solar power and photovoltaics

8/14/2019 Solar Power and Photovoltaics

1/17

WELCOME..

TOSEMINAR


2/17

SOLAR POWER &

PHOTOVOLTAICS

SOLAR POWER & PHOTOVOLTAICS


3/17


4/17

Solar power (also known assolarenergy) is a source of energy that usesradiationemitted by theSun. It is arenewable energysource that has been

used in many traditional technologies

for centuries. It is also in widespread

use where other power supplies areabsent, such as in remote locations and

inspace.

INTRODUCTION

1.SOLARPOWER
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solar_radiationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sunhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Renewable_energyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Outer_spacehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Outer_spacehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Renewable_energyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sunhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solar_radiationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Image:Solar_land_area.pnghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Image:Insolation.png


5/17

2.SOLAR RADIATION

Solar radiationreaches the Earth's upperatmosphereat a rate of1366watts per

square meter (W/m2).[1]The first map shows how the solar energy varies in different

latitudes.

While traveling through the atmosphere, 6% of the incoming solar radiation(insolation) isreflectedand 16% isabsorbedresulting in a peakirradianceat the

equatorof 1,020 W/m.[2]Average atmospheric conditions (clouds, dust,pollutants)

further reduce insolation by 20% through reflection and 3% through absorption.[3]

Atmospheric conditions not only reduce the quantity of insolation reaching the

Earth's surface but also affect the quality of insolation bydiffusingincoming lightand altering itsspectrum
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solar_radiationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Earth%27s_atmospherehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solar_constanthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Latitudehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Insolationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reflection_%28physics%29http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Absorption_%28electromagnetic_radiation%29http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Irradiancehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Equatorhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cloudhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dusthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pollutanthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diffuse_insolationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spectrumhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spectrumhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diffuse_insolationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pollutanthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dusthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cloudhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Equatorhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Irradiancehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Absorption_%28electromagnetic_radiation%29http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reflection_%28physics%29http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Insolationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Latitudehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solar_constanthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Earth%27s_atmospherehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solar_radiation


6/17

3. PHOTOVOLTAICSSolar cells, also referred to as photovoltaic cells, are devices or banks of devices that usethe photovoltaic effect of semiconductors to generate electricity directly from sunlight.Until recently, their use has been limited because of high manufacturing costs. One costeffective use has been in very low-power devices such as calculators with LCDs. Anotheruse has been in remote applications such as roadside emergency telephones, remote sensing,cathodic protection of pipe lines, and limited "off grid" home power applications. A thirduse has been in powering orbiting satellites and spacecraft.To take advantage of the incoming electromagnetic radiation from the sun, solar panelscan be attached to each house or building. The panels should be mounted perpendicular tothe arc of the sun to maximize usefulness. The easiest way to use this electricity is byconnecting the solar panels to a grid tie inverter. However, these solar panels may also beused to charge batteries or other energy storage device. Solar panels produce more powerduring summer months because they receive more sunlight. The cost payback time maytake over 10 years depending on the cost of grid electricity and tax rebates.Total peak power of installed PV is around 3,700 MW as of the end of 2005.[19] This isonly one part of solar-generated electric power.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solar_cellhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Photovoltaic_cellhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Semiconductorhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Calculatorhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liquid_crystal_displayhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cathodic_protectionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Satellitehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spacecrafthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grid_tie_inverterhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grid_energy_storagehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sunlighthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peak_powerhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peak_powerhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sunlighthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grid_energy_storagehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grid_tie_inverterhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spacecrafthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Satellitehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cathodic_protectionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liquid_crystal_displayhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Calculatorhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Semiconductorhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Photovoltaic_cellhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solar_cell


7/17

Declining manufacturing costs (dropping at 3 to 5% a year in recent years) areexpanding the range of cost-effective uses. The average lowest retail cost of a largephotovoltaic array declined from $7.50 to $4 per watt between 1990 and 2005.[20]With many jurisdictions now giving tax and rebate incentives, solar electric powercan now pay for itself in five to ten years in many places. "Grid-connected" systems- those systems that use an inverter to connect to the utility grid instead of relyingon batteries - now make up the largest part of the market.In 2003, worldwide production of solar cells increased by 32%.[21] Between 2000and 2004, the increase in worldwide solar energy capacity was an annualized60%.[22] 2005 was expected to see large growth again, but shortages of refinedsilicon have been hampering production worldwide since late 2004.[23] Analystshave predicted similar supply problems for 2006 and 2007.[

Kyocera headquarters. PV cells on theside of the building generate electricityfrom sunlight.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Photovoltaic_arrayhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/As_of_2005http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inverter_%28electrical%29http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electricity_distributionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Siliconhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kyocerahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Image:Kyocera-hq-01.jpghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Image:Kyocera-hq-01.jpghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Image:Kyocera-hq-01.jpghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Image:Kyocera-hq-01.jpghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Image:Kyocera-hq-01.jpghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Image:Kyocera-hq-01.jpghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kyocerahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Image:Kyocera-hq-01.jpghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Image:Kyocera-hq-01.jpghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Siliconhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electricity_distributionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inverter_%28electrical%29http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/As_of_2005http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Photovoltaic_array


8/17

USES OF PHOTOVOLTAIC SYSTEMS :-USES OF PHOTOVOLTAIC SYSTEMS :-

1. PV for Cottages and Residences

In general, PV systems are an economical option for remote cottages and residences. In

most remote areas, it is impossible to connect to the electrical grid and, in many cases,

expensive fossil fuel is brought in to generate electricity. If your residence is tied to the

existing grid, PV will give you the autonomous source of electricity you might need during

a power outage.

3. PV for Mobile and Recreational Applications

Recreational vehicles, boats and expeditions can also benefit from the clean and quiet

operation of portable PV systems to recharge batteries.

2. PV in Agriculture

PV systems are used effectively worldwide to pump water for livestock, plants or

humans. Since the need for water is greatest on hot sunny days, PV is a perfect fit forpumping applications. PV is also used to power remote electric fences on farms.

4. PV for Other Applications

PV systems can be adapted to suit any requirement, small or large. For instance, PV

cells are used in calculators and watches. As well, telecommunications equipment,

highway construction signs, parking lights and navigational warning signals are excellentapplications for PV


9/17

DIRECT SOLAR CELLS & INDIRECT SOLAR CELLS

PASSIVE SOLAR CELLS & ACTITVE SOLAR CELLS

CONCENTRATING & NON CONCENTRATING SOLARCELLS

CLASSIFICATION OF PHOTOVOLTAIC


10/17

4. RESEARCH &

DEVELOPMENT


11/17

SunPower Corporation a Silicon Valley-based

manufacturer of high-efficiency solar cells, solar panels

and solar systems, on Juliy 27th announced the

inauguration of its second solar cell fabrication facility,known as "cell Fab 2", in the Philippines. The dedication

of cell Fab 2 will take place on July 30st, 2007 at the new

plant, located in Batangas, south of Manila. President

Macapagal-Arroyo of the Philippines and The Honorable

Raphael P. M. Lotilla, secretary of energy, will be on handto help inaugurate the facility which has been recognized

by the International Energy Agency for its superior

energy-efficient design.

Solar PV System with panels

by SunPower, located atGeneva (Switzerland).

Courtesy: SunPower

Corporation


12/17


13/17

3D solar cells to boost efficiency while reducing size, weight and complexity of photovoltaicarraysUnique three-dimensional solar cells shall capture nearly all of the light that strikes them andcould boost the efficiency of photovoltaic (PV) systems while reducing their size, weight andmechanical complexity. The new 3D solar cells capture photons from sunlight using an array ofminiature "tower" structures that resemble high-rise buildings in a city street grid, the GeorgiaInstitute of Technology (GTRI) reports in a press release. The cells could find near-termapplications for powering spacecraft, and by enabling efficiency improvements in photovoltaiccoating materials, could also change the way solar cells are designed for a broad range of

applications. "Our goal is to harvest every last photon that is available to our cells", said JudReady, a senior research engineer in the Electro-Optical Systems Laboratory at the GTRI. "Bycapturing more of the light in our 3D structures, we can use much smaller photovoltaic arrays.On a satellite or other spacecraft, that would mean less weight and less space taken up with thePV system", he adds.

Jud Ready, senior research engineer at the Georgia Tech ResearchInstitute, observes a process that applies an iron catalyst as part ofthe fabrication of 3D solar cells.Picture Source: GTRI.The 3D design was described in the

March 2007 issue of the journal JOM, published by The

Minerals, Metals and Materials Society.


14/17

Theresearch has been sponsored by the Air Force Office of Scientific Research, the

Air Force Research Laboratory, NewCyte Inc., and Intellectual Property Partners,

LLC. A global patent application has been filed for the technology. The GTRI

photovoltaic cells trap light between their tower structures, which are about 100microns tall, 40 microns by 40 microns square, 10 microns apart - and built from

arrays containing millions of vertically-aligned carbon nanotubes


15/17

Advantages:

Solar power is pollution free during use. Production end wastesand emissions are manageable using existing pollution controls.End-of-use recycling technologies are under development.[42]

Facilities can operate with little maintenance or intervention

after initial setup.Solar electric generation is economically competitive where gridconnection or fuel transport is difficult, costly or impossible.Examples include satellites, island communities, remotelocations and ocean vessels.

The 89 petawatts of sunlight reaching the earth's surface isplentiful compared to the 15 terawatts ofaverage powerconsumed by humans.[41] Additionally, solar electric generationhas the highest power density (global mean of 170 W/m2)among renewable energies.[41]

Solar power is pollution free during use. Production end wastes andemissions are manageable using existing pollution controls. End-of-userecycling technologies are under development.[42]

Facilities can operate with little maintenance or intervention after initialsetup.

Solar electric generation is economically competitive where gridconnection or fuel transport is difficult, costly or impossible. Examplesinclude satellites, island communities, remote locations and ocean vessels.

The 89 petawatts of sunlight reaching the earth's surface is plentifulcompared to the 15 terawatts of average power consumed by humans.[41]

Additionally, solar electric generation has the highest power density (globalmean of 170 W/m2) among renewable energies.[41]

Advantages:
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orders_of_magnitude_%28power%29http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orders_of_magnitude_%28power%29http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orders_of_magnitude_%28power%29http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orders_of_magnitude_%28power%29http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oceanhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orders_of_magnitude_%28power%29http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orders_of_magnitude_%28power%29http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orders_of_magnitude_%28power%29http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orders_of_magnitude_%28power%29http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oceanhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oceanhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orders_of_magnitude_%28power%29http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orders_of_magnitude_%28power%29http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orders_of_magnitude_%28power%29http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orders_of_magnitude_%28power%29http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/


16/17

Availability of solar energyAvailability of solar energy

The amount of solar energy intercepted by the Earth everyminute is greater than the amount of energy the world uses infossil fuels each year.[48]

Tropical oceans absorb 560 trillion gigajoules (GJ) of solar

energy each year, equivalent to 1,600 times the worlds annualenergy use.[49]

The energy in the winds that blow across the United States eachyear could produce more than 16 billion GJ ofelectricitymorethan one and one-half times the electricity consumed in theUnited States in 2000.[50]

Annual photosynthesis by the vegetation in the United States is50 billion GJ, equivalent to nearly 60% of the nations annualfossil fuel use.[51]
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oceanhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gigajoulehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Windhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electricityhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Photosynthesishttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Photosynthesishttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electricityhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Windhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gigajoulehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oceanhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/


17/17

THANK YOU

FORYOUR TOLERANCE

THANK YOU

FORYOUR TOLERANCE

solar power and photovoltaics

Documents