solar system exploration and research on icy moons at the...
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Solar system exploration and research on icy moons
at the German Aerospace Center
Oliver FunkeDLR - German Aerospace Center
Space Administration | Navigation
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Germany’s national aeronautics
and space research centre
aeronautics
space
energy
transport
security
DLR Space Administration (Bonn):
planning and implementation
of the German space programme
representation of Germany‘s
interests at ESA
research funding agency
Federal Ministry of Economic Affairs
and Energy
Sketch of DLR and given constraints
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R&D
Sp
ace
Ad
min
istr
ati
on
DLR
BMWi
Funding of DLR R&D
not allowed !
DLR Space AdministrationDept. of Navigation: Overview
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1. GNSS applications and new services (RTK receiver, RAIM technologies)
2. Space segment and payload (Galileo next generation technologies)
3. Innovative new technologies for navigation:
autonomous navigation (AI), sensor fusion, …
development of key technologies for navigation
required for future space missions:
inititation of projects (also on basis of own ideas)
at least 60% navigation context
up to 40% other required aspects
(e.g. adequate technology carrier, …)
generation of terrestrial spin off applications
DLR Space AdministrationDept. of Navigation: Programme lines
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Jupiter‘s and Saturn‘s Icy Moons
• Jupiter‘s moon Europa:
global water ocean beneath thick
(up to several 10 km) layer of ice
• Technical challenge:
How to access and explore the ocean?
First approach suggestion by
Zimmerman et al. (NASA/JPL):
Cryobot: An Ice Penetrating Robotic
Vehicle for Mars and EuropaPublished in: Aerospace Conference, 2001, IEEE
Proceedings. (Volume:1)
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Artists impression of Europa‘s ocean.
Credit: NASA/JPL-Caltech
Cryobot and Hydrobot
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Artists impression of cryobot and hydrobot in Europa exploration scenario.
Credit: NASA/JPL
Prototype of the Cryobot
Credit: NASA/JPL
Two category IV future missions:
EurEx and EnEx
Feasibility analysis and first developments
initiated and funded by DLR Space Administration
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EurEx – Europa ExplorerInitial project phase 2012 - 2015
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Early stage EurEx mission concept.
Credit: DFKI
Legend to image on the right:
0 Melting Probe (MP) IceShuttle „Teredo“
1 Autonomous Underwater Vehicle (AUV) „Leng“
2 decend of AUV
3 acoustic navigation concept and exploration phase
of sea ground
4 ascending phase of AUV, returning to Teredo base
5 data communication to Teredo
GPHS RTG within surface lander,
energy to Teredo is transmitted
by cable connection
EurEx Status after initial phase
first prototypes of
Teredo and Leng
docking mechanism
acoustic navigation with
Microgliders
advances in autonomy
first mission analysis and
visualization by simulation tool
appropriate landing sites discussed
follow up phase „EurEx Phase 2“ planned:
further steps in navigation + autonomy
miniaturization of AUV and MP
proof of concept in Arctic field test
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Credit: DFKI
EurExLanding sites
Thera Macula:
supposed subglacial lake on EuropaIvanov, M.; et al., Landforms of Europa and selection of landing sites,
Advances in Space Research: 661-677, 2011
Direct access to Europa‘s ocean not
envisaged due to technical limitations:
power supply transmittance
refreezing melting hole
cable connection got to be
implemented into MP strong
limitation for cable length!
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Thera Macula
Credit: NASA
Cassini at Enceladus
2005: discovery of active cryovolcanism !
Ice particles blown into space several 100 km
Passing through ejected ice particles revealed
presence of organic compounds within!
Ice fountains originate from subglacial ocean
Thickness of surface ice crust up to 35 km
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Saturn‘s moon Enceladus.
Credit: NASA/JPL/Space Science
Institute
Artists impression of Enceladus‘ ocean.
Credit: NASA/JPL-Caltech
EnEx – Enceladus ExplorerInitial project phase 2012 - 2015
Basic idea: sampling of upwelling water
in a cryovolcano feeding crevasse at a
depth of 100 to 200 m
Project tasks:
utilisation of a melting probe with
fully 3D maneuverability the
IceMole of FH Aachen
development of
3D navigation
in-situ decontamination
sampling ability
preliminary first mission design
field test validation in
terrestrial “Enceladus-similar”
environment
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First prototype of the IceMole
Credit: FH Aachen
The Joint Project EnEx
Feb 2012 – Mar 2015
Partners:
• FH Aachen
• Universität der Bundeswehr München
• TU Braunschweig
• Universität Bremen
• RWTH Aachen
• Bergische Universität Wuppertal
Associated collaboration with MIDGE project (J. Mikucki, S. Tulaczyk):
Minimally Invasive Direct Glacial Exploration (NSF funded)
Successive field tests at Swiss Alps, 2013 first test on Canada glacier, Antarctica
Final field test in Antarctica Nov/Dec 2014
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The EnEx-IceMole
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Blood Falls, AntarcticaA terrestrial Enceladus like Scenario
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Credit: NSF
Concept of Field TestBlood Falls at Taylor glacier, Antarctica
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Dachwald et al. in Annals of Glaciology 2014 (modified slightly by Funke)
Clean SamplingPreparation of EnEx-IceMole in Lab before shipping to Antarctica
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Photos courtesy of Ilya Digel, FH Aachen/Jülich
Green light for Blood Falls field test
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S U C C E S SFirst ever extraction of samples from Blood Falls
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Photos courtesy of EnEx field test team, FH / RWTH Aachen
Technical Conclusions and Continuation
EnEx-IceMole prooved basic mission
concept
Localization and navigation capability
successfully demonstrated
In-situ decontamination successful in
terrestrial field test
Continuance phase started in 2015 with
variety of single projects
Focus on
full autonomy of probe
enhanced sensor ranges
high level computer simulation
HW tests in vacuum
miniaturization of EnEx-IceMole
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Photo courtesy of EnEx field test team, FH / RWTH Aachen
The „EnEx – Enceladus Explorer Initiative“
• Coordination and funding of the individual
projects by DLR Space Administration
• Close internal collaboration across
departments:
Navigation
Microgravity Research and Life Sciences
Human Spaceflight, ISS and Exploration
General Technologies and Robotics
www.dlr.de/rd/EnEx
Purpose:
Demonstrate technical feasibility and propose
EnEx and/or EurEx like missions to ESA
(time horizon for mission at target: 204x)
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EurEx is part of the
EnEx Initiative
PPOSS relevant results and open questionsLessons learnt (+ positive / – negative)
(+) Project results indicate that collection of englacial samples for
microbiological analysis is feasible with melting probes.
(+) Successful retrieval of uncontaminated subglacial samples will provide an
important example for the clean exploration of icy environments on Earth and
their potential for the use of this technology for future icy body exploration
missions.
(-) The method of recovering microorganisms from different solid surfaces is
critical for reliability and objectivity of sampling and microbiological risk
assessment. Today, sampling by cotton or rayon swabs is undeservedly
considered the “gold standard”. In our study, traditional swab-based methods
were found to be inaccurate, time consuming and prone to significant
variations due to uncontrollable contribution from multiple factors, including (a)
operator qualification; (b) sampling room conditions; (c) swab material; (d)
microorganism’s type and (e) surface roughness. There is a necessity in
development of alternative sampling methods, corresponding fulfilling to the
current requirements to efficacy, accuracy and reproducibility.
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(-) Even in the absence of viable microorganisms after microbiological
disinfection was done, some of their biochemical components persistently
remain on the treated surfaces. In particular, lipopolysaccharides (LPS)
represent an extremely problematic component of the remaining bioload.
Can the EnEx concept be expanded for implementation of GPHS-RTG power
supply unit into EnEx-IceMole?
Can be considered to implement GPHS-RTG into EurEx-AUV?
If so, safety requirements and other constraints have to be defined and
evaluated
PPOSS relevant results and open questionsLessons learnt (+ positive / – negative)
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