solar revolution
TRANSCRIPT
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Solar Revolution
Andrew MunroWaleed YousafEmilie Thomas
Travis BradfordThe MIT Press
Cambridge, Massachusetts
London England
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A new path on the horizon
Solar energy will inevitably become the most economic solution for most energy applications
There will be unprecedented growth in the solar-energy industry
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Economics of electricity Generation costs Distribution costs
US Electricity – 9 cents/kWh total 4.5 cents/kWh for generation 4.5 cents/kWh for distribution
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The times when energy demand is the highest coincides with those when the sun shines more brightly
Solar is suited to fill the need of intermediate-load demand
Solar power technology needs to become a competitive producer of intermediate-load electricity which represents 30 to 50 percent of the total electric demand
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Many grid-connected homes world wide (particularly in Japan and Germany) have already elected this option through grid connected PV systems.
Economic rational for making the switch to grid connected solar electricity will be reached in different markets with different applications at different times
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Other economic advantages of solar: Modularity and Simplicity
Install only as many panels as are needed Cells can be brought online in stages Serviced piece meal Low training costs Lack of moving parts High reliability Low maintenance, Long module life. (30+ years)
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The analysis used in this book does not include:Government interventionSignificant increases in oil costsTechnological breakthroughs
The shift to solar will happen in years rather than decades and will occur because of fundamental economics
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Overview of Modern Energy
Global energy production has grown by around 2 percent annually over the last 30 years
The united States is the largest energy user at 26 percent of total consumption, despite only having 4.6 percent of the worlds population
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To visualize the comparison between rich and poor nations, the average US citizen consumes over eight times the energy of a person in sub-Saharan Africa.
Electricity comprises only 18 percent of the final consumption, it requires 39 percent of the primary fuel supplied - losing some 65 percent of the energy content of its fuel during generation and transmission
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Solar Energy a Theoretically Elegant but Unrealistic Solution?
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The Dawn of Solar Energy
Grid-Connected market Growth Rate of over 50% per annum
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Modern Electric Utility Economics
Finite deposits of Oil and Natural Gas Coal the only Supplement fossil fuel
available Daytime Electricity, the most
expensive form of electricity for utilities to produce.
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Forecasting Future Energy Prices
US Department of Energy’s Energy Information Agency (EIA) predicts
2% per year increase till 2025
411 Quadrillion BTU in 2002 to 644 Quadrillion BTU in 2025
Natural Gas will supply the highest share while Nuclear will grow slowest
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EIA’s Assumptions in Projections
Oil, Natural Gas, Coal and Electricity will be roughly the same price in 2025 as they were in 2003. Oil – EIA predicts production increase
from 78.2 million barrels/day in 2002 to nearly 119 million
barrels/day in 2025
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Electricity Cost Comparisons
Cost per KWh generated – standard measure
Change in Industry’s fundamentals Utility adding generation capacity on the
customer’s side of the grid Consumers not requiring delivery through the
grid Cost per KWh generated + Transport Cost
= Cost per KWh as delivered to the end consumer
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Electricity Cost Comparisons (Cont.)
External Costs of the generating technologies Direct Costs of Pollution
Health Care, deaths, property damage etc. Other Environmental Damage Security Costs
Protecting fuel Supplies Protecting Nuclear facilities
Natural Gas 30%-90% Coal 55%-400%
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The Cost of Time
Base-Load Coal and Nuclear Power Plants Running over 7000 hours/year Shutting down only for maintenance
Natural Gas Plants Run for less than 1500 hours/year Run only at times of high demand
Compare the cost of energy with the load it replaces
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Solar Energy in the Real World
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What really drives adoption
COST Indirect Benefits
Reduced pollution Enhanced energy security Robust infrastructure that distributed
generation creates Marketing & Financial Benefits for
companies Relevant Information
PREMIUM
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Built-In PV
Zero-energy homes / buildings On site electricity generation
Integrated in new construction 1/3 of the retrofitting cost
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Developing World
Population without any electricity access Latin Am., Caribbean, East Asia: 10% South Asia: 61% Sub-Sahara Africa: 78%
Developing World: 1/3 (1.6b)
“All economic growth depends on safe, secure, reliable access to electricity”
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Models for the Developing World
PV is becoming one of the most popular methods Village Solarization Home Solarization
Micro-Credit
Installation jobs (25-35% of the cost)
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A level playing field?
Worldwide, Fossil-fuel and Nuclear Energy receive
direct subsidies totalling $131 billion every year
Less than $5 billion combined on renewable energy subsidies
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Tools For Adoption & Acceleration
Create Incentives Feed-in tariffs Net metering Rebates Consumer tax deductions Production Tax credits
Penalizing extractive and pollutiing fossil-fuel energy
Invest in R&D
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Policies around the World: Japan
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Policies around the World : US
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Policies around the World : Europe
Feed-in tariffs mostly 1st instituted in Denmark Very successful in Germany
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Convergence of economics
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Development phases
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Solar Revolution
Q & A…