solar collectors...efficiency of different collector types (calc) [3] percentage calculated as a...
TRANSCRIPT
![Page 1: SOLAR COLLECTORS...Efficiency of different collector types (calc) [3] Percentage calculated as a mean of the solar heat potential on the industrial heat demand share for Austria, Spain,](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022041013/5ec2f80076ead016995cc741/html5/thumbnails/1.jpg)
Werner Weiss
AEE - Institute for Sustainable Technologies (AEE INTEC)
A-8200 Gleisdorf, Feldgasse 19
AUSTRIA
SOLAR COLLECTORS
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Working temperature of different types of solar
thermal collectors
Source: ETP RHC, Strategic Research Priorities, 2013
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TYPES OF COLLECTORS
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Plastic Absorber
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Cross-section trough a storage-collector
Integrated storage-collector
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Integrated storage-collector
Source: KIOTO – Clear Energy
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Technical concept of an integrated storage-
collector
Source: KIOTO – Clear Energy
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Flat plate collectors
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FLAT-PLATE COLLECTOR
Source: IEA SHC Task 33
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FLAT-PLATE COLLECTOR
Absorber plate
Tubes
Insulation
Transparent
cover
Source: Consolar
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FLAT-PLATE COLLECTOR
absorber
transparentcover
framework structure
connection pipefor
heat transfer medium pipe
insulation
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Strip absorber
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Strip Absorber
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Large-scale absorber consisting of one big
copper sheet
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Meander absorber and harp absorber
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Source: Fraunhofer ISE
Aluminium Rollbond absorber with bionic
channel structure
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High Vacuum Flat-plate Collector - SBB
Source: SRB, Valencia, Spain
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High Vacuum Flat-plate Collector – TVP (CH)
High vacuum flat-plate collector by TVP SOLAR in Masdar City (Abu-Dhabi, UAE)
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TVP High Vacuum Flat-plate Collector with
Solar KEYMARK certified up to 200°C
A
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Glass-metal seal
Evacuated at almost 300°C during the manufacturing process
Source: TVP Solar SA
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High Vacuum Flat-plate Collector – TVP
Peak efficiency operated at Tm-Ta=140°C as a function of internal pressure
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Vacuum check by a barium mirror
spot. It turns from silver to white
because of oxidation due to the
residual gas inside the panel
envelope if the vacuum is lost.
Source: TVP Solar SA
High Vacuum Flat-plate Collector – TVP
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High Vacuum Flat-plate Collector – TVP (CH)
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Source: METEONORM data
Direct and diffuse solar radiation available at
selected locations worldwide
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CPC - COLLECTOR
Source: Solarfocus
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CPC - COLLECTOR
Source: Solarfocus
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Evacuated Tube Collectors
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Evacuated Tube Collectors
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Vacuu m faulty Vacuu m p resen t
(http://www.solardirect.com/ and http://www.solar-water-heater.com/product/trendsetter/basics.htm)
Error–indication
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Evacuated Tube Collectors
Heatpipe, Vitosol 300 (left) / Direct coupled Sydney Collector (right)
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Evacuated Tube Collectors – Heat Pipe
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Heat Pipe Principle
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Heat Pipe Principle – Wet Connection
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Thermosyphon system with evacuated tube
collectors
Source: http://greenterrafirma.com/evacuated_tube_collector.html
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Evacuated Tube Collectors
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Concentrating Collectors
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Parabolic Trough Collector
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Working Principle - PTC
Small parabolic trough collector on the test rig of AEE INTEC
Parallel sun rays being concentrated onto the focal line of the collector
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Tracking of the sun
Collector axis oriented north-south
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Linear concentrating fresnel collector
Source: W. Weiss and M. Rommel: Process heat collectors, IEA SHC Task 33
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Solar cooling system with Fresnel concentrator
collectors for a show-case football stadium in
Doha, Qatar
Source: Industrial Solar
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WORKING PRINCIPLE
Raytracing with vertical irradiation. Left: cross section of the whole collector Right: cross section of the receiver with secondary concentrator
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Physical Processes inside a Flat-Plate Collector
occurrenceof solar radiation
reflection on thepane of glass
heat loss through the pane of glass
heat loss through therear and side walls
reflection on absorber
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Losses of a basic Flat-plate Collector
Source: Source: Wagner & Co.
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COLLECTOR MATERIALS
?
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ABSORBER MATERIALS
THERMAL CONDUCTIVITY
absorber materialthermal conductivity
[W/mK]
steel 50
aluminium 210
copper 380
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ABSORBER COATING
Plain copper black paint galvanic coating physical vapour deposition or sputtering
Selective coating: 0 < 0.2, > 0.9
Partially selective coating: 0.2 < 0.5, > 0.9
Non selective coating: 0.5 < 1.0, > 0.9
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ABSORBER COATING
Source:Alanod-Sunselect / ESTIF
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ABSORBER COATING
Video: TiNOX High Selective Coating.flv
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TRANSPARENT COVER MATERIALS
Cover Thickness
[mm]
Weight
[kg/m²]
Solar transmittance
Standard glass *) 4 10 0.84
Standard glass, tempered 4 10 0.84
Iron free glass, tempered 3.2 8 0.91
Antireflective coated glass 3.2 8 0.95**
PMMA, ducted plate 16 5.0 0.77
PMMA, double ducted plate 16 5.6 0.72
*) Danger of breaking determined by high collector temperatures
**additional costs low and worthwhile
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INSULATING MATERIALS
insulatingmaterial
max. allowabletemperature
[ ° ]
density[kg/m³]
conductivity[W/mK] at 20°C
Mineral wool > 200 60 - 200 0.040
Glass wool > 200 30 - 100 0.040
Glass wool > 200 130 - 150 0.048
Polyurethanefoam < 130 30 - 80 0.030
Polystyrol foam < 80 30 - 50 0.034
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Characteristic Values of Flat-plate and
Evacuated Tube Collectors
Qcoll is the energy collected per unit collector area per unit time
FR is the collector’s heat removal factor
τ is the transmittance of the cover
α is the shortwave absorptivity of the absorber
G is the global incident solar radiation on the collector
UL is the overall heat loss coefficient of the collector
T is the temperature differential between the heat transfer fluid
entering the collector and the ambient temperature outside the
collector.
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Collector Efficiency Curve
(tm – ta)/G [Km²/W]
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Collector Efficiency
G
tta
G
tta amam )²()(
210
eEnergieeingesetzt
eNutzenergi
useful energy
solar energy
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Collector Efficiency
s. T-Sol Collector data
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(tm – ta)/G [Km²/W]
Evacuated Tube Collector
Simple Flat-plate Collector
Uncovered Absorber
Selective Flat-plate Collector
Efficiency curves for different flat-plate and
evacuated tube collectors
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Collector efficiency curve
0
0,1
0,2
0,3
0,4
0,5
0,6
0,7
0,8
0 0,04 0,08 0,12 0,16
(TKm-TA) / GT [Km²/W]
eta
Optical Losses
Thermal Losses
Useful Energy
Stagnation Point
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Efficiency of different collector types (calc)
[3] Percentage calculated as a mean of the solar heat potential on the industrial heat demand share for Austria, Spain, Portugal, Italy and Germany
[4] This range has been calculated assuming 400 and 500 kWh/(m² *a) as minimum and maximum average solar energy yield
(tm – ta)/G [Km²/W]
Evacuated Tube Collector
Simple Flat-plate Collector
Uncovered Absorber
Selective Flat-plate Collector
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Area Definitions
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Area Definitions
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Thank you for your attention