solar powered electric boat norazlan bin ishak may...
TRANSCRIPT
SOLAR POWERED ELECTRIC BOAT
NORAZLAN BIN ISHAK
MAY 2009
i
”I hereby declared that I have read through this report and found that it has comply
the partial fulfillment for awarding the degree of Bachelor of Electrical Engineering
(Control, Instrumentation and Automation)”
Signature : ………………………………………………
Supervisor’s Name : EN. KYAIRUL AZMI BIN BAHARIN
Date : 13 MAY 2009
ii
SOLAR POWERED ELECTRIC BOAT
NORAZLAN BIN ISHAK
This Report Is Submitted In Partial Fulfillment Of Requirements For
The Degree of Bachelor In Electrical Engineering
(Control, Instrumentation and Automation)
Fakulti Kejuruteraan Elektrik
Universiti Teknikal Malaysia Melaka
May 2009
iii
“I hereby declared that this report is a result of my own work except for the excerpts
that have been cited clearly in the references.”
Signature : ………………………………………………..
Student : NORAZLAN BIN ISHAK
Date : 13 MAY 2009
iv
To my beloved
Mother, Hjh Hasmah Binti Jahidin;
Brother, Nordin Bin Ishak
Brother, Norissham Bin Ishak
Sister, Norismaliza Binti Ishak
Sister, Norismawati Binti Ishak
Sister, Norismalaily Binti Ishak
Sister, Norismalina Binti Ishak
Sister, Norismalaila Binti Ishak
v
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
Alhamdulillah, praise to be Allah S.W.T for the guidance and blessing
bestowed upon me, for without it I would not have been able to come this far.
I would like to convey my thousands of appreciation upon University
Teknikal Malaysia Melaka especially to my faculty for giving me the chance to do
my Final Year Project II here. My deepest gratitude to Mr. Kyairul Azmi Bin
Baharin, who was my Supervisor for all the advice an assist toward the progress of
this project, understanding, well guidance and help though out this project. Without
his valuable suggestion and encouragement, this project would not have been
successful. My handful thanks to the staffs, of Universiti Teknikal Malaysia Melaka
(UTeM), for helping me in many ways. Thank you so much for your help and
cooperation during my Final Year Project II period.
A special thank to my beloved family especially my parent who encouraged
me in final year here and gives me lots of inspiration. Thank you so much for your
kind understanding and moral support given during this time being. Hopefully Allah
S.W.T blesses both of you. Not to forget, a warm gratitude to all my friends
especially Fahrulrazi, Khaldon and Amirul for their brilliant ideas and a lot of
encouragement, throughout the duration of this project.
Lastly, my heartfelt appreciation goes to all, who have directly or indirectly
helped me to make this project a success.
vi
ABSTRACT
This project is about the design and development of a solar boat that is
powered by an electric motor which gets its supply from photovoltaic (PV) panels
and utilizes solar energy. The PV panels must be mounted and installed on the boat
without compromising riding comfortability. This provides a cost-effective way for
leisure or moving around relatively short distances. To design the solar powered
electric boat, the system is using solar panel, rechargeable battery and electric motor.
A solar collector is connected to the rechargeable battery for collecting solar energy
and converting such energy to electrical power that is delivered to the rechargeable
battery for recharging thereof. A rechargeable battery is connected to an electric
motor for providing electrical power to drive the motor. Besides that, this solar boat
is developed to minimize and economize the electricity uses for its electric motor and
maximizes the usefulness of solar energy in our life without wasting it and then
extends the system for commercial market. For the conclusion, the solar powered
electric boat that obtains its supply from photovoltaic panels wills functional using
solar energy.
vii
ABSTRAK
Projek ini adalah bertujuan untuk menghasilkan dan merekabentuk sebuah
bot yang menggunakan kuasa solar bagi menggerakkan motor elektriknya. Bekalan
kuasa untuk menggerakkan motor elektrik diperolehi daripada photovoltaic (PV)
panel. Pemasangan panel PV pada bot dilakukan ditempat yang sesuai supaya ia
tidak mengganggu keselesaan penumpang bot. Untuk menghasilkan dan
merekabentuk sebuah bot yang menggunakan kuasa solar, ia memerlukan peralatan-
peralatan seperti panel solar, bateri yang boleh dicas dan motor elektrik. Panel solar
memerangkap tenaga cahaya dari matahari dan menukarkan tenaga tersebut kepada
tenaga elektrik seterusnya tenaga tersebut disimpan di dalam bateri. Bateri
disambungkan pada motor elektrik untuk membekalkan tenaga elektrik apabila
diperlukan bagi menggerakkan motor. Bot yang menggunakan kuasa solar ini
dihasilkan bertujuan untuk meminimumkan dan menjimatkan penggunaan tenaga
elektrik bagi menggerakkan motor elektriknya serta memaksimumkan penggunaan
tenaga solar dalam kehidupan harian kita. Ia juga bertujuan untuk memanfaatkan
tenaga solar dan memperkembangkan penggunaannya kepada pasaran yang lebih
meluas. Sebagai kesimpulannya, bot yang menggunakan kuasa solar ini dapat
direalisasikan dengan jayanya.
viii
TABLE OF CONTENTS
CHAPTER TOPIC PAGE
SUPERVISOR’S VERIFICATION i
TITLE ii
CONFESSION iii
DEDICATION iv
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT v
ABSTRACT vi-vii
CONTENTS viii-xi
LIST OF TABLES xii
LIST OF FIGURES xiii-xiv
I INTRODUCTION 1-6
1.1 Solar Powered Electric Boat Definiton 1
1.2 Problem Statement 2
1.3 Project Objectives 3
1.4 Scope of Project 3-5
1.5 Expected Results 5
1.6 Thesis Outline 5-6
ix
CHAPTER TOPIC PAGE
II LITERATURE REVIEW 7-29
2.1 Introduction 7
2.2 On-Board Sensors 7-8
2.3 IMS Mobile Station 9-10
2.3.1 SIF Main 10
2.3.2 SIF Battery 10-11
2.3.3 SIF Motor 11
2.3.4 SIF Cabin 11
2.3.5 Black Box 11-12
2.3.6 Autopilot 12-13
2.3.7 On-Board Computer and Display 13
2.3.8 CAN-Bus 14
2.4 Design Features 14-17
2.5 Details of the Boat Landing System 17-20
2.6 Theory of Solar Energy 21
2.7 Solar Energy 22
2.8 Sizing the System of Solar Electric Boat 22
2.9 Main Equipments 23-29
2.9.1 Boat 23
2.9.2 Solar Panel 23-25
2.9.3 DC Motor 25-26
2.9.4 Propeller 27
2.9.5 Rechargeable Battery 27-28
2.9.5.1 Battery Ampere/Hour Capacity 28-29
2.10 Summary 29
x
CHAPTER TOPIC PAGE
III METHODOLOGY 30-35
3.1 Introduction 30
3.2 Project Methodology 31
3.2.1 Explanation of Project Methodology 32-33
3.3 Project Planning Schedule 33-34
3.4 Summary 35
IV PROJECT DESIGN 36-53
4.1 Introduction 36
4.2 Circuit Design 36-37
4.2.1 Circuit Operation 37
4.3 Specification of Equipments 38-46
4.3.1 Remote Control Boat 38
4.3.2 DC Motor 39
4.3.3 Rechargeable Battery 40
4.3.2.1 Define Size of Battery 40-43
4.3.4 Solar Panel 44
4.3.5 Radio Controller with Antenna 45
4.3.6 Wall Battery Charger 46
4.4 Hardware Design 47-53
4.4.1 Overview of Solar Electric Boat Design 48-49
4.4.2 Overview of Solar Panel Base 50
4.4.3 Overview of Complete Project 51-53
xi
CHAPTER TOPIC PAGE
V ANALYSIS AND DISCUSSION 54-68
5.1 Introduction 54
5.2 Project Analysis 54-55
5.3 Analysis of Battery and Speed of Boat 56-68
5.3.1 Analysis for Battery Charge using Battery 56-61
Charger and Charge using Solar Panel
5.3.2 Analysis for Battery Charge using Battery 60-67
Charger (with motor run direct charge
from solar energy) and Charge using Solar
Panel (with motor run direct charge from
solar energy)
5.4 Problem Encountered 68
VI CONCLUSION AND SUGGESTION 69
6.1 Conclusion 69
6.2 Suggestion 69
VII REFERENCES 70-75
VIII APPENDICES 76-85
Appendix A: Research Solar Power Boat – Data 77-80
Management and Online Visualization
Appendix B: Technobots.co.uk 81-82
Robotics, Models and Technology
Supplies
Appendix C: The Solarserver 83-85
xii
LIST OF TABLES
NUM TITLE PAGE
2.1 Main Particulars of the Boat 17
2.2 BLS Pipe Section Details 18
2.3 Typical Ah Ratings for Some Common Batteries 29
3.1 Gantt chart of Project Planning 34
5.1 Analysis for Battery Charge using Battery Charger and Charge 56-57
using Solar Panel
5.2 Analysis for Battery Charge using Battery Charger (with 62-63
motor run direct charge from solar energy) and Charge using
Solar Panel (with motor run direct charge from solar energy)
xiii
LIST OF FIGURES
NUM TITLE PAGE
2.1 Block diagram of energy chain and additional Inputs to the IMS 8
2.2 Block diagram of on-board IMS 9
2.3 Battery voltage display 11
2.4 Block diagram of Black Box 12
2.5 Example of on-board computer display 13
2.6 General Arrangement plan of boat 15
2.7 Front and aft view of the boat 16
2.8 General View of a Boat Landing System 19
2.9 Position Details of the Energy Cells and Torque Rings 20
2.10 Solar Energy Illustration 21
2.11 Solar Panel Array 21
2.12 Boat Prototype 23
2.13 Solar Panel 24
2.14 DC Motor 25
2.15 Propeller 27
2.16 Rechargeable Battery 28
3.1 Project Flowchart 31
4.1 Block Diagram of Solar System Connection 37
4.2 Remote Control Boat 38
4.3 DC Motor 39
4.4 Rechargeable Battery 40
4.5 Daily Load Calculator 42
4.6 Solar Array Calculator 42
4.7 Battery Capacity Calculator 43
4.8 Solar Panel 44
4.9 Radio Controller 45
xiv
NUM TITLE PAGE
4.10 Battery Charger 46
4.11 Design of Project Prototype 48
4.12 Dimension of Project Prototype 49
4.13 Rear View of Solar Panel Base 50
4.14 Side View of Solar Panel Base 50
4.15 Side view of Project Prototype 51
4.16 Side view of Project Prototype 51
4.17 Rear View of Project Prototype 52
4.18 Rear View of Project Prototype 52
4.19 Front View of Project Prototype 53
5.1 Graph of Voltage versus Condition of Battery 58
5.2 Graph of Voltage versus Condition of Motor 59
5.3 Graph of Speed versus Running Motor 60
5.4 Graph of Time Period versus Running Motor 61
5.5 Graph of Voltage versus Condition of Battery 64
5.6 Graph of Voltage versus Condition of Motor 65
5.7 Graph of Speed versus Running Motor 66
5.8 Graph of Time Period versus Running Motor 67
1
CHAPTER I
INTRODUCTION
1.1 Solar Powered Electric Boat Definition
While most boats on the water today are powered by diesel engines, sail power
and gasoline engines, it is perfectly feasible to power boats by electricity too. Electric
boats were very popular from the 1880s until the 1920s, when the internal combustion
engine took dominance. Since the energy crises of the 1970s, interest in this quiet and
potentially renewable marine energy source has been increasing steadily again,
especially as solar cells became available, for the first time making possible motorboats
with an infinite range like sailboats. The first practical solar boat was probably
constructed in 1975 in England.
Solar electric boat is powered by an electric motor which gets its supply from
photovoltaic (PV) panels and utilizes solar energy. The photovoltaic panels mounted and
installed on the boat without compromising riding comfortability. This provides a cost-
effective way for leisure or moving around relatively short distances. To design the solar
powered electric boat, the system is using solar panel, converter, rechargeable battery
and electric motor. Solar electric boat can minimize and economical the electricity uses
for its electric motor. It is also can maximizes the usefulness of solar energy in our life
without wasting it and then extends the system for commercial market.
2
1.2 Problem Statement
This project is designed and developed because there are a lot of problem with
the ordinary boat that use electric power which gets its supply from the generator. For
example, the ordinary boat uses diesel fuel to run the generator of the boat, and then
supply electric power to run the electric motor. The increasing impact of fuel price in the
global market is one of the factors that motivate people now to try and find the use of
new alternative energy to substitute the usefulness of fuel. The solar electric boat is one
of the alternative energy that can possibly solve this problem. This solar electric motor
that is powered by an electric motor which gets its supply from photovoltaic (PV) panels
has economical fuel and electric uses added to its electric motor usefulness. So, to keep
this solar boat more popular and broaden its scope for commercial uses, the quality of
the solar boat must be increased.
As we know, the solar electric boat cannot be use at night because there is no
sunlight to produce energy. However, this problem can be solved by using rechargeable
batteries that can supply current to the electric motor of the solar boat at night. Besides
that, the solar electric boat also has an electric motor to move it’s easily and efficiently
on water. So, the selection of electric motor must be exact and applicable to the solar
electric boat. The aspects that must be stressed to choose an applicable electric motor are
the types of motor either AC motor or DC motor and the horsepower of motor to move
the solar electric boat. A lot of calculation must be done for the electric motor in order to
determine the required horsepower to support the weight, size and burden and then move
the solar boat easily and efficiently. Lastly, we must consider whether the use of either
generator or solar energy is more cost-effective for the boat.
3
1.3 Project Objectives
The main objective for this project is to design and develop a solar boat that is
powered by an electric motor which gets its supply from photovoltaic (PV) panels and
partially uses solar energy. Besides that, the objective is to develop a solar powered
electric boat that can minimize and economical the electricity uses for its electric motor
and maximizes the usefulness of solar energy in our life economically and efficiently,
and then extends the system for commercial market. Another objective is to study the
relationship between electric propulsion and solar energy and wiring connection
between solar panel, converter, rechargeable battery and electric motor in developing a
solar boat. The last objective is to study the characteristics of solar energy to produce
alternative renewable energy and make analysis about the appropriate method to use the
solar energy as an alternative source of energy.
1.4 Scope of Project
The scope of this project is to design and develop a solar boat that is powered by
an electric motor which gets its supply from photovoltaic (PV) panels and partially uses
solar energy. This project will focuses on how to design and develop circuit for solar
electric boat and how to choose the suitable motor for this project, which can improve
the speed of boat for more efficient to support the boat weight, size and burden and then
move the solar boat easily on water. The focuses of this project also is to design and
develop the hardware of boat for more safe and applicable to used on water. This solar
boat is proposed for recreation activities used. It is also applicable for one or two person.
Because of the high-cost to develop an actual size of ordinary boat, the size of
the boat will be scale-down to (1: 16). I will use the remote control boat as my main
equipment. The prototype dimensions of the boat is about length (0.81 meter) x width
(0.27 meter) x height (0.19 meter). The unladen weight about 1 kg (2.2 lbs) and the load
4
that can be support is about 1.5 kg (3.3 lbs). Below are the full characteristics and
specifications of the solar powered electric boat project:
Theory Specification
Actual size specification of solar electric boat:
Boat dimensions : 3.66 meter – 4.88 meter (12ft- 16ft)
Unladen weight : 27kg – 59kg (60 lbs – 130 lbs)
Load : 114kg – 273kg (250 lbs - 600 lbs)
Battery weight : 27kg – 55kg (60 lbs– 120 lbs)
Motor type : Trolling motor (outboard/submersible)
Motor horsepower : 373 W - 746 W
Speed : 0.45 m/s – 1.34 m/s
Range : 3 – 4 hours, depending on speed and current/wind
1. Essentially this type of craft is the one and two man powered boat.
2. Small enough to be carried to the water’s edge, but large and strong enough to
support a trolling motor, one 12 volt battery and the picnic hamper.
Calculation Specification
Scale-down size (Actual size : Project size) = (1: 16)
Scale-down size specification of solar electric boat prototype (1: 16):
Boat dimensions : 0.61 meter – 0.81 meter
Unladen weight : 1.7kg – 3.7kg
Load : 7.1kg – 17kg
Battery weight : 1.7kg – 3.4kg
Motor horsepower : 23.3 W – 46.6 W
Speed : 0.45 m/s – 1.34 m/s
Range : (11 minutes – 15 minutes), depending on speed and current/wind
5
Prototype specification of solar electric boat
Boat dimensions : Length (0.81 meter) x Width (0.27 meter) x Height (0.19 meter)
Unladen weight : 2.2 kg (With solar panel and solar panel base)
Load : 0.3 kg
Battery weight : 0.2 kg
Motor type : DC Motor (High speed 540 racing motor with cooling system)
Motor horsepower : 36 W
Speed : 0.56 m/s – 1.11 m/s
Range : (10 -12) minutes, depending on speed and current/wind
1.5 Expected Results
By the end of this project, the expected results that can be obtained are the solar
powered electric boat that is supply from photovoltaic panel will be function by using
solar energy. The wiring connection between solar panel, converter, rechargeable battery
and electric motor are functioning as we need. Then, the electric motor will support the
weight, size and burden of the solar electric boat. Besides that, the rechargeable battery
will supply current at night to the solar boat when there is no sunlight. The photovoltaic
panel is mounted and installed on the boat without compromising riding comfortability.
Lastly, the solar boat has a cost-effective way for leisure or moving around relatively
short distances.
1.6 Thesis Outline
This thesis is divided into 7 chapters. The first chapter is the introduction of the
project, followed by Chapter 2 for literature review. Chapter 3 will covers about the
methodology of project. Chapter 4 will describe about the project design, while Chapter
5 shows the analysis and discussion of project. Chapter 6 will cover the conclusion and
6
suggestion, while Chapter 7 will shows the references of project. Lastly is Chapter 8 that
will cover the appendices.
7
CHAPTER II
LITERATURE REVIEW
2.1 Introduction
This chapter will be stressed on the literature review of related system. The main
purpose of this chapter is to analyze, identify and make conclusion based on the
research. A literature review means a collecting related data, analyzed business process,
identify underlying patterns and create the conclusion. Another description of the
literature review is a systematic, explicit and reproducible method to identifying,
evaluating and synthesizing the existing body of completed and recorded work produced
by researcher, scholars and practitioners.
In order to develop a successful project, the current systems are identified. The
system of conventional electric boat, solar system and its connection have been
analyzed. Studies of these systems are significant to develop a valid, reliable and
efficient upgrade project. The Literature Review part acts as a mean to discover which
methodology should be chosen in developing this system.
2.2 On-Board Sensors
In the figure 2.1, all sensor connections to the on-board IMS are shown in
simplified view. The lower part represents the energy chain, starting from the left with
8
the photovoltaic cells (PV-Generator) as energy source. A DC-DC-Converter adjusts the
voltage of the cells, about 450 V, to the voltage of the battery pack, consisting of ten
conventional car batteries. The batteries function as energy storage medium. A special
photovoltaic cell gives reference values for irradiation and cell temperature. Energy user
is the asynchronous 3-phase motor with attached propeller. A DC-AC-Converter
provides the necessary adaptation of the battery voltage to the motor electronics [1].
Figure 2.1 shows a block diagram of energy chain and additional input to the IMS.
Figure 2.1: Block diagram of energy chain and additional Inputs to the IMS [1]
The upper part of Figure shows from the left the GSM antenna which provides
connection to the server at the institute via internet. To prevent misuse by cell phones,
only data transmission is allowed. GPS provides time and date as well as the location of
the boat, from which speed above ground, course and distance to destination is
extracted. Since the speed above ground is not very meaningful for moving water like
e.g. a river or in a condition of wind drift, speed above water is given by a sum log, a
speedometer typical in marine application. Water- and air-temperature sensors complete
the upper part [1].
9
2.3 IMS Mobile Station
Figure 2.2 shows the block diagram of the on-board IMS. It consists of Sensor
Interface Modules (SIFs), which function to convert the sensor information into CAN
protocol. Then, it consists of black box, which functions to store the actual data till it is
sent to the main store. Besides that, it consists of auto pilot, which function to provide
the connection to the internet respectively to the main server at the institute. Next, it also
consist an on-board computer which processes the data and provides visual information
via display. Lastly, it consist a CAN-Bus as communication medium within the IMS,
with a protocol adapted to the specific needs [1]. Figure 2.2 shows a block diagram of
on-board IMS.
Figure 2.2: Block diagram of on-board IMS [1]
All SIFs consist of three functions. The first function is to adjust the voltage of
the sensors to the input range of the analog-to-digital converter (ADC) of the
microcontroller. Then, the second function is to convert the analog sensor signal into
digital form. Lastly, the function is to send the data to the CAN-Bus with the appropriate
protocol. The SIFs differ only in function one. It would theoretically be possible to use