment.Constants: Factors that you do not change in the experiment

Independent Variable: X axisDependent Variable Y axisDay 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 876543Growth in cm.

Plant Growth

A biology class wanted to develop aresearch project to predict the effectsof a new highway on wildflowerspecies found in the Piedmont regionof Virginia. The class could bestconduct such a study by samplingflowers found in the highwayconstruction area F one year before highway construction beginsG both before and after highway construction is completed _H immediately after highway construction is finishedJ during the time highway construction is taking place

Question #1Two plant species found in a dryregion of the western United Statesexhibit vastly different abilities tosurvive. Species A has very slow stemgrowth and few leaves but is veryabundant. Species B has rapid stemgrowth and many leaves but is veryrare. Which hypothesis is most likelysupported by this information?F Leaf shape may give species B an advantage over species A.G Flower size and color may give species B an advantage over species A.H Reduced root growth may give species A an advantage over species B.J Reduced stem growth may give species A an advantage over species B. _

Question #2

Question #3

What is the first step of a scientific investigation?

F. formulate a hypothesisG. gather and analyze dataH. identify a questionJ. Design an experiment

Microscopes Light MicroscopeAdvantages: View live organismsInexpensiveCan be taken into fieldDisadvantages:Low magnificationLow resolutionElectron MicroscopeAdvantages:High MagnificationHigh ResolutionDisadvantages:ExpensiveCan not be taken into fieldOrganisms are killed in preparation process

Question #4

A microscope with a 4x objective lens and a 10x ocular lens produces a total magnification ofA. 14xB. 40xC. 400xD. 4000x

Question #5

The clarity of an image produced by a microscope is called:A. magnificationB. resolutionC. micrographD. amplification

THE CELL THEORY(ABCs)ALL LIVING THINGS ARE MADE FROM CELLS (Schleiden/Schwann)CELLS ARE THE BASIC UNIT OF STRUCTURE AND FUNCTION IN LIVING THINGS. (Schleiden/Schwann)ALL CELLS COME FROM PRE-EXISTING CELLS. (Virchow)

*Robert Hooke coined the term cell

The Cell Cycle

Result or Product of Mitosis?TWO new daughter CELLS IDENTICAL to the parent (Asexual reproduction)The cells will grow until they are forced to divide

ProphaseMetaphaseAnaphaseTelophase

Meiosis SummaryAbiotic Factors: non-living

Water,Wind,Rocks, pH,Salinity,Sun, etc

Biotic Factors : Living

Plants,Animals,BacteriaDNADouble helixContains the nitrogenous bases Adenine, Guanine, Cytosine, and ThymineConsist of a sugar/phosphate backbone with nitrogen bases pairing up to form the rungs of the ladder. A=T G=C

DNA .. The Race for the Double HelixThe Blue Print for life.Franklin and Wilkins: Worked together in determining that DNA was a double helix.Watson and Crick: Made a model of the structure of DNA that worked (1953). DNA and RNADNADouble strandedFound in the nucleusContains T,A,G,CContains the sugar DeoxyriboseRNASingle strandedFound in and out of the nucleusContains U,A,G,CContains the sugar ribose

NucleotidesBuilding block (monomer) of nucleic acids.Consists of a sugar, phosphate, and a base.

ReplicationThe process of making a copy of DNA.Occurs in the nucleus.Is semi-conservative.Required so a cell can divide and each new cell will have a copy of the DNA.

REPLICATIONOriginal StrandWith the help of EnzymesHelicase: Unwinds/unzipsDNA Polymerase: makes complementary strands

TranscriptionCopying the code for a gene from DNA.This process occurs in the nucleus.The code is delivered to the ribosome by RNA.

After transcription occurs, DNA rewinds to its pre-transcribed state.The 3 RNAstRNA: Transfer RNA: Brings the amino acid to the ribsome. Matches up its anti-codon to the codon on mRNA.mRNA: Messenger RNA: Brings the codon to the ribosome. (Brings the message from DNA to the ribosome)rRNA: ribosomal RNA: Along with protein, it is a component of ribosomes. (made in the nucleolus)

rRNA + protein = RibosomeQuestion #7

If the codon A-A-A is found on mRNA, what anti-codon on tRNA that will match up to it?A. T-T-TB. U-U-UC. G-G-GD. C-C-C

Question #8Which base sequence of a DNA molecule produces a codon on an mRNA molecule that will allow the amino acid valine to be incorporated into a protein?A. G-G-TB. G-A-TC. C-G-AD. C-A-AAmino AcidmRNA CodeLeucineC-C-AArginineC-G-APhenylalanineU-U-UValineG-U-ULysineA-A-ADNA TechnologyGel electrophoresis: -ForensicsPCR: Polymerase Chain ReactionRecombinant DNA: Insulin, growth hormone : Pest resistance in plantsHuman Genome: A complete map of the human DNA sequence.Detect, treat, and prevent many genetic diseases

PCRGel electrophoresisHuman GenomeQuestion #9

Recombinant DNA is presently used in the biotechnology industry to :A. increase fertilizationB. treat infectious diseasesC. treat genetic disordersD. decrease agricultural yields

CloningThe production of genetically identical cells and/or organisms.

Mendel and GeneticsMendel is considered to be the father of genetics.Mendels laws of heredity are based on his mathematical analysis of observations of patterns of inheritance.Simple genetic recombinations are governed by the laws of probability.

Genotype: The alleles present in an organism.

Phenotype: The physical characteristics present. (This is due to the alleles present)

Punnett SquaresDominant alleles: Capital letter Recessive alleles: Lower case letter Example : Red is dominant to white. R = red r = white

G = greeng = whiteQuestion #10

The gene for tallness (T) is dominant over the gene for shortness (t)In pea plants. A homozygous dominant pea plant is crossed with a Heterozygous pea plant, and 200 seeds are produced. Approximately How many of these seeds can be expected to produce plants that are homozygous dominant?

A. 0B. 50C. 100D. 200

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In holly trees, red fruit (A) are dominant to white fruit (a), and spiny leaves (L) are dominant to smooth leaves (l). According tothis Punnett square, how many of the new holly trees from this crosscould have white fruit and smooth leaves?A. NoneB. 1 out of 16C. 9 out of 16D. allCharacteristics of WaterWater has a high specific heat. It takes a lot of energy to change the temperature of water.Water absorbs heat when it evaporates.In the solid form, ice floats, preventing lakes and oceans from freezing solid.Water is the universal solvent. It can carry nutrients into and around cells, and carry wastes away.Cohesion/Adhesion

DiffusionThe movement of molecules from high concentration to low concentration.Diffusion occurs in cells when substances which are dissolved in water move from an area of higher to lower concentration.No energy is needed for diffusion to occur.

OsmosisThe movement of water molecules through a semi-permeable membrane.A special type of diffusion. Movement occurs from an area of higher water concentration to an area of lesser water concentration.HighLow

Hypertonic: Water concentration is greater inside the cell. (solute concentration is higher outside the cell)Hypotonic: Water concentration is greater outside the cell. (solute concentration is higher inside the cell)Isotonic: Water concentration is the same inside and outside of the cell. (solute concentration is equal inside and outside of the cell). Question #12

Which property of water allows many land-dwelling organisms to Maintain body temperature by eliminating excess heat?A. Waters ability to evaporate.B. Waters movement by capillary action.C. Waters capacity to dissolve substances.D. Waters formation of ions in solution.

Question #13

If lakes were to freeze solid during the winter, the organisms in the lake would die. Which of these characteristics of water helps preventpermanent freezing of lakes?A. Water freezes at 0 degrees Celsius.B. Ice floats when it freezes.C. Water becomes a solid as it freezes.D. Ice loses heat when it melts.

MacromoleculesFormed from the union of many monomers.The main components of a living cell are: Carbon, hydrogen, nitrogen, oxygen, phosphorus, and sulfur. (CHNOPS)Carbon can bond with other carbon atoms and form chains or rings of larger complex molecules.There are four basic organic compound groups: Carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, and nucleic acids.CarbohydratesSugar and starches (energy)Cellulose (structural)Monosaccharides (Glucose, fructose)Disaccharides (Sucrose, Maltose)Polysaccharides (Cellulose, Glycogen,starch)

LipidsInsoluble in water.Fats, waxes, oils, steroids, phospholipids2X the energy of carbohydratesMonomer: glycerol + 3 fatty acids phosphate group + 2 fatty acidsEnergy storage, protection, insulation

ProteinsBuilt from the 20 amino acid monomers.Enzymes, hormones, transport (hemoglobin), defense (antibodies), structure (hair, nails, muscle)Polymers made by linking amino acids with peptide bonds through dehydration synthesis (water removal).

Protein StructurePrimary : the sequence of amino acidsSecondary: Pleating and spiraling due to hydrogen bondsTertiary: Folding due to disulfide bridgesHydrophobic/Hydorphilic regions* Quaternary: 2 or more polypeptides joined together.

Primary: sequence of amino acids.SecondaryTertiaryQuaternaryEnzymesLower the rate of reactions by lowering the activation energy.Serve as catalyst. Speed up reactions:Are not changed in the reaction.Attach to the substrate at the active site.

All enzymes havea characteristic3-D shape.DenaturationThe loss of a proteins 3-D structure, causing it to lose its ability to function (especially enzymes).Can be caused by temperature changes or pH changes.Remember chicken liver lab??

Question #14 Pepsin is found in the human stomach and breaks down proteins to smaller peptides. What is pepsin?a. A mineralb. An enzymec. A carbohydrated. A vitaminPhotosynthesisLight energy is converted to chemical energy.Light is the initial energy source in most communities.Photosynthetic cells trap energy from sunlight with chlorophyll, and use the energy, carbon dioxide and water to produce energy-rich organic molecules and oxygen.

SunlightenergyEcosystemPhotosynthesis(in chloroplasts)GlucoseOxygenCellular respiration(in mitochondria)Waterfor cellular workHeat energyEnergy CycleChloroplast

Photosynthesis and respiration are complementary processes for cycling carbon dioxide and oxygen in the atmosphere.Diagram of Cellular Respiration

Occurs in CytoplasmOccurs in MatrixOccurs across CristaeCytoplasm

Parts of the LeafRespirationCells release the chemical energy stored in the products of photosynthesis.This energy is transported within the cell.ATP is created and used to power the cells activities.Mitochondria

Prokaryotic CellsEubacteria and Archaebacteria.Archaebaacteria can survive in primitive conditions. (ex: high heat, no oxygen)Prokaryotic cells have no true nucleus, no membrane bound organelles, and their DNA is circular.Eukaryotic CellsHave membrane bound organelles.Larger ribosomes than prokaryotic cells.Have membrane bound organelles.

Eukaryotic Cell

Prokaryotic CellCellular OrganellesNucleus: Contains DNA, site where RNA is made.Ribosomes: Site of protein synthesis.Mitochondria: Site of cell respiration.Chloroplast: Site of photosynthesis.Endoplasmic Reticulum: Transports material through the cell.Golgi : Packages products for export.Lysosomes: Contain digestive enzymes.Cell membrane: Controls what enters and leaves the cell.Cell Wall: Provides support.Mechanisms of Evolution (Charles Darwin)

1809-1882

FATHER of the Evolutionary TheoryON THE ORIGIN OF SPECIES BY NATURAL SELECTION, 1859Today, his concept is the unifying theory in Biology

7403a. Jazzy Blues.WAV

Charles Darwin(Trip Around the World)Darwin, 21, chosen as a NATURALIST aboard the HMS Beagle He compared the ANATOMY of the biological specimens he collectedOver the next 25 years, his concepts evolved

The Struggle for ExistenceDarwin believed there was a STRUGGLE for existenceRationale: The Earth is not covered with ALL the various offspring of every speciesWhy do you suppose this is the case?COMPETITION

Who will survive Began with PIGEONS he raised as a boy for desirable variations (color, speed, etc.)ARTIFICIAL SELECTION

This Chihuahua mix and Great Dane show the wide range of dog breed sizes created using artificial selection. Artificial Selection77Artificial selection (or selective breeding) describes intentional breeding for certain traits, or combination of traits. It was defined by Charles Darwin in contrast to natural selection, in which the differential reproduction of organisms with certain traits is attributed to improved survival or reproductive ability (Darwinian fitness"). Artificial selection can also be unintentional; it is thought that domestication of crops by early humans was largely unintentional.[1]Darwins Explanation of Natural SelectionDarwin concluded evolution occurs by NATURAL SELECTION!A mechanism for CHANGE in populationsOccurs when organisms with FAVORABLE VARIATIONS for a particular environmentSurvive, reproduce, and pass these variations on to the next generation

Forms of Structural AdaptationsStructural adaptations occur over a LONG period of timeMIMICRY provides protection for an organism by COPYING the appearance of another speciesCAMOUFLAGE enables an organism to BLEND in with its surroundings

Todays Definition

Evolution: Heredity changes in a group of living organisms over very LONG periods timeThousands upon thousands of yearsEvidence of EvolutionFOSSILSComparative ANATOMYEMBRYOLOGY (Development)GENETICS & Biochemistry

What is Ecology? The study of the INTERACTIONS of organisms with one another and with their environmentBiosphere = Living GLOBE - part of the earth where LIFE existsSPECIES = INTERBREED freely with one another under natural conditions

PopulationSo what is a population???A population consists of all the individuals of the SAME SPECIES that live together in the same PLACE at the same TIMEPlace = habitatTime = assumed now unless otherwise stated

Tadpoles in a pond83Habitat versus NicheStruggle for food, water, space, sunlight and other essentials for lifeHABITAT: Place where a particular population of a species lives (ADDRESS)NICHE: The JOB the organism performs in an ecosystemA niche is often described in terms of how the organism affects ENERGY flow within the ecosystemNormally only one species per nicheIn ecology, a niche (pronounced nich, nsh, or nish)[1] is a term describing the relational position of a species or population in its ecosystem[1]. A shorthand definition is that a niche is how an organism makes a living. The ecological niche describes how an organism or population responds to the distribution of resources and competitors (e. g., by growing when resources are abundant, and predators, parasites and pathogens are scarce) and how it in turn alters those same factors (e.g., limiting access to resources by other organisms, acting as a food source for predators and a consumer of prey)[2].What is an Ecosystem?

ALL the factors both living and nonliving (biotic and abiotic) that affect how organisms live

All the SPECIES (populations) living in an ecosystem

What is a Community?Factors Limiting Population Growth (Density-Dependent)Availability of RESOURCES (food, shelter, etc)PredatorsDiseaseWastesSpaceStress

Density Independent Limiting FactorsDensity influenced by UNPREDICTABLE events (abiotic)Occur if there is a population is LARGE OR SMALLRegardless of density or sizeExamplesSignificant weather eventsFireVolcano eruptionsOther natural disasters

87Density-Independent Population GrowthContinuous population growth models use differential equations (population growth rate is represented as dN/dt=rN0). Discrete models employ difference equations (time at some number of time steps in the future is a function of the current population size - Nt+1=Nt). In these simple equations, r and depend only on immigration, emigration, births and deaths. The dynamics of these models also are simple. If births exceed deaths (>1 or r>0), the population increases exponentially to infinity. If births are the same as deaths, the population stays constant. If deaths exceed births (