1 fkdñf,a fnod yeÍu ms‚i h

wm Ôj;a jk f,dalh 01

i;a;aj yd Ydl úfYaIj,g ys;lr jdhqf.da,hla we;s tl u .%yf,dalhmDÓúh hs' th iajNdj O¾ufha wmqre ks¾udKhla f,i ye¢kaúh yels h¡mDÓúh ;u wlaIh jgd .uka lr iQ¾hhd jgd o .uka lrhs' mDÓúhg ;uwlaIh jgd jrla lerlSug meh 23hs úkdä 56l ld,hla .; fõ' th mDÓúN%uKh f,i ye¢kafõ ^1'1 rEmh&' mDÓúh iQ¾hhd jgd hk .uk mßN%uKhhs ^1'2 rEmh&' ta i|yd Èk 365l=;a meh 6la .; fõ'

fuu mdvfuka mDÓúfha yevh" wlaIdxY yd foaYdxY .ek o tajd wmgjeo.;a jk wdldrh fuka u f,dalfha id.r yd uydoaùm ms<sn| j ye±Íug oTng wjia:dj ,efnkq we;¡

1'2 rEmh (- mDÓú mßN%uKh

cqks 21

iema;eïn¾ 23

foieïn¾ 22

ud¾;= 21

1'1 rEmh (mDÓú N%uKh

2 fkdñf,a fnod yeÍu ms‚i h

wm jdih lrk mDÓúh .ek we;eï lreKq mq;d,d okakjd' wms womDÓúfha yevh .ek lreKq bf.k .kakhs hkafka'

.=re;=ñh

mDÓúfha yevhmDÓúfha yevhmDÓúfha yevhmDÓúfha yevhmDÓúfha yevh

mDÓú wdo¾Y f.da,h /f.k mx;s ldurhg meñKs .=re;=ñh mDÓúfhayevh ms<sn| mdvu wdrïN lsÍu i|yd isiqka iu. idlÉPdjl ksr; jQjd h¡

mx;sfha isiqka lKavdhï lSmhlg fn¥ .=re;=ñh mDÓúfha yevh ms<sn|f;dr;=re we;=<;a m;s%ld lSmhla fnod § tajd lKavdhï w;r yqjudre lr.ksñka lshùug;a idlÉPd lsÍug;a ie,eiajQjd h' tfia fnod fok ,o m;s%ldj,i|yka f;dr;=re my; ±lafõ'

rEmh' 1'3 ( - mDÓúfha pkaøsld PdhdrEmhla

w;S;fha § ñksiqka mDÓúh me;,sjia;=jla f,i y÷kd f.k ;sìKs' tfy;awo mDÓúfha yevh f.da,dldr nj ksYaÑ;j u y÷kd f.k we; ^1'3 rEmh&'

wyiahdkhl fyda Wia lkaol isgn,k úg laIs;sch jl% yevfhkafmfka' tu ksid mDÓúh f.da,dldr njlsj yels h ^1'3 rEmh&'

uqyqÈka" f.dvìñka yd .=jkska mDÓúh jgd .uka lsÍug yelsù ;sfnkafka o mDÓúh f.da,dldr neúkss¡ 1'4 rEmhg wkqj .=jka hdkhlskaf,dj jgd hdug fld<ôka msg;a jqjfyd;a fgdalsfhda" f,dia wekac,sia"ksõfhdala" ,kavka yryd kej; fld<Ug <Õd úh yels h' thska meyeÈ,sjkafka mDÓúh f.da,dldr nj hs ^1'4 rEmh&'

wNHjldYfha isg .kakd ,o mDÓúfha cdhdrEm yd pkaøsld PdhdrEmj,mDÓúh f.da,dldr yevfhka hqla; ùu ksid o mDÓúh f.da,dldr nj lsj yelsh ^1'3 rEmh&'

3 fkdñf,a fnod yeÍu ms‚i h

1'5 rEmh ( mDÓú N%uKh yd ysre Wodj

iQ¾hhd

mDÓúh

fgdalsfhda

f,diawekac,sia

ksõfhda¾la

,kavka

1'4 rEmh ( f,dj jgd .sh .ukau.

fld<U

fmrÈ. rgj, ck;djg wmrÈ. rgj, isák ck;djg jvd l,skaysre Wodùu isÿ fõ' mDÓúh me;,s kï f,dfõ ish¨ ck;djg ysre WÞj ydysre neiSu tl u wjia:djl ±l .; yels jkq we;' tfy;a mDÓúh f.da,dldrksid th tfia isÿ fkdfõ ^1'5 rEmh&'

pkaø.%yKhl oS pkaøhd u; olakg ,efnkafka mDÓúfha fijKe,a, hs'fuys § o th jl%dldr j jefgk neúka mDÓúh f.da,dldr nj meyeÈ,s fõ^1'6 rEmh&'

¥,d mq;d,d ish¨ u m;s%ld lsfhõjd fkao@ tfykï ±ka ug lshkakmDÓúfha yevh fldhs jf.a o lsh,d'

.=re;=ñh 1'6 rEmh ( - pkaø .%yKhl § mDÓúfha fijke,a, jefgk wdldrh

iQ¾hhd mD:súh

4 fkdñf,a fnod yeÍu ms‚i h

idrx.

àp¾" fï yeu m;s%ldjl u ;sfhkafka mDÓúh f.da,dldrhs lsh,d'tfyu kï mDÓúh fnda,hla jf.a o@

.=re;=ñh

mq;d fyd| m%Yakhla weyqfõ' mDÓúh f.da,dldr nj fï ish¨ um;s%ldj, we;=<;a f;dr;=rej,ska meyeÈ,s fjkjd' tfy;a mDÓúh .Ks;uhf.da,hla fkdfjhs'

l,ska úia;r l< f;dr;=re wkqj mDÓúh f.da,dldr f,i mejiqj;a th.Ks;uh f.da,hla fkdfõ' thg fya;=j mDÓú f.da,fha iul mrsêh O%ejmrsêhg jvd úYd, ùu hs' 1'7 rEm igykska th jvd;a meyeÈ,s fõ' mDÓúfhaiul úIalïNh 12757km ls¡ mDÓúfha O%ejl úIalïNh 12714km ls' fï wkqjmDÓúfha O%ejl yd iul úIalïNhka w;r 43km l fjkila olakg we;s njfmfka' 1'7 rEmfha .‚;uh f.da,h lv bß u.ska fmkajd § we;s w;r ;oj¾Kfhka olajd we;af;a mDÓúfha yevh hs'

fï f;dr;=re wkqj mDÓúh .‚;uh f.da,hla fkdjk nj Tng jvd;ameyeÈ,s jkq we; ^1'7 rEmh&'

.=re;=ñh

±ka fï wdo¾Y f.da,h fyd¢kaksÍlaIKh lrkak' ^1'8 rEmh&f.da,dldr jQ mDÓúfha wlaIdxY ydfoaYdxY msysgd we;s wdldrh .ek 6jk fYa%‚fhaÈ;a mq;d,d bf.k .;a;dfkao@ wlaIdxY .ek liqka okakf;dr;=re lshkak n,kak'

wlaIdxY yd foaYdxY

rEmh 1'7- ( mDÓúfha O%ejl yd iul úIalïNh

.‚;uh f.da,h

mDÓúh

1271

4 km

12757 km

5 fkdñf,a fnod yeÍu ms‚i h

1'8 rEmh ( - wdo¾Y f.da,h

wlaIdxY lshkafk mDÓú wdo¾Yf.da,fha ngysr isg kef.kysrg we|we;s uk#l,ams; f¾Ld iuQyhla'wdo¾Y f.da,fha yß ueÈka ;sria jmsysgd we;s m%Odk wlaIdxY f¾Ldjiulh f,i y÷kajkjd' tys jákdlu00hs' iulfhka mDÓú f.da,h W;=reyd ol=Kq w¾O f.da, jYfhka fjkal< yels hs' iulhg W;=ßka msysá f¾LdW;=re wlaIdxY f,i;a ol=‚ka msysáf¾Ld ol=Kq wlaIdxY f,i;a y÷kajkjd'

liqka

fndfydu fyd|hs mq;d" wlaIdxY .ek liqkA lshmq f;dr;=rej,g wu;rj ;j;a f;dr;=re álla uu lsh,d fokakï'

.=re;=ñh

1'9 yd 1'10 rEm foi n,kak'iulhg wxYl 230 ½ la W;=ßka msysáf¾Ldj l¾lgl ksj¾;kh f,iye¢kafõ' iulhg wxYl 230 ½laol=Kska we;s f¾Ldj ulr ksj¾;khhs' W;=re wlaIdxY 660 ½ wdlaálajD;a;h f,i;a ol=Kq wlaIdxY660 ½ wekagdlaála jD;a;h f,i;aye¢kafõ' W;=re wlaIdxY 900

W;a;rO%ejh f,i;a ol=Kq wlaIdxY900 olaIsKO%ejh f,i;a y÷kajkq,efí' iulfha isg W;a;r O%ejhfoig yd olaIsK O%ejh foig h;a uwlaIdxY f¾Ld l%ufhka flá ùO%ejhka ,laIHhka njg m;a fõ'^1'9 rEmh" 1'10 rEmh&'

1'9 rEmh ( - m%Odk wlaIdxY

230 ½ W'w

660 ½ W'w

230 ½o'w

660 ½ o'w

W;a;r O%ejh

olaIsK O%ejh

00

l¾lgl ksj¾;kh

iulh

jD;a;h

ulr ksj¾;kh

wekagdlaála jD;a;h

900

900

wdlaála

6 fkdñf,a fnod yeÍu ms‚i h

.=re;=ñh

foaYdxY .ek;a mq;d,d okakjd'wo wms ;j ÿrg;a foaYdxY .ekf;dr;=re bf.k .ksuq' kdu,a" fïf;dr;=re m;s%ldj lshjkak'

1'10 rEmh ( - wdo¾Y f.da,hl m%Odk wlaIdxY

foaYdxY

W;=re yd ol=Kq O%ej hd lrñkawe| we;s uk#l,ams; f¾Ld foaYdxYf,i ye¢kafõ' fïjd uOHyak f¾Ldf,i o yÿkajkq ,nhs' ì%;dkHfha .%sksÉ

1'11 rEmh ( - wdo¾Y f.da,hl foaYdxY f¾Ld

00 400

800

1800

1200

400

800

1200

ngysr kef.kysr

1'12 rEmh ( - wlaIdxY yd foaYdxY

k.rh yryd jeà we;s wxYl 00 f¾Ldj" uOHfoaYdxYh hs ^1'11 rEmh&' thmokï lr .ksñka .%sksÉ f¾Ldfjka ngysr we;s f¾Ld ngysr foaYdxY f,i;a.%sksÉ f¾Ldfjka kef.kysr we;s f¾Ld kef.kysr foaYdxY f,i;a kï flf¾'foaYdxY 180Ÿ ngysr yd kef.kysr hk fome;a;g u fmdÿ jk w;r ta weiqßkaiïu; Èk f¾Ldj ,l=Kq lr ;sfí'

wdo¾Y f.da,h jgd foaYdxY 3600la olakg ,efí' ̂ 1'12 rEmh&' fuu foaYdxYmokï lr f.k ia:dkSh fõ,dj .Kkh l< yels h'

900

600W

300W

00

300o

W;a;r O%ejh

7 fkdñf,a fnod yeÍu ms‚i h

ls%hdldrlï

1' 15cm l muK úIalïNhlska hq;a ma,diaála fnda,hla f.k by; oelajQ wlaIdxY r;= j¾Kfhka we| kï lrkak'

2' ßðf*daï lene,a,la f.k tu ßðf*daï lene,a, u; me;,s ;,hl we`owe;s f,dal is;shula w,jd .kak'

3' tu is;shfuys iulh" l¾lgl yd ulr ksj¾;k" wdlaála " wekagdlaálajD;a;" W;=re yd ol=Kq wlaIdxY 900" we| .kak' ^fï ish¨ f¾Ld me;,sis;shul § iulhg iudk fõ'&

4' w,afmfk;s lSsmhla .kak' tu w,afmfk;s uOH foaYdxYlfha isg wxYl20 ka 20 g isák fia W;=re yd ol=Kq wlaIdxY 900 u; msysgqjkak' kq,afnda,hla f.k tu w,afmfk;s W;=re yd ol=Kq f,i hd lrñka kq,a.eg .ikak' tf,i W;=rg yd ol=Kg úys§ hk kQ,a wdo¾Y f.da,fhafoaYdxYj,g iudk jk whqre jgyd .kak'

Y%S ,xldj" ol=Kq weursldj" ´iafÜ%,shdj" ì%;dkHh hk rgj,msysàu wlaIdxY yd foaYdxY u`.ska fidhd igyka lrkak'

isiq .fõIK

oeka Tn mDÓúfha yevh .ek;a wlaIdxY yd foaYdxY .ek;a okakjd' fïwlaIdxY yd foaYdxY" rgj,aj, msysàu .ek fidhd .kak Woõ fjkjd' B<Õgwms f,dalfha úúO rgj,a msysá uydoaùm yd id.r .ek fidhd n,uq'

uydoaùm yd id.r

mdÓúfha f.dvìï jYfhka uydoaùm y;la yd c,dY f,i id.r mylay÷kd f.k we;' fïjd úYd,;ajh yd yevh wkqj o úIu;dj wkqj o úúO fõ^1'1 is;shu&' úYd, f.dvìï m%foaYhla uydoaúmhla f,i y÷kajkq ,efí'

8 fkdñf,a fnod yeÍu ms‚i h

.=re;=ñh

,is;a" lshkak n,kak f,dalfha uydoaùmj, kï

uydoaùm yd id.r we;=<;a is;shu mx;s ldurfhys m%o¾Ykh l< .=re;=ñh"f,dalfha we;s uydoaùm yd id.r ms<sn| isiqkaf.ka úuiqjd h ^1'1is;shu&'

,is;a

wdishd uydoaùmh" wms%ld uydoaùmh" W;=re weußld uydoaùmh" ol=Kqweußld uydoaùmh" ´iafÜ%,shd uydoaùmh" hqfrdamd uydoaùmh" wekagdlaálduydoaùmh'

.=re;=ñh

fndfydu fyd|hs" uu mq;d,g lsõjfka uydoaùm .ek f;dr;=re fidhdf.k tkak lsh,d' wdishd uydoaùmh .ek f;dr;=re lshkafka ljq o@

wdlaála ̂ W;a;r& id.rh

1'1 is;shu ( - f,dalfha uydoaùm yd id.r

meis*sla id.rh

bkaÈhka id.rh

meis*sla id.rhw;a,dka;sla

id.rh

wekagdlaálduydoaùmh

wm%sld uydoaùmh

W;=re weußldj

ol=Kq weußldj

hqfrdamh

´iafÜ%,shdj

wdishdj

wekagdlaála ̂ olaIsK& id.rh

W

9 fkdñf,a fnod yeÍu ms‚i h

wur

àp¾" uu lshkakï wdishd uydoaùmh .ek f;dr;=re álla' is;shuwkqj f,dalfha úYd,;u uydoaùmh wdishd uydoaùmh hs' Ökh" bkaÈhdj"cmdkh" YS% ,xldj jeks rgj,a .Kkdjla wdishd uydoaùmhg wh;a fjkjd'.x.d rdYshl=;a olakg ,efnkjd' ysud,h l÷ jeáh msysgd ;sfhkafk;awdishd uydoaùmfha' ^1'2 is;shu&

1'2 is;shu ( - wdishd uydoaùmh

wdishd uydoaùmh

W

10 fkdñf,a fnod yeÍu ms‚i h

fyd|hs wur" is;shu n,d f.k wms ;j f;dr;=re álla bf.k .ksuq'is;shfï ÿUqre meyefhka olaj,d ;sfhkafk l÷ jeá' ysud,h" yskaÿl+Ia"áfhkaIdka" uydlska.ka" w,a;dhs" ngysr >dÜia jeks l÷ jeá lSmhla wdishdkquydoaùmfha msysg,d ;sfhkjd' 8848km la Wia jQ f,dalfha Wi u l÷ uqÿkjYfhka ie,flk tjriaÜ uqÿk msysg,d ;sfhkafk;a wdishdfõ' ta jf.a uks,a meyefhka olaj,d ;sfhkafk .x.d' isxÿ .Õ" .x.dkï .Õ" brjä"hekaislshex" fydjexfyda tA w;ßka lSmhla' f,dj jeä u ck ixLHdjlajdih lrkafk fï uydoaùmh ;=< nj mq;d,d wy,d we;s'

.=re;=ñh

wms%ld uydoaùmh;ud úiska wms%ld uydoaùmh ms<sn| j fidhd .;a lreKq bÈßm;a lsÍug fkd

bjis,af,ka n,d isá ñysß tu lreKq f.k yer ±laùug .=re;=ñhf.ka wjirme;=jd h' ta wkqj bÈßm;a l< lreKq lSsmhla my; ±lafõ'

f,dalfha fojk úYd,;u uydoaùmh jkafka wm%sldj hs' f,dalfha È.u .Õ jQ khs,a .Õ msysg,d ;sfhkafka wms%ldfõ' úlafgdaßhd" gex.ksldjeks ú,a rdYshla olakg ,efnkjd' úYd, ldka;drhla jQ iyrd ldka;drh;a;sfhkafka wms%ldfõ' fldxf.da jkdka;rh ;sfhkafk;a wms%ldfõ nj wfmawhshd lsõjd'

ñysß

ls%hdldrlu wdishd uydoaùmfha is;shula msgm;a lr f.k tys msysá rgj,a mylaa

^bkaÈhdj" Ökh" cmdkh" ;dhs,ka;h" úhÜkduh& l÷jeá myla" ^ysud,h"l=kaÆka" w,a;dhs" iqf,hsuka" ngysr >dÜia l÷& .x.d myla ^.x.dkï .Õ"fydjexfyda" isxÿ" ´î" fhksis hk .x.d& idkq folla ^áfnÜ" mdó¾& ,l=Kqlr kï lrkak'

fndfydu fyd|hs" wms%ld uydoaùmh .ek ;j f;dr;=re álla wms fidhdn,uq' wm%sldj ;uhs f,dalfha fojk úYd,;u uydoaùmh' mq;d, n,kakfï is;shu ^1'3 is;shu&' wms%ld uydoaùmfha W;=re fldgfia úYd, m%foaYhliyrd ldka;drh úysÈ,d ;sfhkjd' ol=Kska l,ydß ldka;drh ;sfhkjd' tajf.a u khs,a .x.dj u`.ska úYd, m%foaYhla fmdaIKh fjkjd' weÜ,ia"v%elkaian¾.a jf.a l÷lr ìï msysg,d ;sfhkjd'

.=re;=ñh

11 fkdñf,a fnod yeÍu ms‚i h

1'3 is;shu ( - wms%ld uydoaùmh

1'4 is;shu (wms%ld uydoaùmh

W

W

400

12 fkdñf,a fnod yeÍu ms‚i h

ls%hdldrlï1' wms%ld uydoaùmfha

wlaIdxY yd foaYdxYme;sÍu olajkak'

2' wms%ld uydoaùmfha is;shumsgm;a lr f.k ̂ 1'4 is;shu&ulr ksj¾;kh"l¾lgl ksj¾;kh" .s%ksÉf¾Ldj ksjerÈ j ,l=Kqfldg kï lrkak'

3' is;shfï we| olajd we;s.x.d ks,a meyefhkafiahd fldg kï lrkak'

4' is;shfï we;s ú,a follaks,a meyefhka fiahdlrkak'

1'13 rEmh ( - wms%ld - uydoaùmh

isiq .fõIK1' wm%sld uydoaùmhg wod< j 1'13 rEmfha ±lafjk i;=ka y`ÿkd

f.k kï lrkak'

2' 1'13 rEmh wdo¾Yhg f.k YS% ,xldfõ i;=ka ms<sn| wdo¾Ykhla ilialrkak'

W;=re weußld uydoaùmh

àp¾" W;=re weußld uydoaùmh .ek f;dr;=re uu lshkakï' W;=reweußld uydoaùmh úYd, m%foaYhl me;sr ;sfhkjd' lekvdj" weußldtlai;a ckmoh" fulaissfldaj tys msysá m%Odk rgj,a' ngysr foiska frdlSl÷ jeáh;a" kef.kysßka wemf,aÑhka l÷ jeáh;a olakg ,efnkjd'ñisisms" Ydka;f,darkaia" fld<rdfvda jeks .x.d oelsh yels hs' W;=reweußldfõ ú,a myla tlg iïnkaO j msysg,d ;sfhkjd' wfma wlaldlsõjd tAjd mxp uyd ú,a lsh,d y÷kajk nj'

iyka

W

13 fkdñf,a fnod yeÍu ms‚i h

1'5 is;shu - W;=re weußldj

W

n'1200 n'1000 n'800

W'600

W'400

W'200

20

30

40

50

60

W

14 fkdñf,a fnod yeÍu ms‚i h

fndfydu fyd|hs" mq;d,d ±ka is;shï fmdf;a W;=re weußldj ;sfhkmsgqj fmr< f.k ksõfhdala" fjdIsxgka" f,diawekac,sia" fndiagka" isheg,ahk k.r" wemf,aÑhka l÷ jeáh" frdlS l÷ jeáh" ñisisms" Ydka; f,darkaia"fld<rdfvda hk .x.d iy iqmSsßh¾" ñÑ.ka" yhqrka" BÍ" Tkagdßfhda hkú,a ;sfhk ;eka fidhkak'

.=re;=ñh'

ls%hdldrluW;=re weußld uydoaùmfha is;shula msgm;a lr f.k Tn úiska fidhd

.kakd ,o l`ÿ jeá" .x.d" ú,a yd k.r ,l=Kq lr kï lrkak'

isiq .fõIK

W;=re weußld uydoaùmfha wlaIdxY foaYdxY me;sÍu fidhd igyka lrkak'

ol=Kq weußld uydoaùmh

mq;d,d fï is;shu n,kak

ol=Kq weußld uydoaùmh;a W;=re weußldj jf.a úYd, m%foaYhl me;sÍ;sfhkjd' ngysr udhsu Èf.a ÿUqre mdáka fiahd lr,d ;sfhk l÷jeáhy÷kajkafka wka§ia l÷jeáh lsh,d' kef.kysßka n%iS,shdkq Wiaìï'

m%Odk .x.dj jQ weuika .x.dj úYd, m%foaYhl úysÈ,d ;sfhkjd' tawjg we;s úYd, jkdka;rh weuika jkdka;rh lsh,d y÷kajkjd' wgldud"megf.dakshd ol=Kq weußldfõ m%Odk ldka;dr m%foaY hs ^1'6 is;shu&'

ls%hdldrlï 1 fuys olajd we;s ol=Kq weußld uydoaùmfha 1'7 is;shu msgm;a lr f.k

A,B,C,D,E, hk rgj,a kï lrkak' fï i|yd is;shï fmd;la Wmfhda.lr .kak'

2' tu rgj,a úúO j¾Kj,ska fiahd lrkak'

3' weuika .Õ ks,a mdáka we| olajkak'

4' wka§ia l÷ jeáh ÿUqre mdáka we| olajkak'

ol=Kq weußld uydoaùmfha is;shula mx;s ldurfhys m%o¾Ykh l<

.=re uy;añh"

15 fkdñf,a fnod yeÍu ms‚i h

isiq .fõIKW;=re weußld uydoaùmfha yd ol=Kq weußld uydoaùmfha meyeÈ,s j

y`ÿkd .; yels iudk yd wiudk ,laIK fidhd yel=¿ï m;la ks¾udKhlrkak' tu uydoaùmj, wlaIdxY yd foaYdxY me;sÍu" l`ÿjeáj, msysàu"ldka;drj, msysàu jeks lreKq ms<sn| j fuys § wjOdkh fhduq lrkak'

W

W

16 fkdñf,a fnod yeÍu ms‚i h

n ke ke ke

W

W

W

hqfrdamd uydoaùmh .=re;=ñh

¥,d mq;d,d wfkla uydoaùm .ek úia;r fidhd .;a wdldrhg u is;shïfmd; n,d f.k hqfrdamd uydoaùmh .ek;a f;dr;=re fidhkak' is;shï fmd;wdOdr lr f.k hqfrdamd uydoaùmh msgm;a lr .kak' tu is;shfï my;i|yka foa ,l=Kq lrkak'

meßia " ,kavka" frdauh" we;ekaiahk k.r msysgd we;s ia:dkj,

r;= mdáka ;s;a ;nkak

uOHOrKS uqyqoks,a mdáka fiahd

lrkak

msrkSia" we,amaia"ldfma;shka hk l÷ jeá,l=Kq lr kï lrkak

.s%ksÉ f¾Ldj,l=Kq lrkak

rhska" f;aïia" vekshqí .x.d ks,ameyefhka we| kï lrkak

wdlaála jD;a;h ,l=Kqlrkak

c¾uksh " m%xYh" b;d,sh"fkd¾fõ mD;=.d,h hk rgj,a

,l=Kq lr kï lrkak

whsia,ka;h fld<mdáka fiahd

lrkak

hqfrdamduydoaùmh

1'14 rEmh

1'8 is;shu ( - hqfrdamd uydoaùmh

W

17 fkdñf,a fnod yeÍu ms‚i h

liqka

àp¾ uu ´iafÜ%,shdj .ek f;dr;=re fidhd f.k wdjd' ta ál lshkak o@

´iafÜ%,shd uydoaùmhmiq Èk TiafÜ%,shdj ms<sn| j isiqka ±kqj;a lsÍu i|yd iQodkñka mx;s ldurhg

meñKs .=re uy;añh ´iafÜ%,shd uydoaùmfha is;shula mx;s ldurfhys m%o¾Ykhl<d h'

.=re;=ñh

fyd|hs liqka mq;d" ldg;a wefykak ta úia;r lshkak'

.=re;=ñh

fndfydu fyd|hs' ±ka mq;d,d liqka bÈßm;a l< f;dr;=re is;shïfmd; fmr<d f.k fidhd n,kak'

´iafÜ%,shd uydoaùmh wks;a uydoaùmj,g jvd l=vd hs' ́ iafÜ%,shdj ueÈkajdf. ulr ksj¾;k f¾Ldj úys§ hkjd' ́ iafÜ%,shdfõ m%Odk .x.dj uf¾vd,sx.Õ hs' ´iafÜ%,shdfõ kef.kysr fjr<g wdikak j uyd fnÿï l÷ jeáholakg ,efnkjd' uyd jd¨ld" .síika" uyd úlafgdaßhd jeks ldka;drlSmhla ngysr fldgfia olakg ,efnkjd'

liqka

1'9 is;shu ( - ́ iafÜ%,shd uydoaùmh

W

18 fkdñf,a fnod yeÍu ms‚i h

ls%hdldrlï 1' ´iafÜ%,shd uydoaùmfha 1'10 is;shu msgm;a lr f.k"

tu uydoaùmh yryd hk wlaIdxY yd foaYdxY kï lrkak'

2' uf¾vd,sx .Õ ks,a mdáka o" uyd ndOl fldr,a mrh ;eô,s mdáka o uydfnÿï l÷jeáh ÿUqre mdáka o fiahd lr kï lrkak'

3' fjr< wi, msysá k.r myla r;= ;s;aj,ska ,l=Kq lr kï lrkak'

1'10 is;shu ( - ́ iafÜ%,shd uydoaùmh

isiq .fõIK´iafÜ%,shdj .ek ±lafjk mska;+r yd uqoaor tl;= lr

fmdaiagrhla ks¾udKh lrkak'

wekagdlaála uydoaùmh

wekagdlaála uydoaùmh olaIsK O%ejh jgd msysgd we;s iodld,sl ysfukajeiqKq m%foaYhla' wêl YS;, ksid ñksia jdiia:dk fkdue;s ;rï h'wekagdlaáldj uq,sl jYfhka fmka.=hskag yd iS,a u;aiHhskag jdi N+ñh ù;sfí' .ia" u,a msfmk Ydl fyda ;DK j¾. tys fkdjefâ' ,hslka" mdis" ydwe,a.S jeks jDlaI,;dj,g iSud ù ;sfí'

W

19 fkdñf,a fnod yeÍu ms‚i h

1'11 is;shu ( - wekagdlaáld uydoaùmh

isiq .fõIKwekagdlaáld uydoaùmh ms<sn| f;dr;=re fidhkak'

uydoaùm ms<sn| j isiqka oekqj;a lsÍfuka miq .=re;=ñh" f,dalfha id.rwe;=<;a is;shula mka;s ldurfha m%o¾Ykh lrñka" tajdfha msysàu" úYd,;ajh ydúfYaI ,laIK ms<sn| j my; i|yka whqßka úia;r l<d h'

id.ruydoaùm w;r mj;sk c,fhka msreKq úYd, c, ;,hka id.r jYfhka

ye¢kafõ' f,dalfha m%Odk id.r myla we;' tkï w;a,dka;sla id.rh" bkaÈhkaid.rh" meis*sla id.rh" wdlaála id.rh yd olaIsK ^wekagdlaála& id.rhhkqfjks' ^1'1 is;shu&

W

20 fkdñf,a fnod yeÍu ms‚i h

w;a,ka;sla id.rh'

fuh f,d alfha we; sid.rj,ska úYd,;ajh wkqjfojk ;ek .kS ' W;=reweußldjg yd ol=Kq weußldjgo hqfrdamh yd wm%sldjg o ueÈ jth msysgd ;sfí' ngysr bka§hfldfoõ ¥m;a" lshqndj" wfidariajeks ¥m;a o w;a,ka;sla id.rfhamsysgd we;' w;a,dka;sla id.rhgwh;a jk uqyqÿ fldgia lSmhls'uOHOr‚ uqyqo" leßìhka uqyqo"fnda,aála uqyqo yd W;=re uqyqo tAw;r fõ'

1'13 is;shu ( - w;a,ka;sla id.rh'

w;a,ka;slaid.rh

meis*sla id.rh

meis*sla id.rh f,d alfhaúYd,;u id.rh hs' th wdishdiy weußld hk uydoaùm w;rmsysgd we;'

tys ÿm;a rdYshla msysgd ;sîuúfYaI ,laIKhls' cmka ¥m;a"ksõ.skshd ¥m;a" ms,smSka jeks ÿm;ata w;r fõ' cmka uqyqo ̂kef.kysruqyqo&" Ök uqyqo" TfldÜiala jeksuqyqÿ o" id.rfha .eUqre u ia:dkjYfhka ie,flk w.dO omeis*sla id.rfha msysgd we;'11035m la muK .eUqre jQ ußhdkdw.dOh mDÓúfha we;s .eUqre uw.dOh hs'

1'12 is;shu ( - meis*sla id.rh

meis*slaid.rh

21 fkdñf,a fnod yeÍu ms‚i h

1'14 is;shu ( - bkaÈhka id.rh

bkaÈhka id.rh

olaIsK ̂ wekagdlaála& id.rh

w;a,ka;sla" bkaÈhka ydmeis*sla hk id.rj, ol=Kq fldgiatl;= ùfuka olaIsK id.rh iE§we;' olaIsK id.rfha ol=Kskawekagdlaáld uydoaùmh msysgd we;sw;r W;=re udhsu jkafka ol=KqwlaIdxY 550 f¾Ldj hs' m%Odk id.r;=fkys c,h tlg tl;= ùufya;=fjka iuqø Ôúkaf.ka olaIsKid.rh fmdfydi;a h'

1'15 is;shu ( - wekagdlaála id.rh'

wekagdlaála id.rh

bkaÈhka id.rh

úYd,;ajh wkqj ;=kajk id.rhf,i ±laúh yels h' th wms%ldj"ol=Kq wdishdj" ´iafÜ%,shdj hkf.dvìïj,g ueÈ j msysgd ;sfí'bkaÈhka id.rh ;=< o úYd, ÿm;afuka u l=vd ÿm;a rdYshla msysgdwe;' YS% ,xldj" ue,.dis" ud,Èjhskaiqud;%d" cdjd" iSfI,aia jeks ¥m;amsysgd ;sfnkafka o bkaÈhka id.rfhah' tfia u fnx.d, fndlal yd wrdìuqyqo o bkaÈhka id.rfha msysgd we;'

22 fkdñf,a fnod yeÍu ms‚i h

wdlaála id.rh

W;a;r O%ejh jgd msysáwdlaála id.rh wdishdj iy W;=reweußldfõ W;=re m%foaYj,gudhsï fõ' tys úYd, fldgila>k whsia ;Ügqjlska jeiS we;'f,dalfha úYd, u ¥m; jYfhkaie,flk .S%ka,ka;h wdlaálaid.rfha msysgd ;sfí'

1'16 is;shu ( - wdlaála id.rh'

wdlaálaid.rh

ls%hdldrlu1' f,dal is;shula f.k tys id.r ,l=Kq lr kï lrkak' tajd ks,a meyefhka

fiahd lrkak'2' by; i`oyka lr we;s mßÈ tla tla id.rj,g wh;a uqyqÿ " ¥m;a iy

id.rj,g .,d niskd .x.d ;=kla ne.ska ,l=Kq lr kï lrkak'3' miq msfgys § we;s igyk Wmfhda.s lr f.k úYd,;ajh wkqj uydoaùm

yd id.r wkqms<sfj<ska kï lrkak'

uydoaùm yd id.rj, j¾. m%udKh' ^j¾. lsf,dañgr ñ,shk&

wdishd uydoaùmh 44

hqfrdamd uydoaùmh 9'9

wm%sld uydoaùmh 3 0

W;=re weußld uydoaùmh 2 4

ol=Kq weußld uydoaùmh 1 7

´iafÜ%,shd uydoaùmh 7

wekagdlaáldj 1 3

meis*sla id.rh 155

w;a,ka;sla id.rh 76

bka†hka id.rh 66

wdlaála id.rh ^W;a;r& 14

wekagdlaála id.rh - 20

^olaIsK&

uQ,dY%h( http://www.worldatlas.com/aatlas/infopageloceans/continents.htm.

23 fkdñf,a fnod yeÍu ms‚i h

ls%hdldrlï

. fkda ¾ fõ fjd ,a .d i y rdx i k hs ,a w g ld ud ks.d m hs u .d ka fld fka frd lSk hq c yd >d § x md ls ksï r ¾ nd kd ia f.d , hq õl ,a m o j o h h nd fhdale k vd l ñ is is ms j ¾ys ud , h Ñ â ka n md lan% iS , h . ks ÿ , ó rfyda je x fyd ka fld x m ¾ ;a

W.;a foa fláfhka² mDÓúh f.da,dldr yevhlska hqla; fõ'

² mDÓúh f.da,dldr njg úúO idlaIs bÈßm;a l< yels h'

² mDÓúh .Ks;uh f.da,hla fkdfõ'

² wdo¾Y f.da,fha we;s wlaIdxY yd foaYdxY uk#l,ams; f¾LdiuQyhls'

² wlaIdxY yd foaYdxY u`.ska rgj, msysàu ±laúh yels h'

² f,dalfha uydoaùm y;la yd id.r myla we;'

² fïjd úúO úIu;d ,laIKj,ska hqla; fõ'

1 Tn fuu mdvfuka bf.k .;a uydoaùmj, wlaIdxY yd foaYdxYme;sÍu fidhd igyka lrkak'

2' uOH foaYdxY f¾Ldfjka lefmk k.rh l=ula o@

3' fld<U" nexfldla" fgdalsfhda" fnhsðx" isâks" flamagjqka" ´udka"l,algd" ßfhdaocekehsfrda" ksõfhdala" f,diawekac,sia" ,kavkaTiaf,da" ðkSjd" ndnfvdia hk k.r msysgd we;af;a l=uk wlaIdxY

yd foaYdxYj,g wdikak j o hkak fidhd ,shkak'

4' by; fldgqj ;=< we;s k.r" .x.d" l÷" idkq" ldka;dr wdÈfha kïfidhd ,shkak'