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Solar Energy Technologies: Research, Applications and Opportunities Presentation to DOE/National Association of State Universities and Land Grant Colleges (NASULGC) August 3, 2004 John P. Benner, Division Manager Electronic Materials and Devices

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Page 1: Solar Energy Technologies: Research, Applications … · Solar Energy Technologies: Research, Applications ... Energy Saving from Insulation United Solar ... Technologies: Research,

Solar Energy Technologies: Research, Applications and

OpportunitiesPresentation to DOE/National Association of State Universities and Land Grant Colleges (NASULGC)

August 3, 2004

John P. Benner, Division ManagerElectronic Materials and Devices

Page 2: Solar Energy Technologies: Research, Applications … · Solar Energy Technologies: Research, Applications ... Energy Saving from Insulation United Solar ... Technologies: Research,

Solar Technology Programs

• Photovoltaics (PV)

• Concentrated Solar Power (CSP)

• Solar Thermal

• Solar Lighting

Page 3: Solar Energy Technologies: Research, Applications … · Solar Energy Technologies: Research, Applications ... Energy Saving from Insulation United Solar ... Technologies: Research,

Solar Lighting

Distributed Distributed sunlightsunlight

Electric lightElectric light

Fiber used in 2003 design

Fiber used in 2004 design

Estimated Itemized Cost in Small (~500 units) Quantities

Primary/secondary mirror - $200.00Balance of roof-mounted system - $1,000.00Light Distribution - $1,200.00Hybrid Luminaires/Controls - $600.00Building Preparation - $500.00Installation/Alignment/Calibration - $500.00Total - ~$4,000.00 per m2 of collection area

Estimated Levelized Cost 0.12 $/kWh

Each 3 mm fiber carries 350 lumens

Page 4: Solar Energy Technologies: Research, Applications … · Solar Energy Technologies: Research, Applications ... Energy Saving from Insulation United Solar ... Technologies: Research,

Thin-walled polymer vessel of water

Glazing(s)

Supply/Return Piping

Immersed heat exchanger

Insulation

Unpressurized, Integral Collector Storage (UPICS) Schematic

Low-Cost Solar Water Heaters

Page 5: Solar Energy Technologies: Research, Applications … · Solar Energy Technologies: Research, Applications ... Energy Saving from Insulation United Solar ... Technologies: Research,

Low-Cost Solar Water Heaters

Technical Challenges:• Polymer durability – the key technical challenge• System performance

– Overheating protection– Heat exchanger sizing and placement

• Building code issues– Use of plastics, e.g., flammability– Structural concerns, e.g., roof weight, wind loading

• Manufacturing process design– Thermoforming and rotomolding tolerances and temperature limits

Status:Status:Mild climates: $0.08 - $0.10/kWh in 2003Cold climates: $0.12 - $0.14/kWh in 2003

Page 6: Solar Energy Technologies: Research, Applications … · Solar Energy Technologies: Research, Applications ... Energy Saving from Insulation United Solar ... Technologies: Research,

Concentrating Solar Power

Parabolic Trough

Power Tower

Dish/Stirling

Concentrating Photovoltaics

Page 7: Solar Energy Technologies: Research, Applications … · Solar Energy Technologies: Research, Applications ... Energy Saving from Insulation United Solar ... Technologies: Research,

SW Solar Energy PotentialSolar Land

Capacity AreaState (MW) (Sq Mi)

AZ 3,267,456 25,527CA 821,888 6,421NV 743,296 5,807NM 3,025,920 23,640

Total 7,858,560 61,395

The table and map represent land that has no primary use today, exclude land with slope > 1%, and do not count sensitive lands.

Solar Energy Resource ≥ 7.0 kWhr/m2/day (includes only excellent and premium resource)

Current total generation in the four states is over 100,000 MW.

Planned additions in four states over the next 3 – 5 years are 37,099 MW of which 87.6% is natural gas.

1000 MW of CSP requires 7.7 mi2.

Page 8: Solar Energy Technologies: Research, Applications … · Solar Energy Technologies: Research, Applications ... Energy Saving from Insulation United Solar ... Technologies: Research,

Kramer Junction SEGS Collector Availability

95.0

95.5

96.0

96.5

97.0

97.5

98.0

98.5

99.0

99.5

100.0

1987 1988 1989 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000

Avai

labi

lity

- %

Page 9: Solar Energy Technologies: Research, Applications … · Solar Energy Technologies: Research, Applications ... Energy Saving from Insulation United Solar ... Technologies: Research,

Concentrating Solar Parabolic Trough Systems

• Current Advances– 20% improvement in

receiver efficiency– Development of lower-cost

concentrator designsReduction in LEC from $.16/kWh to $.10/kWh

• Projected Advances– Integration w/ low-cost

thermal storage– Improved efficiency through

advanced receivers and high temperature operation

– Cost reductions through plant scale-upReduction in LEC from $.10/kWh to $.04-$.06/kWh

UVAC / Cermet Comparision - SEGS VI

0%

20%

40%

60%

80%

100%

120%

5:00 7:00 9:00 11:00 13:00 15:00 17:00 19:00

Ther

mal

Effi

cien

cy -

%

0

200

400

600

800

1000

1200

Inso

latio

n - W

/m^2

UVAC Loop (3/4) Base Loop (5/6) Insolation 3/28/01

Page 10: Solar Energy Technologies: Research, Applications … · Solar Energy Technologies: Research, Applications ... Energy Saving from Insulation United Solar ... Technologies: Research,

Parabolic TroughDevelopment Activities

• Trough R&D

– Low-cost concentrator designs

– Near- and long-term thermal storage

– Advanced receiver designs

– Alternative power cycles

Page 11: Solar Energy Technologies: Research, Applications … · Solar Energy Technologies: Research, Applications ... Energy Saving from Insulation United Solar ... Technologies: Research,

• In 2001 Congress asked DOE to determine what would be required to deploy 1000 MW of Concentrating Solar Power in the Southwest U. S.

• DOE and CSP industry approached the Western Governors’ Association through the Western Interstate Energy Board to explore implementation.

• A number of Southwestern States have high solar potential and some have renewable energy portfolio standards (particularly, AZ, CA, NM, and NV) and the potential to gain from development of their solar energy resources.

• Western Governors’ likely to create Southwest Solar Task Force to investigate mechanisms for implementing regional initiative

1000 MW Initiative

Page 12: Solar Energy Technologies: Research, Applications … · Solar Energy Technologies: Research, Applications ... Energy Saving from Insulation United Solar ... Technologies: Research,

World PV Cell/Module Production (MW)World PV Cell/Module Production (MW)

1988 1989 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 20010

100

200

300

400

Rest of worldEuropeJapanU.S.

33.6 40.2 46.5 55.4 57.9 60.1 69.4 77.6

88.6125.8

154.9201.3

287.7

390.5

2002

500

Source: PV News, March 2004

600 561.8

700

800744.1

2003

Page 13: Solar Energy Technologies: Research, Applications … · Solar Energy Technologies: Research, Applications ... Energy Saving from Insulation United Solar ... Technologies: Research,

PV Manufacturing R&D Cost/CapacityPV Manufacturing R&D Cost/Capacity

Actual Projected

PV Manufacturing Research Data (DOE/U.S. Industry Partnership)PV Manufacturing Research Data (DOE/U.S. Industry Partnership)

Page 14: Solar Energy Technologies: Research, Applications … · Solar Energy Technologies: Research, Applications ... Energy Saving from Insulation United Solar ... Technologies: Research,

Reduction in Module Price vs Cumulative Shipments1980 thru 1999 History(total world)

1

10

100

10 100 1000 10000Cumulative Worldwide Shipments MWp

$[19

99]/W

p

25% reduction in price forevery doubling of cumulative shipments

Source: Paul Maycock

Reduction in Module Price versus Cumulative ShipmentsExperience Curve

Page 15: Solar Energy Technologies: Research, Applications … · Solar Energy Technologies: Research, Applications ... Energy Saving from Insulation United Solar ... Technologies: Research,
Page 16: Solar Energy Technologies: Research, Applications … · Solar Energy Technologies: Research, Applications ... Energy Saving from Insulation United Solar ... Technologies: Research,

PV Market Sectors

Consumer CommunicationOff Grid Hybrid/CommercialGrid Connected BIPV Utility Scale

2000 Actual 0.3 GW 2010 Projected 4.5 GW

Page 17: Solar Energy Technologies: Research, Applications … · Solar Energy Technologies: Research, Applications ... Energy Saving from Insulation United Solar ... Technologies: Research,

• Key companies: Shell Solar, BP Solar, GE, Sharp, Kyocera, Sanyo, Motech, Cypress-SunPower• ~85% of today's market• ~800 MW capacity (to double in near-term)• Proven products, 20-25 year warranties• Large ingots: 100 kg CZ, 250 kg casting• Multiple ingot growth with melt replenishment• Wire saw: < 250 µm wafers, < 200 µm kerf

Crystalline Silicon (Ingot-Based) PV

• Efficiency Status Cells ModulesFloat-zone 24.7 22.7*Czochralski 22.0 13–17Cast poly 19.8 10–16

• Batch/continuous processing• High-efficiency devices in production• Well-developed technology base--new understanding of defects/impurities * Best prototype

02679603

Wire saw

Page 18: Solar Energy Technologies: Research, Applications … · Solar Energy Technologies: Research, Applications ... Energy Saving from Insulation United Solar ... Technologies: Research,

Dislocation Map Grain Boundary Map

4000 5000 6000 7000 80003000

Reflectance MapLight Induced Current Map

Page 19: Solar Energy Technologies: Research, Applications … · Solar Energy Technologies: Research, Applications ... Energy Saving from Insulation United Solar ... Technologies: Research,

• Efficiency Status Cells ModulesEFG 14–16 11–13String ribbon 14–16 10–12Thick Si/substrate 16.6 9–10Thin Si/substrate 5-12* ~ 7**

*Depends on process (some efficiencies not verified)** Best prototype

• Key companies: RWE Schott Solar, Evergreen Solar, GE, Pacific Solar, Kaneka• Status varies from prototype modules to pilot

production to commercial products (many MW)• Proven products (~ 6% of market)• Capacity increases underway—many tens of MW in near term• Improved performance from defect/impurity and passivation studies• Increasing interest in thin silicon growth 02679605

RWE Schott

GESilicon Source

P = 1 atm.

SubstrateTc

SiI2Th

Si

SiI4

I

Si3 µm/min~20 µm[110]

Crystalline Silicon (Non-Ingot-Based) PV

Page 20: Solar Energy Technologies: Research, Applications … · Solar Energy Technologies: Research, Applications ... Energy Saving from Insulation United Solar ... Technologies: Research,

Ink Jet Printing of Ag and Cu contacts for Si Solar Cells 8% Cells on Si3N4

a

b

Line thickness: 15 µmLine width: 250µmDep. temperature : 180 oCAnn. temperature: 850 oCSubstrates from Evergreen Solar

Page 21: Solar Energy Technologies: Research, Applications … · Solar Energy Technologies: Research, Applications ... Energy Saving from Insulation United Solar ... Technologies: Research,

Building Higher Efficiency onto the Expanding Infrastructure for Silicon PV

Heterojunction a-Si/c-Si cellPotential >20% Efficient

p-type crystal-Si wafer

a-Si intrinsic thin layer

ITO

a-Si n-type emitter

Al-Si alloyed p+-type back-surface field

Al

p-type crystal-Si wafer

a-Si intrinsic thin layer

ITO

a-Si n-type emitter

Al-Si alloyed p+-type back-surface field

Al

14.17 %Best Voc=628 mV (p-type CZ cell record)

GaNP on Si TandemPotential >30% Efficient

GaN0.02P0.98

GaP GaN0.03P0.97

SiSi

Si

Page 22: Solar Energy Technologies: Research, Applications … · Solar Energy Technologies: Research, Applications ... Energy Saving from Insulation United Solar ... Technologies: Research,

Conventional PV Installations

Page 23: Solar Energy Technologies: Research, Applications … · Solar Energy Technologies: Research, Applications ... Energy Saving from Insulation United Solar ... Technologies: Research,
Page 24: Solar Energy Technologies: Research, Applications … · Solar Energy Technologies: Research, Applications ... Energy Saving from Insulation United Solar ... Technologies: Research,

Powerlight Roof Integrated PV System

Combines PV Power with Energy Saving from Insulation

United Solar Shingles

Advances in PV System Design Can Also Achieve

Cost Advantages

Page 25: Solar Energy Technologies: Research, Applications … · Solar Energy Technologies: Research, Applications ... Energy Saving from Insulation United Solar ... Technologies: Research,

Efficiency status: Cell 12-19Submodule 10-12Module 7–11 Commercial 5–10

• Understanding of film growth, microstructures, defects, and device physics

• Reproducible high-efficiency processes• Multiple junctions

Thin-Film PV

Key companies: United Solar/ ECD, Shell Solar, EPV, Global Solar/ITN, First Solar, Iowa Thin Films, HelioVolt, Wurth Solar, Showa-Shell, DayStar, Miasolé• Multi-MW/year in consumer products• 5 and 10 MW plants operational; few tens of MW in near term• Unique products for building integration 02679607

Page 26: Solar Energy Technologies: Research, Applications … · Solar Energy Technologies: Research, Applications ... Energy Saving from Insulation United Solar ... Technologies: Research,

CIGS Performance Across the Entire Compositional Range for Tandem Cells

18

16

1412

10

Effic

ienc

y (%

)

1.61.51.41.31.21.11.0Absorber band gap (eV)

0.9

0.8

0.7

0.6

0.5

Ope

n C

ircui

t vol

tage

(V

1.61.51.41.31.21.11.0Absorber band gap (eV)

14.5%

19.3%

14.5%

10.2%

Page 27: Solar Energy Technologies: Research, Applications … · Solar Energy Technologies: Research, Applications ... Energy Saving from Insulation United Solar ... Technologies: Research,

Polycrystalline Thin Film Tandem Solar Cell

7059 Cornning glass

CTO

ZTO

S-CdS:O

CdTe

CuxTe back-contact

ITO

Ni/Al grids

In contact

c-ZTO / i-ZnO

CBD-CdS

CIS

Mo

Soda-lime glass

Ni/Al grids

In contact

CdTe top cellAchieved 50%transmission,12.7% efficiency

CIS bottom cellAchieved 14.5% efficiency

FY06 milestone: 15% efficient 4-terminal device will be met one year early

Page 28: Solar Energy Technologies: Research, Applications … · Solar Energy Technologies: Research, Applications ... Energy Saving from Insulation United Solar ... Technologies: Research,

Combinatorial, Focused-Beam X-ray Diffraction

Ga2O3

In2O3

SnO2CdO

ZnO

Developing Capabilities for Combinatorial Materials Science at NREL

Accomplishments: High Throughput Methods

Page 29: Solar Energy Technologies: Research, Applications … · Solar Energy Technologies: Research, Applications ... Energy Saving from Insulation United Solar ... Technologies: Research,

TCO Combi at

NREL

4000

3500

3000

2500

2000

1500

1000

500

0

Con

duct

ivity

cm

)-1

1009080706050403020100%In for Zn (as-measured by EPMA)

35

30

25

20

15

10

5

0

Mobility (cm

2/V*s)

80

70

60

50

40

30

20

10

0

Carrier C

oncentration x 1019 (#/cm

3)

conductivity mobility carrier concentration

100

1000

807060504030202θ (deg.)

Library 2%In: 15 → 50

15.4 20.0

25.6

49.3

33.4 42.9

2

4

68

100

2

4

68

1000

2

807060504030202Θ (deg.)

34.041.9

49.458.8

67.875.3

Library 3%In 34->75%

2

4

68

100

2

4

68

1000

2

807060504030202Θ (deg.)

94.592.0

86.3

62.771.1

78.9

Library 4%In: 62 -> 95

Research Time

Compressed to one week

High Throughput Research Methods

Page 30: Solar Energy Technologies: Research, Applications … · Solar Energy Technologies: Research, Applications ... Energy Saving from Insulation United Solar ... Technologies: Research,

Efficiencies: Si (up to 400X) 27GaAs (up to 1000X) 28GaInP2/GaAs (1X) 30.3GaInP2/GaAs (180X) 30.2GaInP2/GaAs/Ge (40–600X) 36.9

• Module efficiencies: 15-17% (Si); best prototypes: >20% (Si), >24% (GaAs), 28% (GaInP2/GaAs/Ge,10X)

• Large space markets drive GaInP2/GaAs and GaInP2/GaAs/Ge commercial cell production

High-Efficiency and Concentrator PV

Key companies: Amonix, Spectrolab, Emcore, Sunpower, ENTECH; Solar Systems ltd• Manufacturability demonstrated

– Low-concentration, line focus– High-concentration, point focus– High efficiency cells (Si, GaAs,

multijunctions) in production• Limited applications in today's markets

– Hydrogen generation may be wellmatched

02679613

ENTECH

AmonixSpectrolab

Page 31: Solar Energy Technologies: Research, Applications … · Solar Energy Technologies: Research, Applications ... Energy Saving from Insulation United Solar ... Technologies: Research,

7

8.08.0

6.55.7

0

1

2

3

4

5

6

7

8

9

Fixed Horizontal(1000 W/m2

Rating)

Fixed Latitude Tilt(1000 W/m2

Rating)

1-Axis Tracker(1000 W/m2

Rating)

Concentrator (850 W/m2 Rating)

100.0% 113.4% 139.5% 139.4%

Solar Tracking Provides Solar Tracking Provides Energy BenefitsEnergy Benefits

Tracking systems provide 15 to 20% more energy than fixed PVTracking systems provide 15 to 20% more energy than fixed PV

Up to 40% more than fixed horizontal systemsUp to 40% more than fixed horizontal systems

Page 32: Solar Energy Technologies: Research, Applications … · Solar Energy Technologies: Research, Applications ... Energy Saving from Insulation United Solar ... Technologies: Research,

Novel Concepts, Excitonic Devices and New Materials

• Dye-sensitized TiO2 photochemical cells• Potential for very low cost• Nanocrystalline TiO2, with monolayer dye sensitizer,in liquid electrolyte• 11%-efficient cell; scale-up for consumer products underway• Dye stability issue• Gel or solid-state electrolytes in research• Photoelectrochromic window (with WO3)

02679615

• Key Companies: GE, Kodak, Konarka, NanoSolar, NanoSys, Luna, UltraDots …

Page 33: Solar Energy Technologies: Research, Applications … · Solar Energy Technologies: Research, Applications ... Energy Saving from Insulation United Solar ... Technologies: Research,

Organic Solar CellsNanostructured Oxides – Polymer Composites

Accomplishments: Discovery

Page 34: Solar Energy Technologies: Research, Applications … · Solar Energy Technologies: Research, Applications ... Energy Saving from Insulation United Solar ... Technologies: Research,

Controlled Nucleation Layers for Nanocomposite Organic Solar Cells

2D Structure Fiber

NanofibrilLayer

Substrate

ControlledNucleation Layer

The Goal

ZnO Nanofibrils

Wetted with P3HT

Page 35: Solar Energy Technologies: Research, Applications … · Solar Energy Technologies: Research, Applications ... Energy Saving from Insulation United Solar ... Technologies: Research,

Best ResearchBest Research--Cell EfficienciesCell EfficienciesEf

ficien

cy (%

)

Universityof Maine

Boeing

Boeing

Boeing

BoeingARCO

NREL

Boeing

Euro-CIS

200019951990198519801975

NREL/Spectrolab

NRELNREL

JapanEnergy

Spire

No. CarolinaState University

Multijunction ConcentratorsThree-junction (2-terminal, monolithic)Two-junction (2-terminal, monolithic)

Crystalline Si CellsSingle crystalMulticrystallineThin Si

Thin Film TechnologiesCu(In,Ga)Se2CdTeAmorphous Si:H (stabilized)

Emerging PVDye cellsOrganic cells(various technologies)

Varian

RCA

Solarex

UNSW

UNSW

ARCO

UNSWUNSW

UNSWSpire Stanford

Westing-house

UNSWGeorgia TechGeorgia Tech Sharp

AstroPower

NREL

AstroPower

Spectrolab

NREL

Masushita

Monosolar Kodak

Kodak

AMETEK

Photon Energy

UniversitySo. Florida

NREL

NREL

NRELCu(In,Ga)Se2

14x concentration

NREL

United Solar

United Solar

RCA

RCARCA

RCA RCARCA

Spectrolab

Solarex12

8

4

0

16

20

24

28

32

36

University ofLausanne

University ofLausanne

Siemens

2005

Kodak UCSBCambridge

Groningen

University LinzBerkeley

Princeton

UniversityLinz

Page 36: Solar Energy Technologies: Research, Applications … · Solar Energy Technologies: Research, Applications ... Energy Saving from Insulation United Solar ... Technologies: Research,

Solar Technologies Research and Applications

• Solar technologies maintain an aggressive learning curve and are cost competitive as alternative energy sources in a growing number of markets– Approaching retail electricity rates in Japan and Europe

• Low retail energy costs in the U.S. discourage manufacturing and deployment of new technologies

• Projected technology improvements can bring solar electricity generating costs to U.S. retail electric levels

Page 37: Solar Energy Technologies: Research, Applications … · Solar Energy Technologies: Research, Applications ... Energy Saving from Insulation United Solar ... Technologies: Research,

Natural Gas Shortage Natural Gas Shortage Transmission and Distribution Transmission and Distribution LimitationsLimitationsCEOCEO’’s Call for National Energy s Call for National Energy StrategyStrategy

With BalanceWith BalanceInternational Pressure on Global International Pressure on Global Climate ChangeClimate ChangeState and Local Initiatives for State and Local Initiatives for Renewable EnergyRenewable Energy

Changing Energy Landscape

Page 38: Solar Energy Technologies: Research, Applications … · Solar Energy Technologies: Research, Applications ... Energy Saving from Insulation United Solar ... Technologies: Research,
Page 39: Solar Energy Technologies: Research, Applications … · Solar Energy Technologies: Research, Applications ... Energy Saving from Insulation United Solar ... Technologies: Research,

From: Nathan Lewis, Global Energy Perspective

Energy Reserves and Resources

020000400006000080000

100000120000140000160000180000

(Exa)J

OilRsv

OilRes

GasRsv

GasRes

CoalRsv

CoalRes

UnconvConv

Reserves/(1998 Consumption/yr) Resource Base/(1998 Consumption/yr)

Oil 40 -78 51 -151

Gas 68 -176 207 -590

Coal 224 2160

Rsv=ReservesRes=Resources

Page 40: Solar Energy Technologies: Research, Applications … · Solar Energy Technologies: Research, Applications ... Energy Saving from Insulation United Solar ... Technologies: Research,

From: Nathan Lewis, Global Energy Perspective

Mean Global Energy Consumption, 1998

4.52

2.7 2.96

0.286

1.21

0.2860.828

00.5

11.5

22.5

33.5

44.5

5

TW

Oil Coal Biomass NuclearGas Hydro Renew

Total: 12.8 TW U.S.: 3.3 TW (99 Quads)

Page 41: Solar Energy Technologies: Research, Applications … · Solar Energy Technologies: Research, Applications ... Energy Saving from Insulation United Solar ... Technologies: Research,

• Nuclear (fission and fusion)• 10 TW = 10,000 new 1 GW reactors• i.e., a new reactor every other day for the next 50 years

2.3 million tonnes proven reserves; 1 TW-hr requires 22 tonnes of UHence at 10 TW provides 1 year of energyTerrestrial resource base provides 10 years of energyWould need to mine U from seawater (700 x terrestrial resource base)

• Carbon sequestration

• Renewables

Sources of Carbon-Free Power

From: Nathan Lewis, Global Energy Perspective

Page 42: Solar Energy Technologies: Research, Applications … · Solar Energy Technologies: Research, Applications ... Energy Saving from Insulation United Solar ... Technologies: Research,

From: Paul B. Weisz, Physics Today, July 2004

Page 43: Solar Energy Technologies: Research, Applications … · Solar Energy Technologies: Research, Applications ... Energy Saving from Insulation United Solar ... Technologies: Research,

Solar Land Area Requirements

3 TW

From: Nathan Lewis, Global Energy Perspective

Page 44: Solar Energy Technologies: Research, Applications … · Solar Energy Technologies: Research, Applications ... Energy Saving from Insulation United Solar ... Technologies: Research,

From: Paul B. Weisz, Physics Today, July 2004

Page 45: Solar Energy Technologies: Research, Applications … · Solar Energy Technologies: Research, Applications ... Energy Saving from Insulation United Solar ... Technologies: Research,

H2 Purification, Storage,

Dispensing

H2 Production

Fuel Cell

StationaryGeneration

Fuel Processor

or Electrolyzer

Fuel Cell

H2

Reformate H2 /

The Need to Produce Fuel“Power Park Concept”

Fuel Production

Distribution

Storage

From: Nathan Lewis, Global Energy Perspective

Page 46: Solar Energy Technologies: Research, Applications … · Solar Energy Technologies: Research, Applications ... Energy Saving from Insulation United Solar ... Technologies: Research,

Energy Costs

02

4

6

8

10

12

14

$/GJ

Coal Oil Biomass ElectB

razi

l Euro

pe

$0.05/kW-hr

www.undp.org/seed/eap/activities/wea

Page 47: Solar Energy Technologies: Research, Applications … · Solar Energy Technologies: Research, Applications ... Energy Saving from Insulation United Solar ... Technologies: Research,

Million M2 per Year

$/M2

10

100

10000

1000

1

1 10 100 1000 10000

Glass

Coated Glass

Paint

Large-Area Optical and Electronic Materials

Low Cost Processes

FPD

PV

SolarFuels

Electrode

Fuel Cell Bipolar plate

Page 48: Solar Energy Technologies: Research, Applications … · Solar Energy Technologies: Research, Applications ... Energy Saving from Insulation United Solar ... Technologies: Research,

Solar Technology Opportunities

• Source of Carbon Free Power

• Solar energy is the only currently practical primary source in sufficient abundance to sustain growing energy demand for centuries to come.

• Massive change to energy infrastructure requires decades to implement, along with massive investment.