solar updraft towers for irandata.solar-tower.org.uk/pps/khakzar-6(2007)-solar-chimneys-for... ·...

Solar Updraft Towersfor IranJörg Schlaich & Gerhard Weinrebe

Schlaich BergermannSolar GmbH

Solar Updraft Towers for Iran

• Introduction• Solar Updraft Tower Principle• Prototype• Technology

– Collector– Tower– Turbines

• Cost and Ecology• Summary


Source: Oil Depletion -Updated Through 2001 by C.J.Campbell http://www.hubbertpeak.com/campbell/update2002.htm

Global Energy Poverty


Solar Radiation Resource – Global Distribution

Solar Radiation Resource –Distribution in Iran

Source: Meteonorm 5.0, Meteotest, Switzerland

gw April 2004. Data source: EIA/International Energy Annual 2000. Solar Updraft Tower

electricity generation: 20 GWh/km²

Area needed to supply all the electricity…

for the world D = 970 kmfor the Middle East D = 80 kmfor Australia D = 110 km


There is enough…

Area needed to supply all the electricity…

for the world D = 970 kmfor the Middle East D = 80 kmfor Australia D = 110 km

area needed to supply all electricity for

Middle EastMiddle East plus major part of Asia

PrincipleSchlaich BergermannSolar GmbH

Daily power generation characteristics

nameplate power [MW]

0 4 8 12 16 20 24

power %

solar input

electricity output with soilas natural energy storage

daytime

with additional thermal storage and larger collector


= +area ~ energy

Principle of Energy Storage System

water tubes

night

translucent roof

in the soil andthe water tubesinto the air

soil

day

into the air

soil

solar radiation


Power generation characteristics - no additional storage

Autumn Winter

0

50

100

150

200

250

po

wer

in M

W

Spring

0

50

100

150

200

250

po

wer

in M

W

Summer

0

50

100

150

200

250

po

wer

in M

W


0

50

100

150

200

250

po

wer

in M

W

days

1 2 3 4days

1 2 3 4

days

1 2 3 4days

1 2 3 4

Power generation characteristics - additional thermal storage


Australia, 200 MW name plate powerannual insolation 2000kWh/m²a (or equivalent 228 W/m² average)

0

50

100

150

200

250p

ow

er in

MW

Autumn Winter

0

50

100

150

200

250

po

wer

in M

W

Spring

0

50

100

150

200

250

po

wer

in M

W

Summer

0

50

100

150

200

250

po

wer

in M

W

days

1 2 3 4days

1 2 3 4

days

1 2 3 4days

1 2 3 4

Comparison of measured and calculated monthly averaged electricity generation of the prototype in Manzanares

energy [kWh/day]

annual energy totals: calculated: 44.35 MWh measured: 44.19 MWh

0

50

100

150

200

250

300

Jan. Feb. Mar. Apr. May June July Aug. Sep. Oct. Nov. Dec.

calculated measured

Operating times for the Manzanares prototype 1987

Total operation hours: 3'157 h

Daylight time

night operating hours: 244 h

total hours with more than 150W/m² solar insolation: 3'067 h

Daily operation hours [h]

0

4

8

12

16

20

24

1 11 21 31 41 51 61 71 81 91 101111121131141151161171181191201211221231241251261271281291301311321331341351361

Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec

scheduled outage for specialmeasurements

Operating times for the Manzanares prototype 1986 to 1989

Average daily operating times [hours]

0

5

10

15

Jul AugSep Oct Nov Dec Jan Feb MarApr MayJun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Jan Feb Mar Apr MayJun Jul AugSep Oct NovDec Jan Feb

1986 1987 1988 1989

Greenhouses in Andalucía, Southern Spain,El Ejido in Province Almería


Collector Design Options


wind direction

pressuresuction

C = + 1.00p

C = - 0.45p

C = - 1.5p

Wind force on a cylinderSchlaich BergermannSolar GmbH

compressionring

bundles ofstrands

Spoked WheelSchlaich BergermannSolar GmbH

spoked wheels at 500, 600, 850 and 1000m

-60

-45

-30

-15

0

15

30

4585 80 65 43 15 -1

5

-43

-65

-80

100

200

300

400

500

600

700

800

900

1.00

0

diameter [m]

height [m]

Meridian stress[MPa]

-60

-45

-30

-15

0

15

30

45

85 80 65 43 15 -15

-43

-65

-80

100

200

300

400

500

600

700

800

900

1.00

0

diameter [m]

height [m]


spoked wheel at 1000 mwithout spoked wheels

-60

-45

-30

-15

0

15

30

45

85 80 65 43 15 -15

-43

-65

-80

100

200

300

400

500

600

700

800

900

1.00

0

diameter [m]

height [m]


spoked wheels at 500 and 1000 m

-60

-45

-30

-15

0

15

30

45

85 80 65 43 15 -15

-43

-65

-80

100

200

300

400

500

600

700

800

900

1.00

0

diameter [m]

height [m]


Distribution of Meridian Forces in the Wall of the Tower Tube

Plan view and elevation of FEM ModelSchlaich BergermannSolar GmbH

Deformation and Stress Distribution of the Tower support Area( red = areas with max. stresses )

Tower Dimensions

30 0.80m55 1.80m

1000 0.30m

550 0.30m

500 0.31m

300 0.47m

5522

518

018

018

017

0

outs

ide

ints

ide

120Schlaich BergermannSolar GmbH

for air for waterSolar Updraft Tower turbine with horizontal axis Kaplan turbine

Ref. Kaplan turbine: VATECH Hydro

Solar Updraft Tower TurbinesSchlaich BergermannSolar GmbH

close relatives

air flow water flow

Air flow around turbine

capacity 5 30 100 200 MW

tower height 550 750 1000 1000 mtower diameter 45 70 110 120 mcollector diameter 1250 2850 4300 7000 m

tower cost 19 49 156 170 Mio. €collector cost A 10 47 107 261 Mio. €turbine cost incl. housing etc. 8 32 75 133 Mio. €engineering, tests, misc. 5 15 40 42 Mio. €total investment cost 42 143 378 606 Mio. €grant 0 0 0 0 Mio. €total investment cost - grant 42 143 378 606 Mio. €

annuity on investment B 3.3 11.0 29.1 46.6 Mio. €operation & maintenance cost 0.2 0.6 1.7 2.8 Mio. €electricity production C 14 88 320 680 GWh/yrelectricity cost (EC) D 0.25 € 0.13 € 0.10 € 0.07 € €/kWhnon-energy revenues 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 Mio.€/yrEC incl. non-energy rev. D 0.17 € 0.12 € 0.09 € 0.07 € €/kWh

A cost for unskilled labor 5 Euro/hB depreciation time: 20 years, interest rate: 4.5%C at 2300 kWh/(m²yr) global solar insolation

Solar Updraft Towers

Solar Updraft Tower Electricity Cost

D levelized electricity cost (LEC)

Schlaich BergermannSolar GmbHSchlaich BergermannSolar GmbH

0.00 €

0.05 €

0.10 €

0.15 €

0.20 €

0.25 €

0.30 €

0.35 €

0.40 €

0.45 €

0.50 €

1% 2% 3% 4% 5% 6% 7% 8% 9% 10% 11% 12%

interest rate

Leve

lized

Ele

ctri

city

Co

st in

€/k

Wh

5 MW

30 MW

100 MW

200 MW

upper boundary depreciation time in years:lower boundary depreciation time in years:

20

40

Solar Towers

0

5

grant in Mio. €:

labor rate for unskilled work in €/h:insolation in kWh/a:2300

Electricity Cost vs. Interest Rate


6.7

0.61.0 0.7

3

0.70

200

400

600

800

1000

1200

lignit

e-fire

d pow

er pla

ntbla

ck co

al po

wer pla

nt

combin

ed cy

cle po

wer pla

ntPV ro

of sy

stem, 5

MW

wind tu

rbine

, 5.5m

/s

run-of

-river

hydro

power

plant

centr

al rec

eiver

syste

mSolar

Updraf

t Tower

parab

olic t

rough

power

plant

(SEGS)

gree

nhou

se g

as e

mis

sion

s in

g/k

Wh

0

2

4

6

8

10

ener

gy p

ayba

ck ti

me

in y

ears

12

greenhouse gas emissions

energy payback time

Environmental characteristicsSchlaich BergermannSolar GmbH

Summary

• Based on simple proven principle: Hot air rises• Ideal for sunny arid regions, no cooling water required• Electricity generation 24h/day• High local scope of supply, added value in the country itself• Reliable simple technology• Much longer life time than conventional power plants• Minimum operation & maintenance requirement• Lowest electricity cost of all solar power plants• Environmentally benign: No CO2-emissions during operation• Sustainable, affordable source of electricity


additional information at www.sbp.de

solar updraft towers for irandata.solar-tower.org.uk/pps/khakzar-6(2007)-solar-chimneys-for... ·...

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