solar power distillator

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SOLAR POWER WATER DISTILLATOR

INTERNSHIP PROJECT REPORT

by

SUVRANSU SEKHAR PATRA

(Roll Number: SC10B122)

Department of Avionics

Indian Institute of Space Science and Technology

Thiruvananthapuram

July 2013


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BONAFIDE CERTIFICATE

This is to certify that this project report entitled SOLAR POWER WATER

DISTILLATOR submitted to Indian Institute of Space Science and

Technology, Thiruvananthapuram, is a bonafide record of work done by

SUVRANSU SEKHAR PATRA under my supervision from 3rd

June 2013 to

12th

July2013

Dr. Thomas Kurian

Dean (Student Activities)

Head, Avionics

IIST

Place: IIST, Trivandrum

Date:

Dr. Priyadarshn

Assistant Professor, Avion

II


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Declaration by Authors

This to declare that this report has been written by us. No part of the report isplagiarized from other sources. All information included from other sources has

been duly acknowledged. I aver that if any part of the report is found to be

plagiarized, I shall take full responsibility for it.


(Roll Number: SC10B122)

Place: IIST, Trivandrum

Date:


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ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

With a deep sense of gratitude and respect, I would like to extend my sincere thanks to

Indian Institute of Space Science and Technology (IIST) for their kind attention and guidance

which have made this project successful.

I would like to express my heartfelt gratitude towards Dr.Priyadarshnam, Assistant

Professor, Avionics, Dr. Pradeep Kumar P, Assistant Professor, Aerospace Engineering and

Dr. Anand Narayanan, Assistant Professor, Earth & Space Sciences, for their constant support,

guidance and encouragement throughout the duration of the project. I owe thanks to them for

providing the necessary stimuli and environment for accomplishing the work involved in this

project. I cannot thank them enough for their active involvement in the project which was a

constant force driving me forward. I would also like to acknowledge the help I received from

Mr. Akshay Jain, Student, Aerospace Branch IIST (2010 Batch), during crucial stages of the

project. His knowledge and experience in Autodesk Inventor and 3D CAD design software

CATIA has proven invaluable to the success of this project.

I am grateful to Dr. K.S. Das Gupta (Director -IIST), Dr. Thomas Kurian (HOD -

Avionics) and Dr. Sheeba Rani (Assistant Professor- Avionics) who provided me with such

platform.



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ABSTRACT

As a sustainable carbon-free alternative to fossil-fuels used to meet the challenge of increasing

energy demands in the 21st century, solar energy plays a significant role in the reduction of

greenhouse gases. Based on the current situation of energy and disadvantage of present

Distillation methods, a high efficiency and secure Solar Distillation service system directly

utilizing solar power has been introduced. It can make full use of solar-energy, shorten the time

for heating, reducing the amount of energy consumption, cut the cost without polluting the

environment and provide us with the distilled water. Our project goal is to efficiently produce

distilled water from solar energy. This could be used in many applications, such as, providing

distilled water for lead acid batteries, chemistry laboratory, instrumentation laboratory, and also

used for distilling gomutra (Cow's urine) in ayurvedic medicines to produce gomutra ark

(distilled Cow's urine).

To achieve this goal, a system was designed incorporating a parabolic solar dish coupled with a

heating chamber and condenser. The incoming solar radiation from the sun is focused and

concentrated onto a heating chamber using a parabolic dish, heating the water present inside the

vessel, after that the water evaporates at atmospheric pressure and then the condenser converts

the steam into distilled water.

Future goals for this project include calculation refinement, advanced and more efficient design,

controllers, and solar tracker.


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TABLE OF CONTENTS

DESCRIPTION i

CERTIFICATE ii

DECLARATION

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

iii

iv

ABSTRACT v

1. INTRODUCTION

1.1 SOLAR RADIATION 2

1.2 ALBEDO 4

2. ESTIMATION OF AREA OF REFLECTOR PLATES

2.1 ESTIMATION 5

3. DESIGNS

3.1DESIGN1 83.2DESIGNII 93.3DESIGNIII 103.4DESIGNIV 12

3.4.1 PARABOLIC REFLECTOR 133.4.2 HEATING CHAMBER 13

3.4.3 GASKET 14

3.4.4 RELIEF VALVE 14

3.4.5 REFLECTING MATERIAL 14

3.4.6 HOLDER 15

3.4.7 BASE 15


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3.4.8 ARM MANUFACTURING 15

4. RESULT AND CONCLUSION

4.1 READINGS TAKEN FROM SOLAR

REFLECTOR

17

4.2GRAPHICAL REPRESENTATION 194.3 CONCLUSION 19

4.4 FUTURE APPLICATION 20

APPENDIX: CAD DRAWINGS 21

REFERNCES 28


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CHAPTER 1: INTRODUCTION

Water is the basic necessity for human along with food and air. There is almost no water left on

Earth that is safe to drink without purification. Only 1% of Earth's water, available in liquid state,

is fresh and nearly all of this is polluted by toxic chemicals. Thus purification of water supplies is

extremely important.

Moreover, typical purification systems are easily damaged or compromised by disasters, natural

or otherwise. This results in a challenging situation for individuals trying to prepare for such

situations, and keep themselves and their families safe from the countless diseases and toxic

chemicals present in untreated water.

Everyone wants to find out the solution of above problem with the available sources of energy in

order to achieve pure water. Fortunately there is a solution to these problems. That is use of the

solar energy. It is a technology that is not only capable of removing a very wide variety of

contaminants but also simple, cost-effective, and eco-friendly.

Solar distillation is a tried and true technology. The first known use of this technique dates back

to 1551 when it was used by Arab alchemists. Other scientists and naturalists used stills (solar

distillator) over the coming centuries including Della Porta (1589), Lavoisier (1862), andMauchot (1869).

[1]

The first "conventional" solarstill plant was built in 1872 by the Swedish engineer Charles

Wilson in the mining community of Las Salinas in what is now northern Chile (Region II). This

still was a large basin-type stillused for supplying fresh water using brackish feed water to a

nitrate mining community. The plant used wooden bays which had blackened bottoms using

logwood dye and alum. The total area of the distillation plant was 4,700 square meters. On a

typical summer day this plant produced 4.9 kg of distilled water per square meter of still surface,or more than 23,000 litres per day.

[2]

Basic principal of working of solar distillator is Solar energy heats water, evaporates it (salts

and microbes left behind), and condenses the steam to provide us with distilled water.


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1.1 SOLAR RADIATION

The sun is the main source of heat and light for the entire solar system. It is made up of

extremely hot gaseous matter, and gets progressively hotter towards its center. The heat is

generated by various kinds of fusion reactions. The sun is approximately spherical in shape;

about 1.39x106 km in diameter and having an average distance from the earth of 1.496x108 km

(Fig. 1.1(a)). The solar disc subtends a very small angle of 32' at any point on the earth's surface

and hence, the radiation received from the sun directly on the earth's surface can be considered

parallel for all practical purposes.

Fig. 1.1(a) Sun-Earth Geometric Relationship

The earth is approximately spherical in shape, about 1.27x104 km in diameter. The energy flux

received from the sun outside the earth's atmosphere is of nearly constant value and is termed as

the Solar Constant (Isc). It is defined as the energy received outside the atmosphere, per second,

by a unit surface area normal to the direction of sun's rays at the mean sun-earth distance; its

value is accepted as 1366 W/m2. However, because the earth revolves round the sun in an

elliptical orbit with the sun as one of the foci, there is a variation in the extraterrestrial radiation.

Hence, the intensity of extraterrestrial radiation on a plane normal to sun's rays on any day is

given by:

Iext = Isc [1.0 0.033 cos (360n / 365)] (where n is the day of the year and is 1 n 365)[6]


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The graph shown in Fig. 1.1(b) stipulates the relationship between Solar Elevation and the Solar

Azimuth of our current location, i.e. IIST, Trivandrum (latitudes 8.63 longitudes 77.03) and the

data is obtained from University of Oregon Solar Radiation Monitoring Laboratorys software

tool to create sun chart.

Fig. 1.1(b) Solar Elevation vs Solar Azimuth


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1.2 ALBEDO

Albedo or reflection coefficient is defined as the diffuse reflectivity or reflecting power of a

surface. It is the ratio of reflected radiation from the surface to the incident radiation upon it. It is

a dimensionless quantity. It could be also expressed as a percentage.

Albedo depends on the radiation frequency. In general, the albedo depends on the directional

distribution of incoming radiation.

The albedo of a surface is measured on a scale from 0 to 1, where 0 is a black surface with no

reflection, and 1 represents an idealized white surface that has perfect reflection. The Earthshine

project[3]

investigated a phenomenon where light reflected by Earth illuminates the dark side of

the moon. By measuring the brightness, albedo or diffuse reflectivity could be estimated.

The average overall planetary albedo of Earth, is 30 to 35%, because of the covering by clouds,

but varies widely locally across the surface, depending on the geological and environmental

features.[4]

Table 1.2 Albedo (reflectivity) of various surfaces[5]

Surface Percent Reflected

Fresh snow 80-90

Old snow 50-60

Sand 20-40

Grass 5-25

Dry soil 25-25

Wet earth 10

Forest 5

Thick cloud

Thin cloud

70-85

25-30


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CHAPTER 2: ESTIMATION OF AREA OF REFLECTOR PLATES

2.1 ESTIMATION

Albedo = a

Luminosity of Sun = L (J/sec)

Solar Constant/ Flux = F (J/sec/m2)

Area = A (m2)

Time = t (sec)

Mass of water = m (kg)

Specific heat Capacity = c = 4.1855 J/kg.K

Energy incident on reflector plates = E

Change in temperature =

Final temperature = T

Efficiency of the system = = 0.7

Distance between Earth and Sun = d

= 1366 J/sec

Energy required for heating = mc

A =


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Consider water inside the vessel is at room temperature = 25OC and mass of water = 0.5 liter

If we assume that time taken to heat water up to 100C would be around 30min, then the

relationship between area of the reflector plates with the varying albedo is shown in Fig. 2.3(a)

Fig. 2.3(a)

If we assume the albedo to be 0.3 than the relationship between area of the reflector plates and

the time taken to heat the water up to 100C is shown in Fig. 2.3(b)

Fig. 2.3(b)


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If we consider the least possible area for the reflector plates to be 0.1 m2

we get the following

relationship between albedo and time of heating.

Fig. 2.3(c)

The above three graphs allows us to choose appropriate design parameters depending on the

area, time of heating and albedo of a place.


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CHAPTER 3: DESIGNS

In this chapter we consider different design alternatives which are already in use for water

heating/distillation plants.

3.1 DESIGN1

The design is divided into two major parts which is shown in Fig. 3.1

Part I is the one where the vessel, containing water, is placed at the focus of the reflector plates.

This vessel is enclosed by the glass or polythene sheet in order to trap the sunlight, using

Greenhouse Effect.

Part II plays a role as a heat absorber and re-heating the water. This contains a salt which could

trap solar energy effectively and could be used during the sunset or during night. Because most

salts only melt at high temperatures (table salt, for example, melts at around 1472 degrees

Fahrenheit, or 800 degrees Celsius)[13]

and do not turn to vapor until they get considerably

hotterthey can be used to store a lot of the sun's energy as heat.

And after the above steps, super-heated water is converted into steam which is then passed to the

condenser unit and the distilled water could be collected.

Fig. 3.1 Design I


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Its main disadvantage is that to be effective, the salt require too much of heat and thereby

reducing the system efficiency. It could be done only on large scale with vast number of reflector

plates. Its not cost effective.

3.2 DESIGNII

This design is basically a modification of the previous design I in order to further improve the

efficiency by increasing the amount of energy incident on the heating vessel by modifying the

design of the reflector plates. Its being named as Papillon because of its shape which

resembles a butterfly with open wings. The Papillon was developed in 1997 by Dipl. Ing. J.

Dessel in collaboration with Prof. Bernd Hafner and the Solarinstitut Jlich in Germany.[7]

Fig. 3.2 Papillon Solar Reflector Plates

In the Papillon there are only 2 wings. In order to further improve its efficiency two more wings

could be added thus making a half sphere like structure. As area would increase the energy

incident on the vessel would increase thereby reducing the time to boil water. Further the

efficiency of this system could be increased by enclosing the heating vessel.


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Its main disadvantage is that brazing is done in order to construct this structure thus making

design a bit unstable and hard handling.

It would be better if this design could be constructed only with nut and bolts.

3.3 DESIGNIII

This is design is entirely different from the previous two designs. Instead of solar reflectors,

Fresnel lens is used in order to concentrate solar energy on the heating vessel.

FRESNEL LENS

A Fresnel lens is a compact lens which was developed by French physicist Augustin-Jean

Fresnel.[8]

Fresnel lenses are generally made up of glass or plastic. Fresnel reflectors are also

currently being used into next-generation solar thermal-energy systems.

The main advantage of Fresnel lens is that it reduces the amount of material required as

compared with conventional lens. Its done by dividing the lens into a set of concentric annular

sections as shown in Table 3.3. An ideal Fresnel lens would have infinitely many such sections.

In each section, we decrease the overall thickness as compared to a simple lens. This effectively

divides the continuous surface of a lens into a set of surfaces having same curvature, with

stepwise discontinuities between them, therefore doesnt change the property of that lens.[9]

Fresnel lens, as shown in Fig. 3.3, is generally used in overhead projectors, projection

televisions, hand-held sheet magnifying glasses, lighthouse and old street lamps or oil lamps.


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Fig. 3.3 Fresnel lens grooves

Table 3.3 Steps to convert Round Glass into a Fresnel lens[10]

STEPS Figures

Take a conventional lens

Draw evenly spaced horizontal lines

that are the height you want the

grooves of the Fresnel lens to be.

Then draw vertical lines wherever ahorizontal one meets the curve of the

lens. Highlight the areas where thecurves are boxed in. Thus obtaining

the grooves of your Fresnel lens.


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Drop all the highlighted curved pieces

down in a way that their bottoms line

up.

Add a base and remove the horizontaland vertical lines and the original lens.

And finally adjusting all the parts to

get the required Fresnel lens.

December 2012: Bernhard Mller has published findings based on his experimentation with a

twin Fresnel lens reflector solar cooker. This cooker was never meant to be a production

prototype, and his company, Mueller Solartechnik, no longer manufactures solar cookers. As an

engineering exercise, he has shown that incorporating the Fresnel lens produces quite high

temperatures (278.6C/534F). So in order to prevent melting of vessel, in which water is placed,

a glass vessel with a steel wool inside is being used for the purpose of Solar-Distillation.[11]

The main advantage of Fresnel lens over reflector plates is its efficiency and effectiveness to

concentrate solar energy. So in order to prevent melting of vessel, in which water is placed, glass

with a steel wool inside is being used for the purpose of Solar-Distillation.

In order to further increase the effectiveness of the Fresnel lens you can create Death Beam by

adding another converging lens at the focus of the Fresnel lens.

This appears to be the most efficient design but due to the cost as well as the availability of a

large size Fresnel lens we had to drop this design.

3.4 DESIGNIV

In this design we used a Parabolic Reflector Plates and Heating Chamber (Pressure Cooker) and

a cooling jacket (Condenser) as shown in Fig 3.4(a) and 3.4(b). It is basically a modification of

Design II.


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3.4.1 PARABOLIC REFLECTOR PLATES

The distinction is like the one between circles and spheres. It is a curved surface with the cross-

sectional shape of a parabola, to direct the solar waves. An incoming plane solar wave parallel to

the axis will be focused to a point at the focal point.

One disadvantage of a parabolic reflector is that the solar energy is concentrated in a very small

area, which could be too small for a particular purpose.

In order to increase the efficiency the vessel should be blackened from bottom and must be

polished everywhere. As a matter of fact small parabola dish can make quickly heat the contents

so its preferred to use large number dishes of smaller area rather than using a single big dish and

smaller dishes are of course easy to handle than a big one.

Parabolas with focal lengths of 1 to 3 meters (3 to 10 feet) are preferred for solar cooking. The

solar image diameter is about 1/120 the focal length. For focal lengths in the range above, the

image of the sun will be 8 to 25 mm (1/3 to 1 inch). As the earth rotates, the image moves 87 to

260 mm (10 image diameters) in 20 minutes.[14]

For more information see Appendix 1 (Fig. 1)

DIMENSIONS

Parabola Dish used has

Major Axis = 65 cm

Minor Axis = 60 cm

3.4.2 HEATING CHAMBER

It is basically a sealed vessel which does not permit air or liquids to escape below a pre-set

pressure. In an ordinary non-pressurized cooking vessel, the boiling point of water is 100 C

(212 F) at standard pressure (1 atm). But in a sealed vessel, the boiling point of water increases

as the pressure rises, resulting in superheated water. At a pressure of 1 atm (15 psi) above

atmospheric pressure, water in a pressure cooker can reach a temperature of up to 121 C (250

F).[12]

For more information see Appendix 1 (Fig. 2).


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DIMENSIONS

Heating Chamber used has

Diameter of the base = 15 cm

Height = 8 cm

Perimeter = 47.1 cm

Capacity = 1.5 ltr

3.4.3 GASKET

A gasket or sealing ring, made from either rubber or silicone, forms a gas-tight seal that does not

allow air or steam to escape between the lid and pan. Normally, the only way steam can escape is

through a regulator on the lid while the cooker is pressurized. If the regulator is blocked, a safety

valve provides an escape route for steam. A loose-fitting rubber plug in the lid, held in place by

steam pressure, provides a simple safety valve. If the pressure exceeds the limits, the plug pops

out thus depressurizing the pot.

3.4.4 RELIEF VALVE

A safety valve is a valve mechanism which automatically releases a substance from a boiler,

pressure vessel, or other system, when the pressure or temperature exceeds preset limits.

3.4.5 REFLECTING MATERIAL

Mirrors and Aluminum are the best reflective material but the problem over aluminum is that

aluminum foil gets wrinkled up and aluminum sheet does not gives a parabola shape thus we

choose small mirror of 4 cm2

(2x2) so that the focus of the parabola wont be shifted much.


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3.4.6 HOLDER

An iron rod of 0.5cm thickness and 2.5cm height was used to manufacture a holder. A holder

holds the cooker at the focal point of the reflector plates. For more information see Appendix 1

(Fig. 3).

3.4.7 BASE

A GI sheet of approximate dimension 0.5m x 0.5m is used to make the base of the heating

chamber. Its primary objective is to align the vessel at the focal point and to provide support to

the vessel. For more information about the manufacturing see Appendix 1 (Fig. 4).

3.4.8 ARM MANUFACTURING

A tripod is made in order to provide support to the heating chamber (pressure cooker). A rod of

stainless steel of diameter inches is placed inside a rod of diameter inches such that the

length of the system could easily be varied. For more information see Appendix 1 (Fig. 5, Fig. 6

and Fig. 7).

Fig. 3.1(a)


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Fig 3.1(b)


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CHAPTER 4: RESULT AND CONCLUSION

Experiment is performed from 10:30am to 01:30pm.

Mass of water = 500 ml

Initial Temperature of water = 21oC

Weather Condition = Cloudy/Rainy

Atmospheric Temperature = 27oC (avg)

4.1 READINGS TAKEN FROM SOLAR REFLECTOR

Table 4.1 represents the reading taken for temperature of water at various period of time using

the solar reflector.

Table 4.1 Reading for Solar Reflector

TIME TEMPERATURE (

o

C)

10:30 21

10:35 22

10:40 22

10:45 23

10:50 24

10:55 24

11:00 26

11:10 27

11:15 29

11:20 30


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11:30 31

11:35 32

11:44 32

11:50 33

12:00 35

12:04 37

12:10 38

12:14 39

12:18 40

12:25 42

12:27 42

12:30 42

12:35 43

12:40 44

12:41 45

12:48 47

12:52 51

12:58 52

13:00 55

13:10 57

13:15 60

13:20 63

13:30 67


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4.2 GRAPHICAL REPRESENTATION

In the Fig. 4.2 temperature variation in the solar reflector is shown. The maximum temperature

of the system is 670C obtained at 01:30pm.

Fig. 4.2 Temperature variation of the solar reflector

4.3 CONCLUSION

As can be seen from the table, we were able to achieve a maximum temperature of only 67

degree Celsius which was due to the cloudy weather conditions. The current temperature rise is

not enough to vaporize the water and use it for distillation. Further experiments needs to be

conducted to determine the full capability of the system during clear sky condition. The

reflectivity of the glass also needs to be measured. The current focus appears to be larger than the

base area of the heating vessel. Some adjustments needs to be made for the glass pieces. We

hope that with these modifications and during the clear sky day sufficient temperature rise would

be obtained.


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4.4 FUTURE APPLICATION

A large reflector area will provide significant amount of heat and hence substantialamount of distilled water can be obtained for various applications such as chemistry lab,

car batteries etc.

Further, a large scale and modified version can be used to melt the salts, kept in thepressurized insulated chamber, during the day time which can be used to boil the water at

night. Thus giving a 24x7 supply of steam.[Gemma Solar Project][15]

Its improved version can be used with a turbine to generate electricity.


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APPENDIX : CAD DRAWINGS

PARABOLIC REFLECTOR PLATES

Fig. 1


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HEATING CHAMBER

Fig. 2


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HOLDER

Fig. 3


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BASE

Fig. 4


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INNER RODS

Fig. 5


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OUTER-I RODS

Fig. 6


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OUTER-II RO

DSFig. 7


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REFERNCES

1. Âkash BA, Mohsen MS, Osta O and Elayan Y,Experimental evaluation of a single-basin

solar still usingdifferent absorbing materials,renewable energy- 14, 1998,307-310.

2. ^Solar Still BasicsSolAqua. (http://www.solaqua.com/solwatdis1.html)

3. ^Goode, P. R.; et al. (2001). "Earthshine Observations of the Earth's Reflectance".

Geophysical Research Letters 28 (9): 16711674. Bibcode:2001GeoRL..28.1671G.

doi:10.1029/2000GL012580.

4. Ênvironmental Encyclopedia, 3rd ed., Thompson Gale, 2003, ISBN 0-7876-5486-8

5. Ârguments Supporting the Theory of Snowball Earth

(http://ecosystems.wcp.muohio.edu/studentresearch/climatechange03/snowball/web%20page/argum

entsfor.html)

6. HANDBOOK ON ENERGY CONSCIOUS BUILDINGS

Prepared under the interactive R & D project no. 3/4(03)/99-SEC between Indian Institute of

Technology, Bombay and Solar Energy Centre, Ministry of Non-conventional Energy Sources

J.K. Nayak, J.A. Prajapati (May 2006)

7. ^Solar Cookers World Network(http://solarcooking.wikia.com/wiki/Papillon)

8. ^ "Fresnel lens". Merriam-Webster. Retrieved 19 March 2013

9. ^ Fresnel Lens Wikipedia (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fresnel_lens#cite_note-1)

10. ^Rimstar.org- an addiction to science, renewable energy and building stuff

(http://rimstar.org/equip/fresnel_lens.htm)

11. ^Die Parabel, Brochure (German), 36 pages, ISBN 978-3-8442-4131-0, epubli GmbH,

Berlin and Das Solarkocher-Handbuch, 240 pages, ISBN 978-3-8442-4471-7, epubli GmbH,

Berlin Preview

12. ^Pressure Cooking Wikipedia (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pressure_cooking)
http://www.solaqua.com/solwatdis1.htmlhttp://www.solaqua.com/solwatdis1.htmlhttp://www.solaqua.com/solwatdis1.htmlhttp://ecosystems.wcp.muohio.edu/studentresearch/climatechange03/snowball/web%20page/argumentsfor.htmlhttp://ecosystems.wcp.muohio.edu/studentresearch/climatechange03/snowball/web%20page/argumentsfor.htmlhttp://ecosystems.wcp.muohio.edu/studentresearch/climatechange03/snowball/web%20page/argumentsfor.htmlhttp://ecosystems.wcp.muohio.edu/studentresearch/climatechange03/snowball/web%20page/argumentsfor.htmlhttp://solarcooking.wikia.com/wiki/Papillonhttp://solarcooking.wikia.com/wiki/Papillonhttp://solarcooking.wikia.com/wiki/Papillonhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fresnel_lens#cite_note-1http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fresnel_lens#cite_note-1http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fresnel_lens#cite_note-1http://rimstar.org/equip/fresnel_lens.htmhttp://rimstar.org/equip/fresnel_lens.htmhttp://rimstar.org/equip/fresnel_lens.htmhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pressure_cookinghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pressure_cookinghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pressure_cookinghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pressure_cookinghttp://rimstar.org/equip/fresnel_lens.htmhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fresnel_lens#cite_note-1http://solarcooking.wikia.com/wiki/Papillonhttp://ecosystems.wcp.muohio.edu/studentresearch/climatechange03/snowball/web%20page/argumentsfor.htmlhttp://ecosystems.wcp.muohio.edu/studentresearch/climatechange03/snowball/web%20page/argumentsfor.htmlhttp://www.solaqua.com/solwatdis1.html


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13. ^How to Use Solar Energy, at Night Molten salts can store the sun's heat during the day and

provide power at night- By David Biello

14. ^Solar Cookers International Networks

(http://solarcooking.wikia.com/wiki/Parabolic_solar_reflectors)

15. ^Gemma solar project (http://www.torresolenergy.com/TORRESOL/gemasolar-plant/en)

16. ^Ministry of New and Renewable Energy Govt. of India website ( http://www.mnre.gov.in/)
http://solarcooking.wikia.com/wiki/Parabolic_solar_reflectorshttp://solarcooking.wikia.com/wiki/Parabolic_solar_reflectorshttp://solarcooking.wikia.com/wiki/Parabolic_solar_reflectorshttp://solarcooking.wikia.com/wiki/Parabolic_solar_reflectors

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