solar air-conditioning and refrigeration -...
TRANSCRIPT
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Task 38
Solar Air-Conditioning
and Refrigeration
RESTMAC
Solar Air-Conditioning and Refrigeration -Introduction
Hans-Martin HenningFraunhofer-Institut für Solare Energiesysteme ISE, Freiburg/Germany
Workshop “Solar Air-Conditioning and Refrigeration”April 25, 2007Aix-les-Bains, FRANCE
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Task 38
Solar Air-Conditioning
and Refrigeration
RESTMAC
Overview
� Introduction
� Technologies
� Status, Examples
� Outlook
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Task 38
Solar Air-Conditioning
and Refrigeration
RESTMAC
Introduction
� Introduction
� Technologies
� Status, Examples
� Outlook
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Task 38
Solar Air-Conditioning
and Refrigeration
RESTMAC
World market for air-conditioning
0.000
10.000
20.000
30.000
40.000
50.000
1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006
RA
C u
nit s
ales
(in
Mio
. uni
ts)
Japan
Asia (excl.Japan)
Middle East
Europe
North America
Central & SouthAmerica
Africa
Oceania
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Task 38
Solar Air-Conditioning
and Refrigeration
RESTMAC
Resulting increase in electric capacity
0
100
200
300
400
500
1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006
tota
l ins
talle
d el
ectr
ic c
apac
ity in
GW
Japan
Asia (excl.Japan)
Middle East
Europe
North America
Central & SouthAmerica
Africa
Oceania
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Task 38
Solar Air-Conditioning
and Refrigeration
RESTMAC
Why solar heat for cooling / air-conditioning?
� Coincidence of solar gains and cooling loads
� Reduce electric peakloads created by air-conditioning
� High use of solar gainsduring the entire year
� Reduce summer surplussolar gains in solar systems designed forheating application (solar combi-systems)
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12
Heating Cooling
DHW Solar
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Task 38
Solar Air-Conditioning
and Refrigeration
RESTMAC
Why solar heat for cooling / air-conditioning?
� Coincidence of solar gains and cooling loads
� Reduce electric peakloads created by air-conditioning
� High use of solar gainsduring the entire year
� Reduce summersurplus solar gains in solar systems designedfor heating application(solar combi-systems)
7.0heatdriving
coolingusefulCOP ========
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12
Heating CoolingDHW TotalSolar
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Task 38
Solar Air-Conditioning
and Refrigeration
RESTMAC
Basic system scheme
Thermal driven cooling process
heat
chilled water
conditioned air
Thermallydriven coolingprocess
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Task 38
Solar Air-Conditioning
and Refrigeration
RESTMAC
� Introduction
� Technologies
� Status, Examples
� Outlook
Technologies
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Task 38
Solar Air-Conditioning
and Refrigeration
RESTMAC
heat storage cold production
sola
r co
llect
or fi
eld
air handling unit
hot w
ater
cold distr. building, loadheat cold storage
chill
ed w
ater
cond
. air
othe
r he
at s
ourc
es
heat distr.
chilledceiling
fancoils
heating
heat drivenchiller
desiccant air handling unit
solar collector
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Task 38
Solar Air-Conditioning
and Refrigeration
RESTMAC
Small thermally driven water chillers – new productsentering the market
SK SonnenKlima GmbHSK SonnenKlima GmbHSK SonnenKlima GmbHSK SonnenKlima GmbHEAW
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Task 38
Solar Air-Conditioning
and Refrigeration
RESTMAC
Desiccant systems
� Air handling units using heat driven air dehumidification
System using desiccant wheel System using liquid desiccant
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Task 38
Solar Air-Conditioning
and Refrigeration
RESTMAC
humidifier coolingloads
supply
backupheater
return
desiccant rotor heat recovery
am-bient
ex-haust
Desiccant system schematic
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Task 38
Solar Air-Conditioning
and Refrigeration
RESTMAC
Temperature needs
� Desiccant systems: 50 – 80°C
� Solar air collectors, flat plate collectors
� Adsorption: 65 – 85°C
� Flat plate collectors, evacuated tubes
� Single-effect absorption (comfort air-conditioning): 70 – 100°C
� Flat plate collectors, evacuated tubes, optical concentration without tracking
� Double-effect absorption: 130-160°C
� High efficient evacuated tubes, opticalconcentration with tracking
Glasabdeckung
Isolierung KollektorrahmenAbsorber mit Luftkanälen
Glasabdeckung
Isolierung Kollektorrahmen
Absorber mit Fluidkanälen
IsolierungKollektorrahmen
Glasabdeckung
Absorber mit Fluidkanal
Reflektor
Folie
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Task 38
Solar Air-Conditioning
and Refrigeration
RESTMAC
� Introduction
� Technologies
� Status, Examples
� Outlook
Status, Examples
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Task 38
Solar Air-Conditioning
and Refrigeration
RESTMAC
Status in Europe
� Approx. 120 installations
� Approx. 20 MW coldinstalled
� Specific collectorarea
� 3 m2/kWcold forchilled waterproduction
� 10 m2 per 1000 m3/h for sorptiveair handling units
39.1%
8.7%
27.5%
4.3%
4.3%2.9%5.8%
2.9%1.4%1.4%
1.4%
Germany
Greece
Spain
Portugal
Italy
Austria
France
Netherlands
Israel
Turkey
Serbia (Kosovo)
(2004-values)
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Task 38
Solar Air-Conditioning
and Refrigeration
RESTMAC
Air-conditioning of a factory
� flat plat collector field: 2700 m2
� 2 adsorptions chillers with 350 kW cooling capacity each
� 3 compression chillers with 350 kW each
� air conditioning of the production facilities of a cosmetics factory
� site: Inofita Viotias (appr. 50 km north-east of Athens)
� largest system today
� interesting system concept: electricity saving by solar cooling
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Task 38
Solar Air-Conditioning
and Refrigeration
RESTMAC
Wine store cooling
� evacuated tube collector field: 130 m2
� single-effect absorption chiller with 52 kW cooling capacity
� no back-up system
� cooling of a wine store (about 3 million bottles) with 3 air handling units (25.000 m 3/h air flow)
� site: Banyuls (south France)
� one of the oldest systems; operates more than 12 years without problems
� solar autonomous and not buffer storage ==> storage on load side
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Task 38
Solar Air-Conditioning
and Refrigeration
RESTMAC
Air-conditioning of a seminar room� solar air collector as only heat source: 100 m2
� desiccant cooling system (10.200 m3 per hour) with silica gel rotor
� no back-up system
� air-conditioning of the seminar room and the cafeteria in the building of the chamber for trade & commerce in Freiburg/ Germany
� simple solar system with simple integration into the air-conditioning plant
� no back-up, no storage
� promising concept for buildings with a high similarity of cooling loads and solar gains
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Task 38
Solar Air-Conditioning
and Refrigeration
RESTMAC
Hotel air-conditioning
� parabolic trough collector produces heat at 180°C: 180 m2 aperture area
� double effect absorption chiller (cooling capacity 116 kW, 4 bar saturated steam; COP > 1.2)
� air-conditioning of a hotel and steam supply for th e hotel laundry
� LPG-fired back-up steam boiler
� site: Dalaman (mediterranean coast Turkey)
� first system with double effect chiller
� high overall conversion efficiency
� interesting concept for sites with high direct radiation
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Task 38
Solar Air-Conditioning
and Refrigeration
RESTMAC
� Introduction
� Technologies
� Status, Examples
� Outlook
Outlook
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Task 38
Solar Air-Conditioning
and Refrigeration
RESTMAC
Status
� Energy saving
� Primary energy saving for properly designed chilled water systems 40 – 60 %
� Primary energy saving for properly designed open cycles 20 – 50 %
� First cost
� 2 – 2.5 times higher compared to conventional reference systems
� Overall annual cost
� 1.2 – 1.5 times higher compared to conventional reference systems
� Close to break-even with funds in the range of 100 € per m2 of collector
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Task 38
Solar Air-Conditioning
and Refrigeration
RESTMAC
Outlook
� Large potential, in particular in mediterranean count ries
� Potential for cost reduction
� Higher standardization
� Less effort in planning and design
� Lower component cost
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Task 38
Solar Air-Conditioning
and Refrigeration
RESTMAC
… thank you for
your attention!
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Task 38
Solar Air-Conditioning
and Refrigeration
RESTMAC
single-effect absorption
double-effect absorption
adsorption
steam jet cycle
many products for cooling power > 100 kW;
few products <100 kW; refrigerant/sorption pair either
water/LiBr or ammonia/water
several manufacturers; often direct fired systems; no
products <100 kW; refrigerant/ sorption pair in most
cases water/LiBr
a few commercially available systems (Asia);
refrigerant/sorption pair water/silica gel
tailor-made sytems for large capacities; refrigerant
water
water chillers produce chilled water which can supply any type of air-conditioning
equipment (e.g. air handling units, fan-coils, chilled ceilings,....)
Water chillers - market available systems
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Task 38
Solar Air-Conditioning
and Refrigeration
RESTMAC
Desiccant systems - market available equipment
� desiccant systems are used for direct air treatment
� they consist of a combination of sorptiveair dehumidification and evaporative cooling
� two major technologies exist
� systems with desiccant rotors– desiccant rotors available in a broad range
of sizes from several manufacturers– sorption material either silica gel or
lithium-chloride– cycle adjustable to different climatic
conditions
� systems using liquid desiccants– few systems in pilot plant operation– LiCl as desiccant material