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    SOLAR ENERGY-ALTERNATE ENERGY

    BYDr R. Nithya.,

    Assistant Professor,Department of Biotechnology & Research,

    Shri Nehru Maha Vidyalaya College of Arts& Science,

    Coimbatore 50

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    Alternate energy-need?

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    How Much Solar Energy HitsEarth?

    In full sun, we can safely assume about 100

    watts of solar energy per square foot. If we

    assume 12 hours of sun per day, this equates to

    438,000 watt-hours per square foot per year.

    Based on 27,878,400 square feet per square

    mile, sunlight bestows a whopping 12.2 trillion

    watt-hours per square mile per year.

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    Solar energy

    Solar energy is the main constituent of all the available

    energy sources.

    It can be utilized in almost through out the year.

    It produces almost negligible environmental pollution.

    It can be used not only in lighting and cooking only but in

    agriculture too.

    It is easily available almost all parts of our country so the

    machineries based on solar energy is easily accessible.

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    Contd

    Solar energy can be harnessed in different levels around

    the world. Depending on a geographical locations.

    Solar technologies are broadly characterized as either

    passive or active depending on the way they capture,

    convert and distribute sunlight.

    The utilization of the solar energy bases technologies

    can be seen for various purposes : cooking, heating,

    electricity etc.

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    Why Must WeConsider Solar Power ?

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    Solar power

    Solar power is the conversion

    of sunlight into electricity, either directly

    using photovoltaic's (PV), or indirectly

    using concentrated solar power (CSP).

    Concentrated solar power systems use lenses or mirrors

    and tracking systems to focus a large area of sunlight

    into a small beam.

    Photovoltaic's convert light into electric current using

    the photoelectric effect.

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    Techniques to convert solarenergy

    Active solar techniques -uses

    photovoltaic panels, pumps, and fans to

    convert sunlight into useful outputs.

    Passive solar techniques- selecting

    materials with favourable thermal

    properties, designing spaces that

    naturally circulate air, and referencing

    the position of a building to the Sun.

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    How does Photovoltaic cellworks?

    Sunlight consists of little particles ofsolar energy called photons.

    As a PV cell is exposed to this

    sunlight, many of the photons are

    reflected, pass right through, or absorbed

    by the solar cell.

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    Contd

    Each individual solar energy cell produces only 1-2watts. To increase power output, cells are combined in a

    weather-tight package called a solar module.

    These modules (from one to several thousand) are

    then wired up in serial and/or parallel with one another,

    into what's called a solar array, to create the desired

    voltage and amperage output required by the given

    project.

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    Did you know?

    The average homeownersaves over $1000 a year

    on electricity by installing solar panels on their

    roof. That's including the cost of solar panels.

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    How does solar power work?

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    Applications

    In urban development

    Transport

    Rural electrification

    Roadways

    http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Fa%C3%A7ana_Fotvoltaica_MNACTEC.JPG
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    http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Fa%C3%A7ana_Fotvoltaica_MNACTEC.JPGhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Nuna3Team.JPG
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    http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Nuna3Team.JPGhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Oregon_I-5,_I-205_interchange_solar_highway_(2008-12-04).jpg
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    http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Oregon_I-5,_I-205_interchange_solar_highway_(2008-12-04).jpg
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    Advantages

    Solar power is pollution-free during use. Productionend-wastes and emissions are manageable using existing

    pollution controls.

    PV installations can operate for many years with

    little maintenance or intervention after their initial set-up,

    so after the initial capital cost of building any solarpower plant, operating costs are extremely low compared

    to existing power technologies.

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    Disadvantages

    The cost of construction ofphotovoltaic cell is relatively high.

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    How to overcome thedisadvantage usingNanotechnology ?

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    The amount of energy converted from light into

    electricity ultimately depends upon how many

    electrons can pass across the interface between the twolayers. And this is limited by the size of that interface.

    One way nanotechnology can help is by increasing

    the size of these interfaces by creating incredibly

    bumpy surfaces. "What you are trying to do is create

    very high surface areas at the interface," This

    allows more electrons to pass, increasing the amount of

    electricity produced.

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    One kind of new solar cell that does precisely this is the

    dye- sensitised solar cell, or Graetzel cell.

    Instead of using two layers of silicon these solar cells

    consist of a highly porous layer of titanium dioxide

    nanoparticles, a common white material often used in

    paint, coated in a molecular dye (the molecules of whichuse sunlight to mimic chlorophyll and create energy).

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    These cells are more flexible than traditional solar cells,

    they can work in higher temperatures and they can

    operate even in low-lighting conditions; but the key

    benefit is the size of the interface and thus the potential

    to create energy.

    Because of its porous nature the amount of surface

    area covered by the dye is much larger than the apparent

    area of the cell.

    http://solartribune.com/wp-content/uploads/2013/01/placsh-nanomesh-solar-cells.png
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    http://solartribune.com/wp-content/uploads/2013/01/placsh-nanomesh-solar-cells.png
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    Status in India

    Gujarat is the leading solar powerstate in our country.

    Charanka Solar Park (India, 214 MW),

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