soldier monitoring system.pdf

106
PROJECT REPORT 201 DEPT. OF ELECTRONICS SOLDIE SOLDIE SOLDIE SOLDIE SUBMITTED IN PAR FOR TH MASTER FRO (AFFILIA MA 10-11 SOLDIER MONITORI 1 ER MONITORING S ER MONITORING S ER MONITORING S ER MONITORING SYSTEM YSTEM YSTEM YSTEM PROJECT REPORT RTIAL FULFILLMENT OF THE REQ HE AWARD OF THE DEGREE OF R OF SCIENCE IN ELECTRONIC OM UNIVERSITY OF CALICUT SUBMITTED BY HARI.K.S (Reg.No-ASAJMEL004) JUNE 2011 ATED TO UNIVERSITY OF CALICUT ANAGED BY IHRD, KERALA) ING SYSTEM IHRD, CASVDY M M M M QUIREMENT CS T

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Page 1: SOLDIER MONITORING SYSTEM.pdf

PROJECT REPORT 2010

DEPT. OF ELECTRONICS

SOLDIER MONITORING SSOLDIER MONITORING SSOLDIER MONITORING SSOLDIER MONITORING S

SUBMITTED IN PARTIAL FULFILLMENT OF THE REQUIREMENTFOR THE AWARD OF THE DEGREE OF

MASTER OF SCIENCE IN

FROM UNIVERSITY OF CALICUT

(AFFILIATED TO UNIVERSITY OF CALICUTMANAGED BY IHRD, KERALA)

PROJECT REPORT 2010-11 SOLDIER MONITORING SYSTEM

OF ELECTRONICS 1

SOLDIER MONITORING SSOLDIER MONITORING SSOLDIER MONITORING SSOLDIER MONITORING SYSTEMYSTEMYSTEMYSTEM

PROJECT REPORT

SUBMITTED IN PARTIAL FULFILLMENT OF THE REQUIREMENTFOR THE AWARD OF THE DEGREE OF

MASTER OF SCIENCE IN ELECTRONICS

FROM UNIVERSITY OF CALICUT

SUBMITTED BY

HARI.K.S (Reg.No-ASAJMEL004)

JUNE 2011

(AFFILIATED TO UNIVERSITY OF CALICUTMANAGED BY IHRD, KERALA)

SOLDIER MONITORING SYSTEM

IHRD, CASVDY

YSTEMYSTEMYSTEMYSTEM

SUBMITTED IN PARTIAL FULFILLMENT OF THE REQUIREMENT

ELECTRONICS

(AFFILIATED TO UNIVERSITY OF CALICUT

Page 2: SOLDIER MONITORING SYSTEM.pdf

PROJECT REPORT 2010

DEPT. OF ELECTRONICS

(MANAGED BY IHRD, AFFILIATED TO UNIVERSITY OF CALICUT)

This is to certify that the Project Report entitled

““““SOLDIER MONITORING SSOLDIER MONITORING SSOLDIER MONITORING SSOLDIER MONITORING Ssubmitted to College of Applied Science, Vadakkencherry

in partial fulfillment of the requirement for the award of the degree of

MASTER OF SCIENCE IN ELECTRONICS

during the period of study under our supervision and guidance

HEAD OF DEPARTMENT

MR.SUBI.T.S MR.MADHAVADAS.C

(H.O.D, dept.of Electronics) (Lecturer in Electronics) (Lecturer in Electronics)

Certified that the candidate was examined by us in the viva

College of Applied Science, Vadakkencherry

Internal Examiner:

PROJECT REPORT 2010-11 SOLDIER MONITORING SYSTEM

OF ELECTRONICS 2

(MANAGED BY IHRD, AFFILIATED TO UNIVERSITY OF CALICUT)

CERTIFICATE

to certify that the Project Report entitled

SOLDIER MONITORING SSOLDIER MONITORING SSOLDIER MONITORING SSOLDIER MONITORING SYSTEMYSTEMYSTEMYSTEM””””

submitted to College of Applied Science, Vadakkencherryin partial fulfillment of the requirement for the award of the degree of

MASTER OF SCIENCE IN ELECTRONICS is a record of project done by

HARI.K.S Reg.No-ASAJMEL00$

during the period of study under our supervision and guidance

PROJECT COORDINATOR INTERNAL GUIDE

MR.SUBI.T.S MR.MADHAVADAS.C

Electronics) (Lecturer in Electronics) (Lecturer in Electronics)

Certified that the candidate was examined by us in the viva-voce examination held at

College of Applied Science, Vadakkencherry

held on External Examiner:

SOLDIER MONITORING SYSTEM

IHRD, CASVDY

(MANAGED BY IHRD, AFFILIATED TO UNIVERSITY OF CALICUT)

submitted to College of Applied Science, Vadakkencherry in partial fulfillment of the requirement for the award of the degree of

during the period of study under our supervision and guidance.

INTERNAL GUIDE

Electronics) (Lecturer in Electronics) (Lecturer in Electronics)

voce examination held at

College of Applied Science, Vadakkencherry

External Examiner:

Page 3: SOLDIER MONITORING SYSTEM.pdf

PROJECT REPORT 2010-11 SOLDIER MONITORING SYSTEM

DEPT. OF ELECTRONICS IHRD, CASVDY

3

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

It is a pleasant task to express my thanks to all the persons who

had assisted in the successful completion of this project. First of all, I express my

sincere gratitude to Mr.Pradip Somasundaran, the principal of the college, for

providing me all the facilities with which I was able to do this project.

I express my profound thanks to my project coordinator, Mr.Subi.T.S

(H.O.D,dept.of Electronics) and Mr.Madhavadas.C (Lecturer in Electronics)for

providing my information on contemporary developments in the vast field of

electronics.

I would like to thank my project guide, Mr.JAYAKRISHNAN,

(embedded system engineer), KELTRON, Kuttipuram, who helped me throughout

the project with valuable information and excellent guidance.

And above all I express my deep sense of gratitude to almighty GOD who

gave me immense strength and showed me the path to make this project victorious.

HARI.K.S

Page 4: SOLDIER MONITORING SYSTEM.pdf

PROJECT REPORT 2010-11 SOLDIER MONITORING SYSTEM

DEPT. OF ELECTRONICS IHRD, CASVDY

4

INTRODUCTIONINTRODUCTIONINTRODUCTIONINTRODUCTION

In today's world enemy warfare is an important factor in any nation's security. The

national security mainly depends on army (ground), navy (sea), air-force (air). The

important and vital role is played by the army soldier's. There are many concerns

regarding the safety of these soldiers. The defense department of a country must be

effective for the security of that country for this the soldiers also must be effective for

this we are introducing a “SOLDIER MONITORING SYSTEM”. This system will be

use full for soldiers, who involve in special operations or mission.

This system enables GPS Tracking of these soldiers and also enables the

telemedicine. It is possible by M-Health. The M-Health can be defined as Mobile

computing, medical sensors and communication technologies for health care.

In a SOLDIER MONITORING SYSTEM, smart sensors are attached to the jacket

of soldiers. These are implanted with a personal server for complete mobility. This

personal server will provide connectivity to the server at the base station using a

wireless connection. A GPS Tracking system is also attached with the jacket, which

provides the tracking of the position of each soldier. Here also providing a helmet with

video. This may help the control station to know about the situation at the mission field.

Each soldier has a GSM enabled phone which enables the communication between both

ends. There by it is possible to backup a soldier or cover a soldier and makes the mission

accomplished.

As soon as any soldier enters the enemy lines it is very vital for the army base

station to know the location as well as the health status of all soldiers. In our project we

have come up with an idea of tracking the soldier as well as to give the health status of

the soldier during the war, which enables the army personnel to plan the war strategies.

Page 5: SOLDIER MONITORING SYSTEM.pdf

PROJECT REPORT 2010-11 SOLDIER MONITORING SYSTEM

DEPT. OF ELECTRONICS IHRD, CASVDY

5

FEATURESFEATURESFEATURESFEATURES

v Provide more security

v Provide more safety to soldiers

v Can be implement in any conditions

v Telemedical records of each soldiers can be stored

v Continuous communication is possible

v Continuous tracking is possible

v Real time monitoring and image capturing

v Faster communication over GSM network

v Fewer components, so easy to maintain

v Less complex circuit

v Low power consumption

Page 6: SOLDIER MONITORING SYSTEM.pdf

PROJECT REPORT 2010-11 SOLDIER MONITORING SYSTEM

DEPT. OF ELECTRONICS IHRD, CASVDY

6

BLOCK DIAGRAMBLOCK DIAGRAMBLOCK DIAGRAMBLOCK DIAGRAM

SOLDIER UNIT

TO SERVER

BASE UNIT

MICROCONTROLLER

LEVL CONVERTOR

GPS RECEIVER

HEAR BEAT SENSOR

POWER SUPPLY

TEMERATURE SENSOR

CAMERA

ADC

ZIGBEE

LEVL CONVERTOR

GSM ENABLED PHONE

GSM MODEM

ZIGBEE

SERVER

Page 7: SOLDIER MONITORING SYSTEM.pdf

PROJECT REPORT 2010-11 SOLDIER MONITORING SYSTEM

DEPT. OF ELECTRONICS IHRD, CASVDY

7

BLOCK DISCRIPTIONBLOCK DISCRIPTIONBLOCK DISCRIPTIONBLOCK DISCRIPTION

The above figure shows the complete working block diagram of the Soldier

Monitoring System. It has two main parts, a soldier unit and base unit. Soldier unit

consists of a microcontroller; heart beat sensor, temperature sensor, a GPS receiver, a

mobile phone, a video camera and a ZIGBEE module. Base unit includes a server, a

GSM modem, and a ZIGBEE module.

SOLDIER UNIT

Microcontroller:

Microcontrollers are one of the major components in any embedded system.

A microcontroller is a small computer on a single integrated circuit containing a

processor core, memory, and programmable input/output peripherals. Microcontrollers

work according to the program written inside its program memory. The major use of

these single chip computers are in automatic responding devices.

PIC18F452 microcontroller is used as the brain of SMS. The PIC-Programmable

Interface Controller is a family of Harvard architecture microcontrollers made

by Microchip. The function of this section is to collect the information about heart beat

of the soldier, atmospheric temperature and location of the soldier in each minute. Then

it sends this information to the base unit.

Power Supply:

The most important section in every electronic circuit is the power supply. For the

proper working of all components an unaltered power supply is needed. The supply must

be capable of providing the necessary power for each component. At the same time the

protection from over voltage must be there.

Page 8: SOLDIER MONITORING SYSTEM.pdf

PROJECT REPORT 2010-11 SOLDIER MONITORING SYSTEM

DEPT. OF ELECTRONICS IHRD, CASVDY

8

Here for the working of controller a 5V constant power supply is needed. To

provide this the supply from the mains is reduced to 12V using a transformer. Then after

rectification, it is regulated to 5V. Similarly for controlling the relay a 12V is needed.

This also provided by the power supply section. Since the regulator used for regulation

of the power supply have built in over voltage cut-off circuitry, over load cut-off and

over temperature cut-off circuitry, all the other components are safe from all these

problems.

LM35 SENSOR

The LM35 are Precision integrated circuit temperature sensor whose output

voltage is linearly proportional to oc. The LM35 thus has an advantage their linear

temperature sensor calibrated in Kelvin, as the user is not required to subtract a large

constant voltage from its output to obtain convenient centigrade scaling low cost is

assured by trimming calibration at water level. The LM35’s Low Output impedance,

linear output precise inherent calibration make interfacing to readout. It can be used as

single power supplier or with I supplies. The LM35 series is available packaged in

hermetric to 46 transistor package while the LM 35C, LM35w also available in the

plastic To-92 transistor package. The function of LM35 in this project is to monitor the

atmospheric temperature

Rectifier

Filter

Regulator

I/P

O/P

Page 9: SOLDIER MONITORING SYSTEM.pdf

PROJECT REPORT 2010-11 SOLDIER MONITORING SYSTEM

DEPT. OF ELECTRONICS IHRD, CASVDY

9

HEART BEAT SENSOR In this project we use polar heart rate transmitter and RMC01 receiver as a heart beat

sensor. The use of heart beat sensor in this project is to measure the heart beat of soldier to

know about the physical status of the soldier.

The Polar heart rate receiver component receiver wirelessly receives the heart rate signal

from Polar transmitter belt. The complete heart rate measurement system consists of three

different parts; transmitter, receiver and electronics and/or display device that is outputting

the heart rate value.

The transmitter, worn around the chest, electrically detects the heart beat and starts

transmitting a pulse corresponding to each heart beat. The receiver that is installed on end

user equipment receives the signal and generates a corresponding digital pulse that is

operated on by the end user equipment electronics

GPS MODEM

A GPS modem is used to get the signals and receive the signals from the satellites. The

function of GPS modem in this project is used to send the position (Latitude and

Longitude) of the soldier from a remote place. The GPS modem will continuously give

the data i.e. the latitude and longitude indicating the position of the soldier. The GPS

modem gives many parameters as the output, but only the NMEA data coming out is

read and sent to the base station at the other end.

MAX232

MAX232 is used for level conversion to convert TTL voltage level to CMOS voltage

level. The MAX232 is an integrated circuit that converts signals from an RS-232 serial

port to signals suitable for use in TTL compatible digital logic circuits. The MAX232 is a

dual driver/receiver. The MAX232 converts the information given by the RF reader and is

given to the PIC microcontroller.

Page 10: SOLDIER MONITORING SYSTEM.pdf

PROJECT REPORT 2010-11 SOLDIER MONITORING SYSTEM

DEPT. OF ELECTRONICS IHRD, CASVDY

10

VIDEO CAMERA The video camera is a kind of transducer, which produces electrical energy from light

energy. I.e., the input to the video camera is light energy and this light energy is converted

into electrical signals. Video converting the complete spectrum of visible light into

electrical frequencies. The function of video camera in this project is to provide the real

time videos to the base station.

MOBILE PHONE A mobile phone (also called mobile, cell phone or hand phone) is an electronic device

used for mobile telecommunications over a cellular network of base stations known as cell

sites. A mobile phone allows its user to make and receive telephone calls to and from the

public telephone network which includes other mobiles and fixed line phones across the

world. In addition to being a telephone, modern mobile phones also support many

additional services, and accessories, such as SMS (or text) messages, email, Internet

access etc.

ZIGBEE MODULE

ZigBee is a protocol that uses the 802.15.4 standard as a baseline and adds additional

routing and networking functionality. ZigBee is designed to add mesh networking to the

underlying 802.15.4 radio. The ZIGBEE module used here is XBee-PRO. XBee-PRO is a

low power, low cost wireless device. 802.15.4 was developed with lower data rate, simple

connectivity and battery application in mind. The 802.15.4 standard specifies that

communication can occur in the 868-868.8 MHz, the 902-928 MHz or the 2.400-2.4835

GHz Industrial Scientific and Medical(ISM) bands.

In this project we use the zigbee technology for providing the wireless communication

between soldier and base station. Here the zigbee technology transmits data wirelessly.

Here we are using XBee-PRO 802.15.4 modules to provide communication.

Page 11: SOLDIER MONITORING SYSTEM.pdf

PROJECT REPORT 2010-11 SOLDIER MONITORING SYSTEM

DEPT. OF ELECTRONICS IHRD, CASVDY

11

SERVER Unit

SERVER

The server is equipped with software called Visual Basic6.0. This creates a data base

that contains information about the soldier. Server is used to monitor the status of the

soldier. And if there is any abnormality in the status of soldier it indicate a

a message .

GSM MODEM A GSM modem is a specialized type of modem which accepts a SIM card, and operates

over a subscription to a mobile operator, just like a mobile phone. From the mobile

operator perspective, a GSM modem looks just like a mobile phone.

A GSM modem can be a dedicated modem device with a serial or USB connection, or it

may be a mobile phone that provides GSM modem capabilities. Most of the GSM cellular

modems come with an integrated SIM card holder. AT or attention commands are used to

interface GSM modem with PIC microcontroller. In this project we use the GSM modem

at base station to communicate with soldier.

ZIG-BEE MODULE

ZIG-BEE module is used here for wireless transmission between the PIC

microcontroller and the server. For that two ZIG-BEE modules is required. One at soldier

end and other at the server end. The function of the ZIG-BEE module at this end is to

receive information about ID & location of soldier and atmospheric temperature to the

server.

Page 12: SOLDIER MONITORING SYSTEM.pdf

PROJECT REPORT 2010-11 SOLDIER MONITORING SYSTEM

DEPT. OF ELECTRONICS IHRD, CASVDY

12

CIRCUIT DIAGRAMCIRCUIT DIAGRAMCIRCUIT DIAGRAMCIRCUIT DIAGRAM

5V

5V

+5v

+5v

5V

C14

0.1uF

C13

10pF

C12

10pF

12MZ

C4

33PF

C5

33PF

C7 100nf

C6

100nf

LM35 3

12

GND

INOUT

R1

1M

R2

10K

J1

12

CONNEC

TOR DB9

532

MAX232

13 811101 3 4 5

2 6

12 9

14 7

1615R

1IN

R2IN

T1IN

T2IN

C+

C1-

C2+

C2-

V+ V-

R1OUT

R2OUTT1

OUT

T2OUT

VCCGND

C10

.1uf

C9

.1UF

C11

.1uf

CONNEC

TOR DB9

532

R3

100E

PIC18F452

U1

6803

42 203 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18

39 37 36 35 34 33 32 31 30 29 28 27 26 25 24 2338 22 21191

40

RA2/AN2/VR

EF

RAO

/ANO

RD1/PSP1

RA1/AN1

VREFRA3/

RA4/T0CKI

RA5/AN4/SS

/LVD

IN

RE0/RD/AN5

RE1/WR/AN6

RE2/CS/AN

7VD

DVS

SOSC

1/CLKI

OSC

2/CLKO/RA6

RC0/T1OSO

/T1CKI

RC1/T1OSI/CCP2*

RC2/CCP1

RC3/SC

K/SC

L

RB6/PGC

RB4

RB3/CCP2*

RB2/IN

T2RB1/IN

T1RB0/IN

T0VD

D2

VSS

RD7/PSP7

RD6/PSP6

RD5/PSP5

RD4/PSP4

RC7/RX/DT

RC6/TX/CK

RC5/SD

ORC4/SD

I/SDA

RB5/PGM

RD3/PSP3

RD2/PSP2

RD0/PSP0

MCLR/VPP

RB7/PGD

C11 0.1uf

R5 270E

R4 390E

1uf

U6

RMCM01

112 1

7 8 9 10

4 36 5

GND

OSC

_ON

VCC

RESET

WIDB_DET LX2

LX1

OSC

F32KIN

FPLS

HR

R6

1K

32KH

z

C15

0.1uF

RXTXGPS

ZIGBEE

LM317

32

1

c12

+

3V5V

T31 Polar transmitter

Page 13: SOLDIER MONITORING SYSTEM.pdf

PROJECT REPORT 2010-11 SOLDIER MONITORING SYSTEM

DEPT. OF ELECTRONICS IHRD, CASVDY

13

WORKINGWORKINGWORKINGWORKING

The circuit diagram of a Soldier Monitoring system is shown in figure. The

heart of this circuit is a peripheral interface controller 18f452. Other important

components used in this circuit are LM35, polar belt heart rate transmitter and its

receiver, GSM modem, GPS modem, driver IC max232, camera and some discrete

components.

PIC 18F452 controls and co-ordinate the working of the circuit. It consist

of 40 pins. It is equipped with the necessary circuits such as power supply, clock and

reset circuits for its efficient operation.. Two 22pF capacitors are connected to it for

avoiding the damping of the clock signal. Quartz crystal is connected to pin 13 and 14 of

the microcontroller. The power supply used in this circuit is a 5V dc source, positive

terminal is connected to the pin 12 & 32 and ground terminal is connected to the pin 11

and 31. The reset circuit consists of a resistor and switch. Resistor is connected to VCC

and pin 1 MCLR and a push button switch is connected between pin 1 and ground.

When the switch is closed pin 1 that is the master clear pin goes to ground potential and

the system terminates all the activities, microcontroller will start program execution

from the beginning. PIC works according to the program written on to it. The program is

written in C language ,

The function of the PIC18f452 in this project is to collect information from

temperature sensor LM35, heart beat sensor, GPS modem and sent this information to

the base station using ZIGBEE module.

The LM35 is a temperature sensor that senses the temperature and converts it into

typical voltage. This voltage is given to an analog to digital converter(ADC) of the

microcontroller which converts the analog value in its input to a digital value ranging

from 0 to 255.It is connected to the port1 (port A) of PIC, i.e. to the 2nd pin. Temperature

Page 14: SOLDIER MONITORING SYSTEM.pdf

PROJECT REPORT 2010-11 SOLDIER MONITORING SYSTEM

DEPT. OF ELECTRONICS IHRD, CASVDY

14

sensor measure the atmospheric temperature. This helps to know the temperature

variation by weather changes, bomb blasts etc. And this information is transmitting to

PIC.

Heart beat sensor used in this project is polar belt heart rate transmitter and a

RMC01 heart beat receiver. A complete heart rate measuring system consists of a Polar

Transmitter worn around the chest and Polar RMCM-01 receiver built into the end user

equipment. The Polar Transmitter detects every heartbeat through two electrodes with

ECG accuracy and transmits the heart rate information wirelessly to Polar RMCM-01

receiver with the help of a low frequency electromagnetic field.

The RMCM-01 receiver receives the transmission, and passes a digital pulse

corresponding to each heartbeat to the end user equipment electronics. The coils in the

Polar Transmitter and Polar RMCM-01 receiver must be aligned parallel in order to gain

optimum performance. The end user equipment contains a microprocessor that

calculates current heart rate value based on the time interval between the pulses sent by

the Polar RMCM-01 receiver to the microprocessor.

This help to know about the physical status of the soldier. Decreasing in heart beat

may be of the injury by a gunshot, bomb blast or any other causes. It also helps to know

the soldier is alive or dead during the time of mission. Heart beat receiver is connecting

to 15th pin of PIC18f452.

The GPS unit calculates the position of the soldiers and then sent the latitudinal

longitudinal values corresponding to the position of soldier to the microcontroller. The

GPS unit is connecting to the MAX232 via a DB9 connector. 2ND PIN of the DB9 is

connected to 13th pin (R1IN) of MAX232. 12th pin(R1OUT) MAX232 is connected to

Rx pin PIC. MAX232 change the voltage level and PIC receive this data using Rx pin

Page 15: SOLDIER MONITORING SYSTEM.pdf

PROJECT REPORT 2010-11 SOLDIER MONITORING SYSTEM

DEPT. OF ELECTRONICS IHRD, CASVDY

15

The MAX232 is an integrated circuit that converts signals from an RS-232 serial

port to signals suitable for use in TTL compatible digital logic circuits. The MAX232 is

a dual driver/receiver and typically converts the RX, TX, CTS and RTS signals. The

drivers provide RS-232 voltage level outputs (approx. ± 7.5 V) from a single + 5 V

supply via on-chip charge pumps and external capacitors. This makes it useful for

implementing RS-232 in devices that otherwise do not need any voltages outside the 0 V

to + 5 V range, as power supply design does not need to be made more complicated just

for driving the RS-232 in this case. Similarly reverse conversion too possible using

MAX232.

In the transmitter the MAX232 converts the TTL logical level to RS232 level and in

receiver the RS232 level will be converted into TTL level. For the proper working a 5V

power supply and some capacitors of certain values as recommended by the manufactures

are needed to be connected externally.

After collecting this data microcontroller sent this data to base station using ZIGBEE

module in each minute. ZIGBEE unit is connecting to the MAX232 via a DB9

connector. Tx pin of the PIC is connected to the 11th pin(T1IN) MAX232 .14th PIN

(T1OUT) of the MAX232 is connected 2ND PIN of the DB9. PIC transmits data using Tx

pin. Then MAX232 convert voltage levels and sent data using ZIGBEE.

Each soldier has a video camera. This helps to capture real time videos and sent to

base station from the mission area. By analyzing this video they can prepare for further

action.

At server a software Visual Basic6.0 is used. Using this software, a database is created

which contains the details about the soldiers. Server receives this data using ZIGBEE .

The received data is extracted by the Visual Basic to gather the heart beat, atmospheric

temperature and latitude and longitude of the position.. After receiving this data server

display these data. Server displays soldier name, ID, position, heartbeat, temperature, and

Page 16: SOLDIER MONITORING SYSTEM.pdf

PROJECT REPORT 2010-11 SOLDIER MONITORING SYSTEM

DEPT. OF ELECTRONICS IHRD, CASVDY

16

real time videos from mission location. If the heart beat increase above a specific value or

decrease below a specific value server give a message. This message contains soldier

name, ID, and heart beat. This help to know about physical problems of the soldiers.

A GSM modem in server provides facility to call each soldier. This help to give

instructions to each soldier.

Page 17: SOLDIER MONITORING SYSTEM.pdf

PROJECT REPORT 2010-11 SOLDIER MONITORING SYSTEM

DEPT. OF ELECTRONICS IHRD, CASVDY

17

HARDWARE OVERVIEWHARDWARE OVERVIEWHARDWARE OVERVIEWHARDWARE OVERVIEW

The components used to implement SMS are:

v PIC18F452 - Microcontroller

v LM35 – Temperature sensor

v MAX232 – TTLóRS232 level converter

v GSM modem – Communication

v Camera – Capturing video

v LM7805 – 5V regulator

v GPS Receiver

v Polar heart beat transmitter and RMC01 heart rate receiver

v Resistors and Capacitors

Page 18: SOLDIER MONITORING SYSTEM.pdf

PROJECT REPORT 2010-11 SOLDIER MONITORING SYSTEM

DEPT. OF ELECTRONICS IHRD, CASVDY

18

PIC18F452:

Pin out

Specifications:

OPERATING VOLATAGE 2V-5.5V

PROGRAM MEMORY 32K

RAM 1536 bytes

PORTS Three 8bit ports, one 7bit port and one 3bit port

INTERRUPTS 18

ADC 8 channel 10bit ADC

Page 19: SOLDIER MONITORING SYSTEM.pdf

PROJECT REPORT 2010-11 SOLDIER MONITORING SYSTEM

DEPT. OF ELECTRONICS IHRD, CASVDY

19

CCP MODULES 2

TIMERS Two 8 bit timers, two 16bit timer

18F is a high-end series of PIC from Microchip. This powerful 10 MIPS (100

nanosecond instruction execution) yet easy-to-program (only 77 single word instructions)

CMOS FLASH-based 8-bit microcontroller packs Microchip's powerful PIC®

architecture into an 40 pin package and is upwards compatible with the PIC16C5X,

PIC12CXXX, PIC16CXX and PIC17CXX devices and thus providing a seamless

migration path of software code to higher levels of hardware integration. The PIC18F452

features a 'C' compiler friendly development environment, 256 bytes of EEPROM, Self-

programming, an ICD, 2 capture/compare/PWM functions, 8 channels of 10-bit Analog-

to-Digital (A/D) converter, the synchronous serial port can be configured as either 3-wire

Serial Peripheral Interface (SPI™) or the 2-wire Inter-Integrated Circuit (I²C™) bus and

Addressable Universal Asynchronous Receiver Transmitter (AUSART). And wide range

of operating clock frequency (DC-40MHz). All of these features make it ideal for

manufacturing equipment, instrumentation and monitoring, data acquisition, power

conditioning, environmental monitoring, telecom and consumer audio/video applications

PIC18F452 has a total of 40 pins (in PDIP package, 44 in QFN package). In these

34 pins are used for peripheral interfacing and other pins are used for the necessary

circuitry needed for the working of controller. The I/O pins are divided into 5 different

ports (Port A-E). Also 8 channel ADC of 10bit resolution and 18 interrupt sources are the

advantage of this controller. In 18 interrupt sources, 3 external interrupts with different

priority levels is there.

It is characterized by the following features:

v Separate code and data spaces (Harvard architecture).

v A small number of fixed length instructions.

Page 20: SOLDIER MONITORING SYSTEM.pdf

PROJECT REPORT 2010-11 SOLDIER MONITORING SYSTEM

DEPT. OF ELECTRONICS IHRD, CASVDY

20

v Most instructions are single cycle execution (4 clock cycles),

with single delay cycles upon branches and skips.

v A single accumulator (W), the use of which (as source operand)

is implied (i.e. is not encoded in the opcode).

v All RAM locations function as registers as both source and/or

destination of math and other functions.

v A hardware stack for storing return addresses.

v A fairly small amount of addressable data space (typically 256

bytes), extended through banking.

v Data space mapped CPU, port, and peripheral registers.

The program counter is also mapped into the data space and writable (this is used

to implement indirect jumps).

Peripheral Features:

.High current sink/source 25 mA/25 mA

• Three external interrupt pins

• Timer0 module: 8-bit/16-bit timer/counter with 8-bit programmable prescaler

• Timer1 module: 16-bit timer/counter

• Timer2 module: 8-bit timer/counter with 8-bit period register (time-base for PWM)

• Timer3 module: 16-bit timer/counter

• Secondary oscillator clock option - Timer1/Timer3

• Two Capture/Compare/PWM (CCP) modules.

CCP pins that can be configured as:

- Capture input: capture is 16-bit,

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max. resolution 6.25 ns (TCY/16)

- Compare is 16-bit, max. resolution 100 ns (TCY)

- PWM output: PWM resolution is 1- to 10-bit,

max. PWM freq. @: 8-bit resolution = 156 kHz

10-bit resolution = 39 kHz

• Master Synchronous Serial Port (MSSP) module,

Two modes of operation:

- 3-wire SPI™ (supports all 4 SPI modes)

- I2C™ Master and Slave mode

Analog Features:

• Compatible 10-bit Analog-to-Digital Converter

module (A/D) with:

- Fast sampling rate

- Conversion available during SLEEP

- Linearity ≤ 1 LSb

• Programmable Low Voltage Detection (PLVD)

- Supports interrupt on-Low Voltage Detection

• Programmable Brown-out Reset (BOR)

Special Microcontroller Features:

• 100,000 erase/write cycle Enhanced FLASH

program memory typical

• 1,000,000 erase/write cycle Data EEPROM

memory

• FLASH/Data EEPROM Retention: > 40 years

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• Self-reprogrammable under software control

• Power-on Reset (POR), Power-up Timer (PWRT)

and Oscillator Start-up Timer (OST)

• Watchdog Timer (WDT) with its own On-Chip RC

Oscillator for reliable operation

• Programmable code protection

• Power saving SLEEP mode

• Selectable oscillator options including:

- 4X Phase Lock Loop (of primary oscillator)

- Secondary Oscillator (32 kHz) clock input

• Single supply 5V In-Circuit Serial Programming™

(ICSP™) via two pins

• In-Circuit Debug (ICD) via two pins

I/O Ports: Port A is a 7 bit wide bidirectional port. This port is also used for analog

inputs. The corresponding Data Direction register is TRISA. The RA4 pin is multiplexed

with the Timer0 module clock input to become the RA4/T0CKI pin. The other PORTA

pins are multiplexed with analog inputs and the analog VREF+ and VREF- inputs. The

operation of each pin is selected by clearing/setting the control bits in the ADCON1

register (A/D Control Register1). On a Power-on Reset, RA5 and RA3:RA0 are

configured as analog inputs and read as ‘0’. RA6 and RA4 are configured as digital

inputs.

PORTB is an 8-bit wide, bi-directional port. The corresponding Data Direction

register is RISB. Each of the PORTB pins has a weak internal pull-up. A single control

bit can turn on all the pull-ups. This is performed by clearing bit RBPU (INTCON2<7>).

The weak pull-up is automatically turned off when the port pin is configured as an output.

The pull-ups are disabled on a Power-on Reset. On a Power-on Reset, these pins are

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configured as digital inputs. Four of the PORTB pins, RB7:RB4, have an interruption-

change feature. Only pins configured as inputs can cause this interrupt to occur (i.e., any

RB7:RB4 pin configured as an output is excluded from the interruption-change

comparison). This interrupt can wake the device from SLEEP. RB3 can be configured by

the configuration bit CCP2MX as the alternate peripheral pin for the CCP2 module

(CCP2MX=’0’).

PORTC is an 8-bit wide, bi-directional port. The corresponding Data Direction

register is TRISC. PORTC is multiplexed with several peripheral functions. Some

peripherals override the TRIS bit to make a pin an output, while other peripherals

override the TRIS bit to make a pin an input. The pin override value is not loaded into the

TRIS register. This allows read-modify-write of the TRIS register, without concern due

to peripheral overrides. RC1 is normally configured by configuration bit, CCP2MX, as

the default peripheral pin of the CCP2 module (default/erased state, CCP2MX = ’1’).

RC0 is multiplexed with Timer1 oscillator output/Timer1 clock input. RC1 can be

used as input/output port pin, Timer1 oscillator input, or Capture2 input/ Compare2

output/PWM output when CCP2MX configuration bit is set. RC2 is an input/output port

pin. This can also be used for Capture1 input/Compare1 output/PWM1 output. RC3 can

also be the synchronous serial clock for both SPI and I2C modes. RC4 can also be the

SPI Data In (SPI mode) or Data I/O (I2C mode). RC5, the input/output port pin also used

as Synchronous Serial Port data output. RC6 input/output port pin is also Addressable

USART Asynchronous Transmit, or Addressable USART Synchronous Clock. RC7

input/output port pin can be the Addressable USART Asynchronous Receive, or

Addressable USART Synchronous Data.

PORTD is an 8-bit wide, bi-directional port. The corresponding Data Direction

register is TRISD. PORTD is an 8-bit port with Schmitt Trigger input buffers. Each pin is

individually configurable as an input or output. PORTD can be configured as an 8-bit

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wide microprocessor port (parallel slave port) by setting control bit PSPMODE

(TRISE<4>). In this mode, the input buffers are TTL. On a Power-on Reset, these pins

are configured as analog inputs. PORTD operates as an 8-bit wide Parallel Slave Port, or

microprocessor port when control bit, PSPMODE (TRISE<4>) is set. It is

asynchronously readable and writable by the external world through RD control input

pin, RE0/RD and WR control input pin, RE1/WR. It can directly interface to an 8-bit

microprocessor data bus. The external microprocessor can read or write the PORTD latch

as an 8-bit latch.

PORTE is a 3-bit wide, bi-directional port. The corresponding Data Direction

register is TRISE. PORTE has three pins (RE0/RD/AN5, RE1/WR/AN6 and

RE2/CS/AN7) which are individually configurable as inputs or outputs. These pins have

Schmitt Trigger input buffers. PORTE pins are multiplexed with analog inputs. When

selected as an analog input, these pins will read as '0's. TRISE controls the direction of

the RE pins, even when they are being used as analog inputs.

ADC: The Analog-to-Digital (A/D) converter module has eight inputs for the PIC18F452

devices. This module has the ADCON0 and ADCON1 register definitions that are

compatible with the mid-range A/D module. The A/D allows conversion of an analog

input signal to a corresponding 10-bit digital number.

The A/D module has four registers. These registers are:

v A/D Result High Register (ADRESH)

v A/D Result Low Register (ADRESL)

v A/D Control Register 0 (ADCON0)

v A/D Control Register 1 (ADCON1)

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The analog reference voltage is software selectable to either the device’s positive

and negative supply voltage (VDD and VSS) or the voltage level on the RA3/AN3/

VREF+ pin and RA2/AN2/VREF- pin. The A/D converter has a unique feature of being

able to operate while the device is in SLEEP mode. To operate in SLEEP, the A/D

conversion clock must be derived from the A/D’s internal RC oscillator.

The output of the sample and hold is the input into the converter, which generates

the result via successive approximation. The ADRESH and ADRESL registers contain

the result of the A/D conversion. When the A/D conversion is complete, the result is

loaded into the ADRESH/ADRESL registers, the GO/DONE bit (ADCON0<2>) is

cleared, and A/D interrupt flag bit, ADIF is set.

For the A/D converter to meet its specified accuracy, the charge holding capacitor

(CHOLD) must be allowed to fully charge to the input channel voltage level.

Analog input model

The source impedance (RS) and the internal sampling switch (RSS) impedance

directly affect the time required to charge the capacitor CHOLD. The sampling switch

(RSS) impedance varies over the device voltage (VDD). The source impedance affects

the offset voltage at the analog input (due to pin leakage current). The maximum

recommended impedance for analog sources is 2.5 kΩ. After the analog input channel is

selected (changed), this acquisition must be done before the conversion can be started.

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Interrupt: The PIC18F452 devices have 18 interrupt sources and an interrupt priority

feature that allows each interrupt source to be assigned a high priority level or a low

priority level. The high priority interrupt vector is at 000008h and the low priority

interrupt vector is at 000018h. High priority interrupt events will override any low

priority interrupts that may be in progress.

There are ten registers which are used to control interrupt operation. These

registers are:

v RCON

v INTCON, INTCON2, INTCON3

v PIR1, PIR2

v PIE1, PIE2

v IPR1, IPR2

Each interrupt source, except INT0, has three bits to control its operation. The

functions of these bits are:

v Flag bit to indicate that an interrupt event occurred

v Enable bit that allows program execution to branch to the interrupt

vector address when the flag bit is set

v Priority bit to select high priority or low priority

When an interrupt is responded to, the Global Interrupt Enable bit is cleared to

disable further interrupts. If the IPEN bit is cleared, this is the GIE bit. If interrupt priority

levels are used, this will be either the GIEH or GIEL bit. High priority interrupt sources

can interrupt a low priority interrupt.

Once in the Interrupt Service Routine, the source(s) of the interrupt can be

determined by polling the interrupt flag bits. The interrupt flag bits must be cleared in

software before re-enabling interrupts to avoid recursive interrupts. For external interrupt

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events, such as the INT pins or the PORTB input change interrupt, the interrupt latency

will be three to four instruction cycles.

USART: The Universal Synchronous Asynchronous Receiver Transmitter (USART)

module is one of the two serial I/O modules. (USART is also known as a Serial

Communications Interface or SCI.) The USART can be configured as a full duplex

asynchronous system that can communicate with peripheral devices, such as CRT

terminals and personal computers, or it can be configured as a half-duplex synchronous

system that can communicate with peripheral devices, such as A/D or D/A integrated

circuits, serial EEPROMs, etc.

The USART can be configured in the following modes:

v Asynchronous (full-duplex)

v Synchronous - Master (half-duplex)

v Synchronous - Slave (half-duplex)

In order to configure pins RC6/TX/CK and RC7/RX/DT as the Universal

Synchronous Asynchronous Receiver Transmitter, bit SPEN (RCSTA<7>) must be set (=

1), bit TRISC<6> must be cleared (= 0), and bit TRISC<7> must be set (=1).

The BRG supports both the Asynchronous and Synchronous modes of the USART.

It is a dedicated 8-bit baud rate generator. The SPBRG register controls the period of a

free running 8-bit timer. In Asynchronous mode, bit BRGH (TXSTA<2>) also controls

the baud rate. In Synchronous mode, bit BRGH is ignored.

Desired Baud Rate = FOSC / (64 (X + 1))

It may be advantageous to use the high baud rate (BRGH = 1) even for slower baud

clocks. This is because the FOSC/(16(X + 1)) equation can reduce the baud rate error in

some cases. Writing a new value to the SPBRG register causes the BRG timer to be reset

(or cleared). This ensures the BRG does not wait for a timer overflow before outputting

the new baud rate. The data on the RC7/RX/DT pin is sampled three times by a majority

detect circuit to determine if a high or a low level is present at the RX pin.

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In PIC18F452 only one USART module is present. If need user can define software

USART.

MAX232:

MAX232 Pin out

The MAX232 is a dual driver/receiver that includes a capacitive voltage generator

to supply TIA/EIA-232-F voltage levels from a single 5V supply. Each receiver converts

TIA/EIA-232-F inputs to 5V TTL/CMOS levels. These receivers have a typical

threshold of 1.3 V, a typical hysteresis of 0.5 V, and can accept ±30-V inputs. Each

driver converts TTL/CMOS input levels into TIA/EIA-232-F levels.

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Application diagram

Features:

v Meets or Exceeds TIA/EIA-232-F and ITU Recommendation V.28

v Operates From a Single 5-V Power Supply With 1.0-_F Charge-Pump Capacitors

v Operates Up To 120 kbit/s

v Two Drivers and Two Receivers

v ±30-V Input Levels

v Low Supply Current . . . 8 mA Typical

The MAX232 from Maxim was the first IC which in one package contains the

necessary drivers (two) and receivers (also two), to adapt the RS-232 signal voltage

levels to TTL logic. It became popular, because it just needs one voltage (+5V) and

generates the necessary RS-232 voltage levels (approx. -10V and +10V) internally. This

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greatly simplified the design of circuitry. Circuitry designers no longer need to design

and build a power supply with three voltages (e.g. -12V, +5V, and +12V), but could just

provide one +5V power supply. MAX232 is just a driver/receiver. It does not generate

the necessary RS-232 sequence of marks and spaces with the right timing, it does not

decode the RS-232 signal, it does not provide a serial/parallel conversion. All it does is to

convert signal voltage levels. Generating serial data with the right timing and decoding

serial data has to be done by additional circuitry. The MAX232 and MAX232A need

external capacitors for the internal voltage pump, while the MAX233 has these capacitors

built-in.

The MAX232 has two receivers (converts from RS-232 to TTL voltage levels) and

two drivers (converts from TTL logic to RS-232 voltage levels). This means only two of

the RS-232 signals can be converted in each direction. The old MC1488/1498 combo

provided four drivers and receivers.

Typically a pair of a driver/receiver of the MAX232 is used for:

v TX and RX

the second one for

v CTS and RTS.

The MAX232 contain four sections: dual charge-pump DC-DC voltage converters,

RS-232 drivers, RS-232 receivers, and receiver and transmitter enable control inputs.

The MAX220–MAX249 has two internal charge-pumps that convert +5V to ±10V

(unloaded) for RS-232 driver operation. The first converter uses capacitor C1 to double

the +5V input to +10V on C3 at the V+ output. The second converter uses capacitor C2

to invert +10V to -10V on C4 at the V- output.

A small amount of power may be drawn from the +10V (V+) and -10V (V-)

outputs to power external circuitry

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The typical driver output voltage swing is ±8V when loaded with a nominal 5kΩ

RS-232 receiver and VCC =+5V. Output swing is guaranteed to meet the EIA/TIA-232E

and V.28 specification, which calls for ±5V minimum driver output levels under worst-

case conditions. Input thresholds are both TTL and CMOS compatible. The inputs of

unused drivers can be left unconnected since 400kΩ input pull-up resistors to VCC are

built in. The pull-up resistors force the outputs of unused drivers low because all drivers

invert. The internal input pull-0up resistors typically source 12µA.

EIA/TIA-232E and V.28 specifications define a voltage level greater than 3V as

logic 0, so all receivers invert. Input thresholds are set at 0.8V and 2.4V, so receivers

respond to TTL level inputs as well as EIA/TIA-232E and V.28 levels. The receiver

inputs withstand an input overvoltage up to ±25V and provide input terminating resistors

with nominal 5kΩ values. The receiver input hysteresis is typically 0.5V with a

guaranteed minimum of 0.2V. This produces clear output transitions with slow-moving

input signals, even with moderate amounts of noise and ringing. The receiver propagation

delay is typically 600ns and is independent of input swing direction.

The receivers have three modes of operation: full-speed receive (normal active)‚

three-state (disabled)‚ and low-power receive (enabled receivers continue to function at

lower data rates). The receiver enables inputs control the full-speed receive and three-

state modes. The transmitters have two modes of operation: full-speed transmits (normal

active) and three-state (disabled). The transmitter enable inputs also control the shutdown

mode. The device enters shutdown mode when all transmitters are disabled. Enabled

receivers function in the low-power receive mode when in shutdown.

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THE LM35

The LM35 are Precision integrated circuit temperature sensor whose output voltage

is linearly proportional to oc. The LM35 thus has an advantage their linear temperature

sensor calibrated in Kelvin, as the user is not required to subtract a large constant voltage

from its output to obtain convenient centigrade scaling low cost is assured by trimming

calibration at water level. The LM35’s Low Output impedance, linear output precise

inherent calibration make interfacing to readout. It can be used as single power supplier or

with I supplies. The LM35 series is available packaged in hermetric to 46 transistor

package while the LM 35C, LM35w also available in the plastic To-92 transistor package.

FEATURES :

• Calibrated directly in degree celcius.

• Linear to +10.0mu/oc scale factor.

• 0.5 oc accuracy guarantable.

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• Rated for full-0.55 oc to 150 oc range.

• Suitable for full-0.55oc to remote application.

• Low cost due to water level trimming.

• Less than 60mA current drain.

• Low self heating 0.08 oc in still air.

• Non linearity only ± ¼ oc typical.

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GPS AN OVERVIEW

The GPS (Global Positioning System) is a “constellation” of 24 well-spaced satellites that

orbit the earth and make it possible for people with ground receivers to pinpoint their

geographic location. The location accuracy is anywhere from 100 to 10 meters for most

equipment. Accuracy can be pinpointed to within 1 meter with special military-approved

equipment .GPS equipment is widely used in science and has now become sufficiently

low-cost so that almost anyone can own a GPS receiver.

The GPS has three components namely:

1. The space segment: consisting of 24 satellites orbiting the earth at an altitude of

11000 nautical miles.

2. The user segment: consisting of a receiver, which is mounted on the unit whose

location has to be determined?

3. The control segment: consists of various ground stations controlling the satellites.

The GPS is owned and operated by the U.S Department of Defense but is available for

general use around the world. Briefly, here’s how it works:

1. 21 GPS satellites and 3 spare satellites are in orbit at 10,600 miles above the earth.

The satellites are spaced so that from any point on earth, 4 satellites will be above

the horizon.

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2. Each satellite contains a computer, an atomic clock and a radio. With an

understanding of its own orbit and the clock, it continually broadcasts its changing

position and time. (Once a day, each satellite checks its own sense of time and

position with a ground station and makes any minor correction).

3. On the ground, any GPS receiver contains a computer that “triangulates” its own

position by getting bearings from 3 or 4 satellites. The result is provided in the

form of a geographic position- Longitude and latitude, for most of the receivers,

within 100 meters.

4. If the receiver is also equipped with a display screen that shows a map, the position

can be shown on the map.

5. If the 4th satellite can be received, the receiver/computer can figure out the altitude

as well as the geographic position.

6. If you are moving, your receiver may also be able to calculate your speed and

direction of travel and give the estimated times of arrival to specified destinations.

For a GPS receiver to function, it needs to lock onto satellite signals. Each satellite

broadcasts two signals at 1.57542GHz and 1.2276GHz, denoted as L1 and L2,

respectively. A satellite specific code, known as the course acquisition (C/A) code, is used

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to discern satellites. Correlation of the transmitted codes against local codes is needed to

locate satellites in frequency space. The 1023 bit C/A code modulates the L1 at

1.023MHz, repeating every millisecond. Accumulation of this 1000Hz data is required for

a receiver to operate.

Once the GPS receiver made the calculation, it can tell the latitude, the longitude and the

altitude of its’ current position. This doesn’t tell much to the average user. So in order to

make use of the GPS receiver more user-friendly many receivers send this data to a

program which displays a map and can show the position on it. Geographical Information

System (GIS) is a computer-based software capable of handling maps and various details

given on the map. Data generated by the GPS use spatial data referenced to the earth. In

other words this data is the coordinates of its own position expressed in latitude and

longitude. This data needs to be positioned on a map of the area for any useful analysis.

GPS is being used in science to provide data that has never been available before in the

quantity and degree of accuracy that the GPS makes possible. GPS receivers are becoming

consumer products. In addition to their outdoor use, receivers can be used in cars to relate

the driver’s location with traffic and weather information.

THE GPS UNIT:

The GPS unit contains a GPS module along with a GPS receiver antenna. The module

functions according to its built and the antenna receives the information from the GPS

satellite in NMEA (National Marine Electronics Association) format. This data is then

sent to the microcontroller wherein it is decoded to the required format and sent further.

GPS ANTENNA:

The AGA Series GPS antenna is a standard product for the GPS system. The circular

polarization improves reception ability. The built-in low noise amplifier with very low DC

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power consumption enhances an already high performance patch array. The antenna has

the following features:

• Low noise figure

• High gain

• Ceramic patch antenna

• Water-tight housing

• Temperature and vibration qualified

• Compact size

• Low cost

GPS MODULE:

CPIT GPS module SA3618/SA3618P (patch on top) is a high sensitivity ULTRA LOW

power consumption cost efficient, compact size; plug & play GPS module board designed

for a broad spectrum of OEM system applications.

The GPS module receiver will track up to 16 satellites at a

time while providing fast time-to-first-fix and 1Hz navigation updates. Its superior

capability meets the sensitivity & accuracy requirements of car navigation as well as other

location-based applications, such as AVL system. Handheld navigator, PDA, pocket PC,

or any battery operated navigation system.

The module communicates with application system via RS232 (TTL level) with

NMEA0183 protocol.

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Main Features:

• Built-in high performance NMEX chipset.

• Average Cold Start in 60 seconds.

• Ultra Low power consumption.( SA3618 27mA typ @ 3.3V )

• 16 channels All-in-View tracking.

• On chip 4Mb flash memory.

• TTL level serial port for GPS receiver command message Interface.

• Compact Board Size

Serial Interface

Communication to the SA3618 is provided via a serial interface. A 10-pin 1.27mm whole

connector is used. Pin 6 (Reset) is the active-low reset input. The SA3618 always requires

a reset at power-up, or it will not start properly. An optional onboard reset circuit can be

provided. A reset forces the SA3618 processor to reboot, but will not influence other

parameters such as hot or cold start. Pin 1 (GPIO [4]) and pin 10 (GPIO [0]) are spare pins

that can be used e.g. to control power modes, to indicate SA3618 status, or to force a cold

start. They can be left unconnected if desired.

I/O voltage level is set to 2.7V.

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GETTING GPS DATA:

After the GPS Module computes the positioning and other useful information, it then

transmits the data in some standard format. With differential GPS signal input the

accuracy ranges from 1 to 5 m; however, without differential input, the accuracy can be 25

m.

About 60 s after the GPS module is cold booted it begins to output a set of data (according

to the NMEA format) though port C once every second at 9600 bps, 8 data bits, one stop

bit, and no parity. NMEA GPS messages include six groups of data sets: GGA, GGL,

GSA, GSV, RMC, and VTG. We use only the most useful RMC message- Recommended

Minimum Specific GNSS Data-which contains all of the basic information required to

build a navigation system.

We only need position and time data, so the UTC position, longitude with east west

indicator, and latitude with north/south indicator are picked out from the RMC message.

All of this data will be formatted into a standard fixed length packet with some other

helpful information. Next, this data packet will be transmitted to the control center and

stored in the micro controller.

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Here’s a sample of how the GPS receiver antenna receives information from the GPS

satellite in NMEA format:

NMEA format sample:

The GPS module that we are using in this unit is SA3618 and the GPS receiving antenna

used is G-501.

SA3618 NMEA Protocol

The SA3618 software is capable of supporting the following NMEA message

Formats:

* (1): 1sec output 1msg, (3): 3sec output 1msg, 9600 baud rate (Standard output)

General NMEA Format:

The general NMEA (National Marine Electronics Association) format consists of an

ASCII string commencing with a. $. Character and terminating with a <CR><LF>

sequence. NMEA standard messages commence with .GP. then a 3-letter message

identifier. NemeriX specific messages commence with $PNMRX followed by a 3 digit

number. The message header is followed by a comma delimited list of fields optionally

terminated with a checksum consisting of an asterix .*. and a 2 digit hex value

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representing the checksum. There is no comma preceding the checksum field. When

present, the checksum is calculated as a bitwise exclusive of the characters between the. $.

and.*.. As an ASCII representation, the number of digits in each number will vary

depending on the number and precision, hence the record length will vary. Certain fields

may be omitted if they are not used, in which case the field position is reserved using

commas to ensure correct interpretation of subsequent fields. The tables below indicate the

maximum and minimum widths of the fields to allow for buffer size allocation.

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GSM Modem:

GSM (Global System for Mobile Communications

Spécial Mobile) is the most popular standard for

Its ubiquity enables international

operators, providing subscribers the use of their phones in many parts of the world.

GSM differs from its predecessor technologies in that both signaling and speech

channels are digital, and thus GSM is considered a

phone system. This also facilitates the wide

communication applications

GSM standard has been an advantage to both consumers, who may benefit from the

ability to roam and switch carriers without replacing phones, and also to network

operators, who can choose equipment fro

pioneered low-cost implementation of the

messaging, which has since been supported on other mobile phone standards as well.

GSM networks operate in a number of different

most 2G GSM networks operating in the 900

bands were already allocated, the 850

rare cases the 400 and 450 MHz frequency bands are assigned in so

PROJECT REPORT 2010-11 SOLDIER MONITORING SYSTEM

OF ELECTRONICS 42

GSM modem

Global System for Mobile Communications: originally from

) is the most popular standard for mobile telephony systems in the world.

Its ubiquity enables international roaming arrangements between

operators, providing subscribers the use of their phones in many parts of the world.

ffers from its predecessor technologies in that both signaling and speech

digital, and thus GSM is considered a second generation

phone system. This also facilitates the wide-spread implementation of data

communication applications into the system. The ubiquity of implementation of the

GSM standard has been an advantage to both consumers, who may benefit from the

ability to roam and switch carriers without replacing phones, and also to network

operators, who can choose equipment from many GSM equipment vendors. GSM also

cost implementation of the short message service (SMS), also called text

messaging, which has since been supported on other mobile phone standards as well.

GSM networks operate in a number of different carrier frequency ranges. With

GSM networks operating in the 900 MHz or 1800 MHz bands. Where these

bands were already allocated, the 850 MHz and 1900 MHz bands were used instead. In

MHz frequency bands are assigned in some countries because

SOLDIER MONITORING SYSTEM

IHRD, CASVDY

: originally from Groupe

systems in the world.

arrangements between mobile phone

operators, providing subscribers the use of their phones in many parts of the world.

ffers from its predecessor technologies in that both signaling and speech

second generation (2G) mobile

spread implementation of data

into the system. The ubiquity of implementation of the

GSM standard has been an advantage to both consumers, who may benefit from the

ability to roam and switch carriers without replacing phones, and also to network

m many GSM equipment vendors. GSM also

(SMS), also called text

messaging, which has since been supported on other mobile phone standards as well.

carrier frequency ranges. With

MHz bands. Where these

MHz bands were used instead. In

me countries because

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43

they were previously used for first-generation systems. Most 3G networks in Europe

operate in the 2100 MHz frequency band. Regardless of the frequency selected by an

operator, it is divided into timeslots for individual phones to use. This allows eight full-

rate or sixteen half-rate speech channels per radio frequency. These eight radio timeslots

(or eight burst periods) are grouped into a TDMA frame. Half rate channels use alternate

frames in the same timeslot. The channel data rate for all 8 channels is 270.833 kbit/s,

and the frame duration is 4.615 ms. The transmission power in the handset is limited to a

maximum of 2 watts in GSM850/900 and 1 watt in GSM1800/1900. One of the key

features of GSM is the Subscriber Identity Module, commonly known as a SIM card.

The SIM is a detachable smart card containing the user's subscription information and

phone book. This allows the user to retain his or her information after switching

handsets. Alternatively, the user can also change operators while retaining the handset

simply by changing the SIM.

GSM was designed with a moderate level of service security. The system was

designed to authenticate the subscriber using a pre-shared key and challenge-response.

Communications between the subscriber and the base station can be encrypted. The

development of UMTS introduces an optional Universal Subscriber Identity

Module (USIM), that uses a longer authentication key to give greater security, as well as

mutually authenticating the network and the user - whereas GSM only authenticates the

user to the network (and not vice versa). The security model therefore offers

confidentiality and authentication, but limited authorization capabilities, and no non-

repudiation.

Initial setup AT commands: We are ready now to start working with AT commands

to setup and check the status of the GSM modem.

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44

AT Returns a "OK" to confirm that modem is working

AT+CPIN="xxxx" To enter the PIN for your SIM ( if enabled )

AT+CREG? A "0,1" reply confirms your modem is connected to GSM network

AT+CSQ Indicates the signal strength, 31.99 is maximum.

Sending SMS using AT commands: We suggest try sending a few SMS using the

Control Tool above to make sure your GSM modem can send SMS before proceeding.

Let's look at the AT commands involved

AT+CMGF=1 To format SMS as a TEXT message

AT+CSCA="+xxxxx" Set your SMS center's number. Check with your provider.

To send a SMS, the AT command to use is:

AT+CMGS

AT+CMGS="+yyyyy"<Enter> Your SMS text message here<Ctrl-Z>

The "+yyyyy" is your recipient’s mobile number. Next, we will look at receiving SMS

via AT commands.

Receiving SMS using AT commands:

The GSM modem can be configured to response in different ways when it receives a

SMS. AT+CMGF=1 To format SMS as a TEXT message

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45

AT+CMGR=’x’ <Enter> AT command to send read the received SMS from modem

AT+CMGD=’x’ <Enter> To clear the SMS receive memory location in the GSM

modem. ‘x’ denotes the position of SMS received in memory.

Redial last telephone number ATDL

Description:

This command redials the last number used in the ATD command. The last number dialed

is displayed followed by “;” for voice calls only

Syntax:

Command syntax: ATDL

Hang-Up command H

Description:

The ATH (or ATH0) command disconnects the remote user. In the case of multiple calls,

all calls are released (active, on-hold and waiting calls). The specific Wavecom ATH1

command has been appended to disconnect the current outgoing call, only in dialing or

alerting state (ie. ATH1 can be used only after the ATD command, and before its

terminal response (OK, NO CARRIER, ...). It can be useful in the case of multiple calls.

Syntax:

Command syntax: ATH

Answer a call A

Description:

When the product receives a call, it sets the RingInd signal and sends the ASCII “RING”

or “+CRING: <type>” string to the application (+CRING if the cellular result code

+CRC is enabled). Then it waits for the application to accept the call with the ATA

command.

Syntax:

Command syntax: ATA

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Dial command D

ATD<nb> where <nb> is the destination phone number.

Please note that for an international number

set (usually 00) but does need to be replaced by the

Example: to set up a voice call to Wavecom offices from

“ATD+33146290800;”

Note that some countries may have specific numbering rules for their GSM handset numbering.

The response to the ATD command is one of the following

THE DB9 CONNECTOR

RS232 can be found on different co

CCITT only defines a Sub

RS232C and RS232D which are resp. on a Sub

added a Sub-D 9 version which is found an

described in TIA 457.

PROJECT REPORT 2010-11 SOLDIER MONITORING SYSTEM

OF ELECTRONICS 46

the destination phone number.

international number, the local international prefix does not need to be

set (usually 00) but does need to be replaced by the ‘+’ character.

Example: to set up a voice call to Wavecom offices from another country, the AT command is:

Note that some countries may have specific numbering rules for their GSM handset numbering.

The response to the ATD command is one of the following

THE DB9 CONNECTOR

RS232 can be found on different connectors. There are special specifications for this. The

CCITT only defines a Sub-D 25 pins version where the EIA/TIA has two versions

RS232C and RS232D which are resp. on a Sub-D25 and a RJ45. Next to this IBM has

D 9 version which is found an almost all Personal Computers and is

SOLDIER MONITORING SYSTEM

IHRD, CASVDY

, the local international prefix does not need to be

another country, the AT command is:

Note that some countries may have specific numbering rules for their GSM handset numbering.

nnectors. There are special specifications for this. The

D 25 pins version where the EIA/TIA has two versions

D25 and a RJ45. Next to this IBM has

almost all Personal Computers and is

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MALE

The RS-232 signal on a single cable is impossible to screen effectively for

noise. By screening the entire cable we can reduce the influence of outside noise, but

internally generated noise remains a problem. As the baud rate and line length increase,

the effect of capacitance between the different lines introduces serious crosstalk (this

especially true on synchronous data

PROJECT REPORT 2010-11 SOLDIER MONITORING SYSTEM

OF ELECTRONICS 47

MALE FEMALE

232 signal on a single cable is impossible to screen effectively for

noise. By screening the entire cable we can reduce the influence of outside noise, but

internally generated noise remains a problem. As the baud rate and line length increase,

effect of capacitance between the different lines introduces serious crosstalk (this

especially true on synchronous data - because of the clock lines) until a point is reached

SOLDIER MONITORING SYSTEM

IHRD, CASVDY

232 signal on a single cable is impossible to screen effectively for

noise. By screening the entire cable we can reduce the influence of outside noise, but

internally generated noise remains a problem. As the baud rate and line length increase,

effect of capacitance between the different lines introduces serious crosstalk (this

because of the clock lines) until a point is reached

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where the data itself is unreadable. Signal Crosstalk can be reduced by using lo

capacitance cable and shielding each pair

PIN DESCRIPTION

POLAR HEART BEAT TRANSMITTER AND RMC01 HEART RATE

RECEIVER

The Polar heart rate receiver component receiver

from Polar transmitter belt. The complete

different parts; transmitter, receiver and electronics and/or display device that is

the heart rate value.

The transmitter, worn around the chest, electrically detects

transmitting a pulse corresponding

user equipment receives the signal and generates a

operated on by the end user equipment electronics.

Following picture illustrates the structure of measurement

PROJECT REPORT 2010-11 SOLDIER MONITORING SYSTEM

OF ELECTRONICS 48

where the data itself is unreadable. Signal Crosstalk can be reduced by using lo

capacitance cable and shielding each pair

POLAR HEART BEAT TRANSMITTER AND RMC01 HEART RATE

The Polar heart rate receiver component receiver wirelessly receives the heart rate signal

transmitter belt. The complete heart rate measurement system consists of three

receiver and electronics and/or display device that is

The transmitter, worn around the chest, electrically detects the heart beat and starts

nsmitting a pulse corresponding to each heart beat. The receiver that is installed on end

equipment receives the signal and generates a corresponding digital pulse that is

user equipment electronics.

illustrates the structure of measurement

SOLDIER MONITORING SYSTEM

IHRD, CASVDY

where the data itself is unreadable. Signal Crosstalk can be reduced by using low

POLAR HEART BEAT TRANSMITTER AND RMC01 HEART RATE

wirelessly receives the heart rate signal

system consists of three

receiver and electronics and/or display device that is outputting

the heart beat and starts

to each heart beat. The receiver that is installed on end

corresponding digital pulse that is

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KEY BENEFITS

• Designed to be used in constant noise environment

• Small size, easy to find a place inside end user equipment

• Working with all Polar transmitter belts

• SMD component for Pick & Place machine

• Coded and noncoded receiver

System Description

A complete heart rate measuring system consists of a Polar Transmitter worn around the

chest and Polar RMCM-01 receiver built into the end user equipment. The Polar

Transmitter detects every heartbeat through two electrodes with ECG accuracy and

transmits the heart rate information wirelessly to Polar RMCM-01 receiver with the help

of a low frequency electromagnetic field. The RMCM-01 receiver receives the

transmission, and passes a digital pulse corresponding to each heartbeat to the end user

equipment electronics. The coils in the Polar Transmitter and Polar RMCM-01 receiver

must be aligned parallel in order to gain optimum performance.

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The end user equipment contains a microprocessor that calculates current heart rate value

based on the time interval between the pulses sent by the Polar RMCM-01 receiver to the

microprocessor. This calculation contains certain amount of averaging, and other

techniques, known as an algorithm, to ensure a reliable and stable heart rate reading.

Placement of the receiver component

The following rules and advice apply to the placement of the Polar receiver components.

This verifying measurement should be performed before the release of final circuit board

• The distance from the transmitter to the receiver should not exceed 80 cm.

• The orientation of the receiver is very important. The coil axis of the receiving coil

has to be parallel with the magnetic flow created by transmitter in order to get

optimum gain for successful heart rate measuring. In normal cases this means that

the axis of the transmitting and receiving coils must to be parallel. This is also

illustrated in the following picture. Coil is placed on the edge of right hand side

along the long side of the RMCM01

• Metal casing may form a Faraday case around the receiver thus attenuating the

signal and shortening the reception range. There may also be an effect twisting the

direction of the magnetic field, thus possibly changing the rule of parallel coil axis

• Interference may be created by i.e. electric motors and their control circuitry,

multiplexed display units, switching power supplies, monitors or TV equipment

causing difficulties to heart rate measuring. Most disturbances are both directional

and distance related. An optimum location for the receiver is where the heart rate

signal is maximized and the disturbances are minimized. The best cure is to

maximize the distance between Polar receiver and the source of disturbance, and at

the same time minimize the distance between Polar Receiver and the Polar

Transmitter. Practical solutions can be discussed with Polar engineering staff. Polar

engineering also can, using special equipment, find out the nature of the

disturbance, thus helping to cope with it.

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Detailed pin descriptions of RMC01

HR – Outputs heart rate value as positive pulse on each heart beat. Startup delay 5 seconds

on coded signal, 15 seconds on non-coded signal Reset – Pulling down this pin causes the

heart rate receiver reset itself. Recommendable pull down resistor value is 1k".

OSC – Crystal terminal. This pin is used if external 32kHz crystal is used.

F32KIN – Crystal terminal or clock input. If 32kHz clock is available on the end user

board, the clock signal can be inputted on this pin. Note that signal has to be DC blocked.

OSC_ON – Connect pin to ground if external clock is used. Connect to Vcc if crystal is

used.

WIDB_DET – This pin is connected to 3V.

FPLS – Detector output. On this pin all the detected pulses are shown. No startup delays

on outputting.

LX2 – Antenna coil terminal. If range is too high, a resistor is connected between this pin

and LX1 pin.

LX1 – Antenna coil terminal. If range is too high, a resistor is connected between this pin

and LX2 pin.

GND – Power supply ground pin.

VCC – Power supply voltage pin.

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Camera:

A camera is a device that records images. These images may be still photographs

or moving images such as videos or movies. The term

obscura (Latin for "dark chamber"), an early mechanism for projecting images. The

modern camera evolved from the camera obscura.

Cameras may work with the light of the

the electromagnetic spectru

an opening (aperture) at one end for

capturing the light at the other end. A majority of cameras have a

of the camera's opening to gather the incoming light and focus all or part of the image on

the recording surface. Most 20th century cameras used

surface, while modern ones use an electronic

aperture is often controlled by a

size aperture.

PROJECT REPORT 2010-11 SOLDIER MONITORING SYSTEM

OF ELECTRONICS 52

is a device that records images. These images may be still photographs

or moving images such as videos or movies. The term camera comes

for "dark chamber"), an early mechanism for projecting images. The

modern camera evolved from the camera obscura.

Cameras may work with the light of the visible spectrum or with other portions of

electromagnetic spectrum. A camera generally consists of an enclosed hollow with

an opening (aperture) at one end for light to enter, and a recording or viewing surface for

capturing the light at the other end. A majority of cameras have a lens positioned in front

s opening to gather the incoming light and focus all or part of the image on

the recording surface. Most 20th century cameras used photographic film

surface, while modern ones use an electronic camera sensor. The diameter of the

often controlled by a diaphragm mechanism, but some cameras have a fixed

Camera basic blocks

SOLDIER MONITORING SYSTEM

IHRD, CASVDY

is a device that records images. These images may be still photographs

from the camera

for "dark chamber"), an early mechanism for projecting images. The

or with other portions of

m. A camera generally consists of an enclosed hollow with

to enter, and a recording or viewing surface for

positioned in front

s opening to gather the incoming light and focus all or part of the image on

photographic film as a recording

camera sensor. The diameter of the

diaphragm mechanism, but some cameras have a fixed-

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A typical still camera takes one photo each time the user presses the shutter

button. A typical movie camera continuously takes 24 film frames per second as long as

the user holds down the shutter button, or until the shutter button is pressed a second

time. There are basically two different types of cameras- analog and digital. Analog

cameras use plastic films coated with photo resistant materials while digital camera uses

CCD or some other image sensors for capturing images.

The camera's sensor is exposed to the light passing through the camera lens.

Single-shot capture systems use either one CCD with a Bayer filter mosaic, or three

separate image sensors (one each for the primary additive colors red, green, and blue)

which are exposed to the same image via a beam splitter. The image sensor (CCD)

produces electric signals with respect to the intensity of the light falling on its surface.

These signals are then processed with Digital Signal Processors and encoded. The

encoded signals are then stored in the memory and later transferred to mass storage

devices for permanent storage.

ZIGBEE

ZigBee is a specification for a suite of high level communication protocols using small,

low –power digital radios based on the IEEE 802.15.4-2003 standard for wireless

personal area networks(WPANs), such as wireless headphones connecting with cell

phones via short-range radio. The technology defined by the ZigBee specification is

intended to be simpler and less expensive than other WPANs, such as Bluetooth. ZigBee

is targeted at radio frequency (RF) application that requires a low data rate, long battery

life, and secure networking.

The ZigBee Alliance is a group of companies that maintain and publish the Zigbee

standard. ZigBee is a a low cost, low power, wireless mesh networking proprietary

standard. The low cost allows the technology to be widely deployed in wireless control

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and monitoring applications, th

batteries, and the mesh networking provides high reliability and larger range.

The ZigBee Alliance, the standards body that defines ZigBee , Also publishes

application profiles that allow multiple EM

Serial Communications

The XBee-PRO OEM RF Modules interface to a host device through a logic

asynchronous serial port. Through its serial port, the module can communicate with any

logic and voltage compatible

ART Data Flow

Devices that have a UART interface can connect directly to the pins of the RF

module as shown in the figure below.

System Data Flow Diagram in a UART

distinguished with horizontal line over signal name.)

PROJECT REPORT 2010-11 SOLDIER MONITORING SYSTEM

OF ELECTRONICS 54

and monitoring applications, the low power usage allows longer life with smaller

batteries, and the mesh networking provides high reliability and larger range.

The ZigBee Alliance, the standards body that defines ZigBee , Also publishes

application profiles that allow multiple EM vendors to create interoperable products

PRO OEM RF Modules interface to a host device through a logic

asynchronous serial port. Through its serial port, the module can communicate with any

logic and voltage compatible UART; or through a level translator to any serial device

Devices that have a UART interface can connect directly to the pins of the RF

module as shown in the figure below.

System Data Flow Diagram in a UART‐interfaced environment (Low‐asser

distinguished with horizontal line over signal name.)

SOLDIER MONITORING SYSTEM

IHRD, CASVDY

longer life with smaller

batteries, and the mesh networking provides high reliability and larger range.

The ZigBee Alliance, the standards body that defines ZigBee , Also publishes

vendors to create interoperable products.

PRO OEM RF Modules interface to a host device through a logic-level

asynchronous serial port. Through its serial port, the module can communicate with any

UART; or through a level translator to any serial device

Devices that have a UART interface can connect directly to the pins of the RF

asserted signals

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Serial Data

Data enters the module UART through the DI pin (pin 3) as an asynchronous serial

signal. The signal should idle high when no data is being transmitted. Each data byte

consists of a start bit (low), 8 data bits (least significant bit first) and a stop bit (high).

FEATURES

• High performance, Low cost and low power.

• Long Range Data Integrity.

• Indoor/Urban: up to 300’ (100 m)

• Outdoor line-of-sight: up to 1 mile (1500 m)

• Transmit Power: 100 mW (20 dBm) EIRP

• Receiver Sensitivity: -100 dBmRF Data Rate: 250,000 bps.

• TX Current: 270 mA (@3.3 V)

• RX Current: 55 mA (@3.3 V)

• Power-down Current: < 10 µA

PIN DIAGRAM

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PIN DISCRIPTION

Description

The MC78XX/LM78XX/MC78XXA series

available in the TO-220/D-PAK package and with several fixed output

them useful in a wide range of

thermal shut down and safe operating

If adequate heat sinking is provided, they can deliver over 1A output current.

designed primarily as fixed voltage regulators,

components to obtain adjustable voltages and currents.

PROJECT REPORT 2010-11 SOLDIER MONITORING SYSTEM

OF ELECTRONICS 56

The MC78XX/LM78XX/MC78XXA series of three terminal positive regulators are

PAK package and with several fixed output

them useful in a wide range of applications. Each type employs internal current limiting,

thermal shut down and safe operating area protection, making it essentially indestructible.

is provided, they can deliver over 1A output current.

designed primarily as fixed voltage regulators, these devices can be used with external

stable voltages and currents.

SOLDIER MONITORING SYSTEM

IHRD, CASVDY

terminal positive regulators are

PAK package and with several fixed output voltages, making

applications. Each type employs internal current limiting,

making it essentially indestructible.

is provided, they can deliver over 1A output current. Although

these devices can be used with external

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THE POWER SUPPLY

BLOCK DIAGRAM

The main parts of a regulated dc power supply are shown in the above block diagram.

The transformer is to step down the 230v ac into 12v ac. The rectifier section is to reduce

the ripples in the transformer output. The filter is to provide a smoother dc output. The

voltage regulator is to restrict any variation in the output voltage.

TRANSFORMER

The transformer is a device used to transfer electric power from one circuit to another.

This is done without any change in frequency. It has two windings on an iron core,

primary and secondary windings. A step-up transformer us one which have more

secondary windings than primary, if the reverse happens it is called a step-down

transformer. Here a step-down transformer is used.

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RECTIFIER

The full wave bridge rectifier is the most frequently used one. It requires 4 diodes. Center

tapped transformer is not necessary. This rectifier is available in three distinct form- four

discrete diodes, one device inside a four terminal case and as a part of an array of diodes

in an IC.

Form factor (f) = rms value/ average value

= Irms/Idc

=0.707Im/0.636Im

F= 1.11

Ripple factor (γ) = Vrms/Vdc

= 0.482 for bridge rectifier

Efficiency (η) = Pout/Pin

=(Idc)^2.Rl/Irms(rd+Rl)= 81.2%

FILTER

The capacitor filter is mostly used. This is the simplest and chepest filter. We connect a

large value capacitor (C) in shunt with the load resistor Rl. The capacitance offers a low

resistance path to the ac components of current. To dc this is an open circuit. All the dc

current passes through the load resistor.

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VOLTAGE REGULATOR

The voltage regulator is a device, which maintains the output voltage constant

irrespective of the change in supply variations, load variations and temperature

variations. Regulator IC units contain the circuitry for reference source, comparator,

amplifier, control device and overload protection, all in a single IC. Although the internal

construction, if the IC is somewhat different for discrete voltage regulator circuits the

external operation is the same. IC units provide regulated output of either positive or

negative voltages.

Features

• Output Current up to 1A

• Output Voltages of 5, 6, 8, 9, 10, 12, 15, 18, 24V

• Thermal Overload Protection

• Short Circuit Protection

• Output Transistor Safe Operating Area Protection

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SOFTWARE OVERVIEW

HI-TECH ‘C’ AND MPLAB – AN OVERVIEW

HI-TECH software makes industrial-strength development tools and C compilers that

help software developers write compact, efficient embedded processor code. HI-TECH

PICC-18™ is a powerful C compiler for the Microchip PICmicro® PIC18 family of

microcontrollers. HI-TECH PICC-18 delivers unrivalled code density combined with

excellent reliability. Tightly tuned to the PIC18 architecture, it allows firmware

development in a fraction of the time, but with no greater use of RAM or ROM, required

for conventional assembly language programming. It is also a USER FRIENDLY

language.

HI-TECH PICC-18™ Compiler Features:

• ANSI C – full featured and portable

• Efficient – equals or betters hand-written assembler code

• Reliable – mature, field-proven technology

• Modular – includes full object code linker and library manager

• Cost-effective – productivity gains rapidly repay purchase cost

• Compatible – integrates into the MPLAB® IDE, MPLAB ICE2000 and 4000,

ICD2 and most 3rd-party development tools

• Library source – for standard libraries and sample code for various peripherals

and applications

• Complete – includes macro assembler, preprocessor and one-step driver

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MPLAB IDE – AN OVERVIEW

MPLAB is a Windows program package that makes writing and

developing a program easier. It could best be described as developing environment for a

standard program language that is intended for programming a PC. MPLAB allows you to

write, debug, and optimize the PICmicro MCU applications for firmware product designs.

Integrated Development Environment (IDE) is an application that has multiple functions

for software development. MPLAB IDE an executable program that integrates a compiler,

an assembler, a project manager, an editor, a debugger, simulator, and an assortment of

other tools within one Windows application. A user developing an application should be

able to include a host of free software components for fast application development and

super- charged debugging. Write code, compile, debug and test and application without

leaving the MPLAB IDE desktop. MPLAB IDE runs as a 32-bit application on MS

Windows, is easy to use and includes a host of free software components for fast

application development and super- charged debugging.

MPLAB ICD 2 – AN OVERVIEW

Traditionally, embedded systems engineers use in-circuit emulators (ICE) to develop and

debug their designs and then programmers to transfer the code to the devices. The in-

circuit debugging logic, when implemented, is part of the actual microcontroller silicon

and provides a low-cost alternative to a more expensive ICE. In-circuit debugging offers

these benefits:

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• Low cost

• Minimum of extra hardware

• Expensive sockets or adapters are not needed

• Debugging and programming a production line board is possible.

An ICE uses custom hardware to emulate the target microcontroller. An ICD uses

hardware on the target microcontroller to do some of the functions of an ICE. An ICD also

employs software running on the target to do ICE-like functions and, as a result, relies

upon the target microcontroller for some memory space, CPU control, stack storage and

I/O pins for communication.

The MPLAB ICD 2 (In-Circuit Debugger 2) allows debugging and programming of PIC

microcontrollers using the powerful graphical user interface of the MPLAB Integrated

Development Environment (IDE). The MPLAB ICD 2 is connected to the design

engineer’s PC using USB or RS-232 interface and can be connected to the target via an

ICD connector.

MPLAB ICD 2 SYSTEM COMPONENTS:

In addition to the MPLAB ICD 2 module, the following components are required:

• MPLAB IDE software (version 6.20 or later) – Installed on the PC to

control MPLAB ICD 2.

• RS-232 or USB cable – To connect the MPLAB ICD 2 module to a COM or USB

port on the PC.

• Modular interface cable – To connect the MPLAB ICD 2 module to a demo board

or the user’s application.

• Demo board or target application – To connect the PICmicro MCU with on- board

debug capabilities to the modular interface (and the MPLAB ICD 2). Although the

serial or USB communications from the MPLAB IDE to the target via an ICD

connector.

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VISUAL BASIC 6.0

Visual Basic (VB) is the third-generation event-driven programming language and

integrated development environment (IDE) from Microsoft for its COM programming

model. VB is also considered a relatively easy to learn and use programming language,

because of its graphical development features and BASIC heritage.

Visual Basic was derived from BASIC and enables the rapid application development

(RAD) of graphical user interface (GUI) applications, access to databases using Data

Access Objects, Remote Data Objects, or ActiveX Data Objects, and creation of ActiveX

controls and objects. Scripting languages such as VBA and VBScript are syntactically

similar to Visual Basic, but perform differently.[2]

A programmer can put together an application using the components provided with Visual

Basic itself. Programs written in Visual Basic can also use the Windows API, but doing so

requires external function declarations.

VISUAL BASIC is a high level programming language which was evolved from the

earlier DOS version called BASIC. BASIC means Beginners' All-purpose Symbolic

Instruction Code. It is a very easy programming language to learn. The codes look a lot

like English Language. Different software companies produced different version of

BASIC, such as Microsoft QBASIC, QUICKBASIC, GWBASIC, and IBM BASICA and

so on. However, it seems people only use Microsoft Visual Basic today, as it is a well

developed programming language and supporting resources are available everywhere.

Now, there are many versions of VB exist in the market, the most popular one and still

widely used by many VB programmers is none other than Visual Basic 6. We also have

VB.net, VB2005 and the latest VB2008, which is a fully object oriented programming

(OOP) language. It is more powerful than VB6 but looks more complicated to master. If

you wish to learn VB2008, click on the

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VISUAL BASIC is a VISUAL and events driven Programming Language. These are the

main divergence from the old BASIC. In BASIC, programming is done in a text-only

environment and the program is executed sequentially. In VB, programming is done in a

graphical environment. In the old BASIC, you have to write program codes for each

graphical object you wish to display it on screen, including its position and its color.

However, In VB , you just need to drag and drop any graphical object anywhere on the

form, and you can change its color any time using the properties windows.

On the other hand, because users may click on a certain object randomly, so each object

has to be programmed independently to be able to response to those actions (events).

Therefore, a VB Program is made up of many subprograms, each has its own program

codes, and each can be executed independently and at the same time each can be linked

together in one way or another.

MS ACCESS DATABASE

Microsoft Office Access, previously known as Microsoft Access, is a relational

database management system from Microsoft that combines the relational Microsoft Jet

Database Engine with a graphical user interface and software development tools. It is a

member of the Microsoft Office suite of applications, included in the Professional and

higher editions or sold separately.

Access stores data in its own format based on the Access Jet Database Engine. It can also

import or link directly to data stored in other Access databases, Excel, SharePoint lists,

text, XML, Outlook, HTML, dBase, Paradox, Lotus 1-2-3, or any ODBC-compliant data

container, including Microsoft SQL Server, Oracle, MySQL and PostgreSQL. Software

developers and data architects can use it to develop application software, and "power

users" can use it to build simple applications[citation needed]. Like other Office

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applications, Access is supported by Visual Basic for Applications, an object-oriented

programming language that can reference a variety of objects including DAO (Data

Access Objects), ActiveX Data Objects, and many other ActiveX components. Visual

objects used in forms and reports expose their methods and properties in the VBA

programming environment, and VBA code modules may declare and call Windows

operating system functions.

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PROGRAMPROGRAMPROGRAMPROGRAM

A microcontroller is a programmable integrated circuit. The controller itself has

built in ALU, control unit and memory. There are three different types of memories in

the controller- program memory, data memory and Random Access Memory. Controller

fetches and decodes the instruction written in the form of program keywords and

executes the functions by fetching the necessary variables from RAM and data from data

memory. Data memory is used for the permanent storage of information, while the RAM

is used for temporary registers, flags and variables.

Microcontroller programs must fit in the available on-chip program memory, since

it would be costly to provide a system with external, expandable, memory. Compilers

and assemblers are used to turn high-level language and assembler language codes into a

compact machine code for storage in the microcontroller's memory. Depending on the

device, the program memory may be permanent, read-only memory that can only be

programmed at the factory, or program memory may be field-alterable flash or erasable

read-only memory.

The designer can write programs in high-level, assembly or in machine language.

A high-level programming language is a programming language with strong abstraction

from the details of the computer. In comparison to low-level programming languages, it

may use natural language elements, be easier to use, or be more portable across

platforms. Such languages hide the details of CPU operations such as memory access

models and management of scope.

Assembly languages are a type of low-level languages for programming

computers, microprocessors, microcontrollers, and other (usually) integrated circuits.

They implement a symbolic representation of the numeric machine codes and other

constants needed to program a particular CPU architecture. This representation is

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67

usually defined by the hardware manufacturer, and is based on abbreviations (called

mnemonics) that help the programmer remember individual instructions, registers, etc.

An assembly language family is thus specific to a certain physical (or virtual) computer

architecture.

Machine code or machine language is a system of instructions and data executed

directly by a computer's central processing unit. Machine code may be regarded as a

primitive (and cumbersome) programming language or as the lowest-level representation

of a compiled and/or assembled computer program.

A compiler is a computer program (or set of programs) that transforms source

code written in a computer language (the source language) into another computer

language (the target language, often having a binary form known as object code). The

most common reason for wanting to transform source code is to create an executable

program. Compiler is primarily used for programs that translate source code from a

high-level programming language to a lower level language

A utility program called an assembler is used to translate assembly language

statements into the target computer's machine code. The assembler performs a more or

less isomorphic translation (a one-to-one mapping) from mnemonic statements into

machine instructions and data.

Thus a program written in high-level language will be converted into low-level

language using compilers and then to machine language using assemblers. This machine

language program is then fused into the controller's program memory using some type of

programmers. The controller then can be implemented in an embedded circuit.

The compiler used for writing the program to be fused in the program memory of

the controller is HITECH C. HITECH C compiler itself contain an assembler. When the

program is compiled, a hex code file will be produced. This file contains the machine

language program which is to be fused into the program memory. Then using Micro Pro,

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software used to interface the PIC programmer device with the computer, the machine

language programs will be fused into the controller memory.

Algorithm:

An algorithm is an effective method for solving a problem expressed as a finite

sequence of instructions. Each algorithm is a list of well-defined instructions for

completing a task. Starting from an initial state, the instructions describe a computation

that proceeds through a well-defined series of successive states, eventually terminating

in a final ending state.

The algorithm tells the steps involved in functioning the task of microcontroller.

The use of algorithm helps the designer to write the program easily.

Algorithm of the program written in the controller used in ACS is as follows.

1. Initialize the controller.

2. Declare the necessary variables, flags and macros.

3. Enable interrupts and ADC.

4. Select ADC channel

5. Set the timer for 1 min to count heart beat

6. Start the counter for counting heart beat

7. Read the value from ADC for temperature measurement

8. Read the location from GPS receiver

9. Set timer for sending data in 1 min

10. Sent data to the server in each min

Using algorithm anyone can easily understand the working of the system. Another

method used to represent the flow program and the steps involved in the working of the

system is flow charts.

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Flow chart:

A flowchart is a common type of diagram that represents an algorithm or process,

showing the steps as boxes of various kinds, and their order by connecting these with

arrows. This diagrammatic representation can give a step-by-step solution to a

given problem. Data is represented in these boxes, and arrows connecting them represent

flow / direction of flow of data. Flowcharts are used in analyzing, designing,

documenting or managing a process or program in various fields. A typical flowchart

from older Computer Science textbooks may have the following kinds of symbols:

Start and end symbols: Represented as circles, ovals or rounded rectangles, usually

containing the word "Start" or "End", or another phrase signaling the start or end of a

process, such as "submit enquiry" or "receive product".

Arrows: Showing what's called "flow of control" in computer science. An arrow

coming from one symbol and ending at another symbol represents that control passes to

the symbol the arrow points to.

Processing steps: Represented as rectangles (or oblongs). Examples: "Add 1 to X";

"replace identified part"; "save changes" or similar.

Input/Output: Represented as a parallelogram. Examples: Get X from the user;

display X.

Conditional or decision: Represented as a diamond (rhombus). These typically

contain a Yes/No question or True/False test.

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FLOW CHART

NO YES

INITIALIZE CONTROLLER

DECLARE VARIABLES

ENABLE INTERRUPTS

ENABLE SERIAL COMMUNICATION

START

CONFIGURE ADC FOR TEMPERATURE MEASUREMENT

PULSE= VALUE FROM TMR3L ACTUAL=PULSE

CK=CK+1

IS TEMP!= ACTUAL

A D

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NO YES

LOW BAUDRATE

A

CREN=0,h=0,t=0,rsf=0

IS h=1,t=1 & rsf=1

TRANSMIT ID

CONVERT [TEP TO CHARACTER]

TRANSMIT

CONVERT [HEART BEAT TO CHARACTER]

TRANSMIT

HB=0

GPS TRANSMIT

B

C

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HIGH BAUDRATE

B C

TEMP=ACTUAL

D

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INTERRUPT SUBROUTINE TIMER1 INTERRUPT NO YES NO YES

IS TMR1IF=1

TMR1IF=0

COUNT=COUNT+1;

TMR1IF=0;

bpm=ckt;

TMR3L=0; COUNT=0;

IS COUNT>344

ckt=0; h=1;

TMR2ON=1;

TMR2IE=1;

RETURN

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TIMER2 INTERRUPT NO YES YES NO YES

IS TMR2IF=1?

TMR2IF=0

KE=KE+1

ADC

KE=0

T=1;

AVG=SUM/15

IS KE=15?

SUM=0

TMR2IE=0

RETURN

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NO YES NO YES NO YES

Is RCIF=1?

RS[RSP]=RCREG

RS[RSP]=$

RSP=0

RS[0]=$

RCIF=0 RCIE=0

Is RS[0]=$? & RS[RSP-1]=0*0D && RS[RSP]=0*0A?

TXREG = '#'

RSF=1

RSP=RSP+1

RETURN

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SUBROUTINE YES YES

IS TRMT=1

CONVERT

unit=p%10, k=p/10

ten=k%10; hnd=p/100;

a[0]=hnd+0x30;

a[1]=ten+0x30;

a[2]=unit+0x30;

RETURN

TRANSMIT

i=0

TXREG=a[i]

IS i<=2

F

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i=i+1

RETURN

E

E F

ADC

value=((b1*5)/10) [Converting to deg centigrade]

b1= b1 LOGICALLY OR WITH b2

b2=VALUE IN ADRESL

b1=SHIFT 8 BIT OF b1 TO LEFT

b1=VALUE IN ADRESH

S=SET CHANNEL 1 USING ADCON0

b1=0, b2=0

RETURN

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HIGH_BAUDRATE

ENABLE SERIAL PORT; SELECT ASYNCHRONOUS MODE

SET HIGH BAUD RATE; SPBRG=38

ENABLES USART RECEIVE INTERRUPT

RETURN

RETURN

LOW BAUDRATE

ENABLE SERIAL PORT, SELECT ASYNCHRONOUS MODE

SET HIGH BAUD RATE; SPBRG=38

]

SET TRANSMIT ENABLE BIT

CREN=1

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NO YES NO YES

IS TRMT=1

i=0

TXREG=R_S[i]

IS i<=69

RETURN

i=i+1

GPS TRANSMIT

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SERVER NO YES YES

START

READ DATA SENT FROM SOLDIER

DISPLAY DATA

IF HB<55 OR

HB>95

EXTRACT DATA

DISPLAY HEART BEAT PROBLEM ID & NAME IN MESSAGE BOX

IF CALL IS PRESS?

CALL SOLDIER

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PROGRAM #include<htc.h>

#define _XTAL_FREQ 12000000

void adc();

void transmit();

void tmrcount();

void conv(int p);

void trans_gps();

void high_baudrate();

void gps_transmit();

void low_baudrate();

int value=0,cnt=0,ke=1,m=0,c=0,d=0,e=0,i=0,temp=0;

char a[3];

char id[11]="12345678\r\n";

char pulse=0;

char bpm=0,ckt=0;

int unit=0,ten=0,hnd=0,k=0,old=0,v=0,n=0,no=0,sum=0,avg=0,ths=0,l=0;

int COUNT=0,jk=0,actual=0,gps_stat=0;

char rcvd_str[71];

char rcvd_str_pos=0;

char rcvd_str_flag = 0;

void interrupt dis()

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if (TMR1IF) //timer module for outing the data in each Min

TMR1IF=0;

COUNT=COUNT+1;

if(COUNT>344)

TMR1IF=0;

bpm=ckt;

TMR3L=0;

COUNT=0;

ckt=0;

m=1;

TMR2IE=1;

TMR2ON=1;

if (TMR2IF)//for checking 15 adc values and finaly takes the avg

TMR2IF=0;

ke=ke+1;

adc();

sum=sum+value;

if(ke==15)

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d=c;

ke=0;

avg=sum/15;

c=avg;

sum=0;

e=1;

TMR2IE=0;

if(RCIF)

rcvd_str[rcvd_str_pos] = RCREG;

if (rcvd_str[rcvd_str_pos] == '$')

rcvd_str_pos = 0;

rcvd_str[0] = '$';

if (rcvd_str[0] == '$' && rcvd_str[rcvd_str_pos-1] == 0x0D && rcvd_str[rcvd_str_pos] == 0x0A)

TXREG = '#';

rcvd_str_flag = 1;

RCIF=0;

RCIE=0;

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rcvd_str_pos++;

void main()

GIE=1;

PEIE=1;

BRGH=1;

SPBRG=38;

SYNC=0;

SPEN=1;

TXEN=1;

TXIF=0;

RCIE=1;

CREN=1;

T2CON=0b00000011;//for adc

T1CON=0b10110001;//for sending data to server in each min

T3CON=0b00000011;//for counting heart beat

TMR1L=0;

TMR1H=0;

TMR2IE=0;

TMR1IE=1;

TRISA4=1;

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TRISA0=1;

TRISD=0;

TRISE2=0;

TRISE0=0;

TRISC6=0;

TRISC7=1;

TRISC0=1;

ADCON0=0x00;

ADCON1=0x80;

while(1)

pulse=TMR3L;

actual=pulse;

if(temp!=actual)

ckt++;

if(m==1&&e==1&&rcvd_str_flag == 1)// the values are updated with in 1 Min

CREN=0;

e=0;

m=0;

rcvd_str_flag=0;

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low_baudrate();

for(i=0;i<11;i++)

while(!TRMT);

TXREG=id[i];

i=0;

conv(avg);

while(!TRMT);

TXREG='T';

while(!TRMT);

transmit();

conv(bpm);

while(!TRMT);

TXREG='H';

while(!TRMT);

transmit();

bpm=0;

gps_transmit();

high_baudrate();

temp=actual;

void conv(int p)//function to convert the int value to charecter

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unit=p%10;

k=p/10;

ten=k%10;

hnd=p/100;

a[0]=hnd+0x30;

a[1]=ten+0x30;

a[2]=unit+0x30;

void transmit()

for(i=0;i<=2;i++)

while(!TRMT);

TXREG=a[i];

void adc()

int b1=0,b2=0;

ADCON0=0X05;//chanel 1

b1=ADRESH;

b1=b1<<8;

b2=ADRESL;//converts the 8 bit in adresl and 2 bit in adresh

b1=b1|b2;

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value=((b1*5)/10);//converting to deg centigrade

void low_baudrate()

SPEN=1;

SYNC=0;

BRGH=1;

SPBRG=78;

TXEN=1;

void high_baudrate()

SPEN=1;

SYNC=0;

BRGH=1;

SPBRG=38;

RCIE=1;

CREN=1;

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void gps_transmit()

for(i=0;i<=69;i++)

while(!TRMT);

TXREG=rcvd_str[i];

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VB PROGRAM

Dim con As New ADODB.Connection

Dim rs As New ADODB.Recordset

Dim rs1 As New ADODB.Recordset

Private Sub cboSOLDIER_KeyPress(KeyAscii As Integer)

If KeyAscii = 39 Then KeyAscii = 0

End Sub

Private Sub cmdCALL_Click()

MSComm1.Output = "ATD" & " "

MSComm1.Output = "" + txtContact.Text + "" & ";"

MSComm1.Output = Chr(&HD)

End Sub

Private Sub cboSOLDIER_Click()

Dim rsFill As New ADODB.Recordset

Set rsFill = Nothing

rsFill.CursorLocation = adUseClient

rsFill.Open "SELECT * FROM RECORD WHERE ID='" & Trim(cboSOLDIER.Text) & "'", con, adOpenDynamic, adLockOptimistic

If Not rsFill.EOF Then

txtId.Text = IIf(Not IsNull(rsFill.Fields(0)), rsFill.Fields(0), "")

txtName.Text = IIf(Not IsNull(rsFill.Fields(1)), rsFill.Fields(1), "")

txtDesig.Text = IIf(Not IsNull(rsFill.Fields(2)), rsFill.Fields(2), "")

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txtContact.Text = IIf(Not IsNull(rsFill.Fields(3)), rsFill.Fields(3), "")

End If

End Sub

Private Sub cmdClear_Click()

txtId.Text = ""

txtName.Text = ""

txtDesig.Text = ""

txtContact.Text = ""

cboSOLDIER.Text = ""

End Sub

Private Sub cmdSave_Click()

Dim rsSave As New ADODB.Recordset

If Trim(txtId.Text) = "" Then MsgBox "Id can not be blank.", vbCritical: txtId.SetFocus: Exit Sub

Set rsSave = Nothing

rsSave.CursorLocation = adUseClient

rsSave.Open "SELECT * FROM RECORD WHERE ID='" & Trim(txtId.Text) & "'", con, adOpenDynamic, adLockOptimistic

con.BeginTrans

If rsSave.EOF Then

rsSave.AddNew

rsSave!ID = Trim(txtId.Text)

End If

rsSave!Name = Trim(txtName.Text)

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rsSave!POSITION = Trim(txtDesig.Text)

rsSave!CONTACT = Trim(txtContact.Text)

rsSave.Update

con.CommitTrans

MsgBox "Record Saved Sucessfully.", vbInformation, "Jeevan"

cmdClear_Click

LoadSolider

txtId.SetFocus

End Sub

Private Sub LoadSolider()

Dim rsSoldier As New ADODB.Recordset

Set rsSoldier = Nothing

rsSoldier.CursorLocation = adUseClient

rsSoldier.Open "SELECT ID FROM RECORD ORDER BY ID", con, adOpenDynamic, adLockOptimistic

cboSOLDIER.Clear

If Not rsSoldier.EOF Then

Do Until rsSoldier.EOF

cboSOLDIER.AddItem rsSoldier!ID

rsSoldier.MoveNext

Loop

End If

End Sub

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Private Sub Form_Load()

MSComm1.PortOpen = True

Set con = New ADODB.Connection

con.Provider = "Microsoft.Jet.OLEDB.4.0;Data

Source=D:\JEEVAN\JEEVAN.mdb;Persist Security Info=False"

con.Open

Set rs = New ADODB.Recordset

rs.ActiveConnection = con

rs.LockType = adLockOptimistic

rs.Open "RECORD"

Set rs1 = New ADODB.Recordset

rs1.ActiveConnection = con

rs1.LockType = adLockOptimistic

rs1.Open "LOCATION"

LoadSolider

End Sub

Private Sub MSComm1_OnComm()

Dim S, A, B, C, D, E, F, G, H As String

Dim POS, POS1, POS2, POS3, PO As Integer

If MSComm1.CommEvent = comEvReceive Then

txtReceive.Text = txtReceive.Text + MSComm1.Input

End If

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S = txtReceive.Text

If Len(S) >= 84 Then

txtReceive.Text = ""

G = Mid$(S, 1, 8)

txtId.Text = G

rs.MoveFirst

While Not rs.EOF

If rs.Fields(0) = Text1.Text Then

txtName.Text = rs.Fields(1)

txtDesig.Text = rs.Fields(2)

txtContact.Text = rs.Fields(3)

End If

rs.MoveNext

Wend

POS = InStr(S, "T")

D = Mid$(S, POS + 1, 3)

txtTemp.Text = D

POS1 = InStr(S, "H")

H = Mid$(S, POS1 + 1, 3)

txtHB.Text = H

If H < 65 Or H > 85 Then

POS2 = InStr(S, "GPRMC")

A = Mid$(S, POS2 + 1)

POS = InStr(A, "V")

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B = Mid$(A, POS + 2, 9)

txtLONGI.Text = B

POS1 = InStr(A, "N")

C = Mid$(A, POS1 + 2, 10)

txtLATTI.Text = C

rs1.MoveFirst

While Not rs1.EOF

If rs1.Fields(0) = B And rs1.Fields(1) = C Then

Label8.Caption = rs1.Fields(2)

End If

rs1.MoveNext

Wend

MsgBox "SOLDIER NO:" & Text1.Text & " " & "HEART BEAT:" & H

End If

End If

End Sub

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INTERFACE TO THE COMPUTER

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BASIC STEPS IN PCB MANUFACTURING

Forming a printed circuit board is essential and the most prominent step in the

formation of one electronic device. For a device to work properly the components we

planned to use should be well placed in a PCB. In this section we are explaining about

the formation of our PCB. The design of a PCB can be considered as the last step in

electronic circuit designing.

In the electronic circuit performance and reliability depends on the productivity of

PCB. Assembling and servicing ability also depends on the design. A proper PCB

ensures that various components are interconnected as per the circuit diagram. Once they

have been placed on the PCB in their proper positions and subsequently soldered PCB

design and fabrication techniques have undergone so much of development that it has

become a subject in itself. Double sided PCBs, multiplayer PCBs with plated through

holes (PTH), flexible PCBs, etc are only some of the developments. Manufacturing of

PCB involves the following steps.

1 Print and etch

2 Print, plate and etch

The single sided PCBs are usually using the print and etch method and the double-

sided plates through hole boards are made by print, plate and etch method. The

production of multiplayer boards uses both the technique

Penalization

The schematic or the artwork of this circuit applied by the customer is transformed to

working positive or negative films. The circuit is repeated conveniently to accommodate

economically as many circuits as possible in a panel, which can be operated in every

sequent steps in the PCBs process. This is called penalization.

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Drilling

This is the state of the art operation. Very small holes are drilled with

a high speed CMC drilling machine.

Plating

The heart of the PCB manufacturing process lies in the electrolytic

plating process. The holes drilled are treated both mechanically and chemically before

depositing the copper by the electrolytic copper plating process

Etching

Once a multiplayer board is drilled and electro less copper is deposited the image

available in the form of a firm is transferred on to the outside by photo printing process.

The boards are then with copper and tin. This is called etching.

Solder mask

Since PCB design may call for very close spacing conductors, a

solder mask has to be applied on both sides of the circuit to avoid bridging of

conductors. This ink is applied by screening. This is dried, exposed to UV, developed in

a mild alkaline solution and finally treated by both UV and thermal energy.

Hot air leveling

After the above-mentioned process, the circuit pads are soldered

using hot air leveling process while removing the board from solder path, hot air blown

on both the sides of the board through air knives in the machine leaving the board

soldered and leveled.

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Fabrication of demonstration unit

1 The total circuit diagram and list of components are prepared and procurement

of the components is done.

2 The components layout and interconnection track diagram are prepared and

hole drilling as per the size of the components is done.

3 To remove the unwanted copper other than the track part the board is etched

and it is washed with plenty of water and is dried well.

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PCB layout

The PCB used for connecting the whole circuit discussed above is shown. The size

of the board is about 8x8 inches. Board is made on glass material. The advantage of

using glass for drawing the copper conduction lines is the life of board. Since the lines

are too narrow, the chance of track missing is high. While using glass as the base

material the track won’t distract easily from it.

PCB layout

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Component layout:

Component layout

Component layout is used to identify the position of components to be soldered on

the PCB.

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COMPONENTS USEDCOMPONENTS USEDCOMPONENTS USEDCOMPONENTS USED

Component Name/Specification Quantity

Microcontroller PIC18F452 1

Level Converter MAX232 1

Regulator LM7805,LM317 1

Crystal 12MHz,32KHz 1

Level convertor MAX232 1

Capacitors 1000µF,1µF,0.1,22pf,0.1µF,10pF 12

Resistors 10KΩ,1KΩ,100Ω,390 Ω, 270 Ω 8

DB9 Connectors 2

Switch 1

GSM Modem MOD9001,BenQ 1

GPS receiver 1

Heart beat transmitter Polar T31 belt 1

Heart beat receiver RMCMO1 1

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FUTURE SCOPEFUTURE SCOPEFUTURE SCOPEFUTURE SCOPE

This system can provide more safety to the soldiers by adding body temperature Sensor,

breath sensor and a pressure sensor. By using this sensors base station can monitor the

physical status of soldiers. And they can give medical instructions to soldiers to

overcome those problems. We can add a display section to this project. This help to

display a digital map which shows the position of all soldiers in the unit as they are

surround a block of buildings and launch their attacks.

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CONCLUSIONCONCLUSIONCONCLUSIONCONCLUSION

The “SOLDIER MONITORING SYSTEM” is an effective security and safety system

which is made by integrating the advancements in wireless and embedded technology. It

helps for a successful secret mission. This system can be used in critical conditions. The

most significance in this is implementation of M-Health. By implementing this system

we can improve the security of our country this also help to improve the safety of the

soldier. This system also helps to provide real time video information. Using this system

we can reduce casualties of war . It also helps to giving critical information’s and

warnings to the soldiers and can apply more of them to the current weak locations. This

strengthen the defense system.

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BIBLIOGRAPHYBIBLIOGRAPHYBIBLIOGRAPHYBIBLIOGRAPHY

Books:

1. Design with PIC microcontrollers :- John B Peatman

2. The 8051 Microcontroller and Embedded Systems :- Mazidi

Websites:

• www.ieee.org/portal/site • http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wireless • www.wirelesscommunication.nl/reference/about.htm • http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/xpl/RecentIssue.jsp? Pun umber=7742 • www.interscience.wiley.com/journal/76507157/home • http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Embedded_system • www.Analog.com/EmbeddedDSPGuide • www.iitr.ac.in/news/uploads/File/EE/announce29122007 • www.gpsintegrated.com/

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APPENDIXAPPENDIXAPPENDIXAPPENDIX