solid waste management

SOLID WASTE MANAGEMENT

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By

Kanchan Deoli Bahukahndi

College of Engineering

University of Petroleum and Energy Studies

DEFINITIONS OF SOLID WASTE

Any unwanted or discarded material fromresidential, commercial, industrial, mining andagricultural activities that are normally solid andcauses environmental problems may be termedas solid waste.

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as solid waste.

CONTENTS Definitions of Solid Waste. Need for Solid Waste Management. Sources of Wastes. Definition of Solid Waste Management.

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Definition of Solid Waste Management. Elements of Solid Waste Management. Role of Citizens.

DEFINITIONS OF SOLID WASTE

Solid waste comprise all the waste arising fromhuman and animal activities that are normallysolid and that are discarded as useless orunwanted.

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Discarded material judged to be of no value forordinary or normal use is termed as solid waste.

POLLUTION CAUSED BY SOLID WASTES

Solid WASTE POLLUTION:

Human activities produce large quantities of

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Human activities produce large quantities of wastes .solid wastes can be broadly categorized in to two main categories:

Biodegradable Non-biodegradable

1. BIODEGRADABLE WASTES:

These pollutants are natural organic compounds which are degraded by biological and microbial action, eg. sewage.

2. NON- BIODEGRADABLE WASTES:

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These pollutants are not acted by microbes eg.Glass, plastics.

These wastes can also be classified in to two broad terms

These wastes can also be classified in to two broad terms

A. HOUSEHOLD SOLID WASTES B. COMMERCIAL WASTES

A. HOUSEHOLD SOLID WASTES: Generally solid wastes from the house hold is collected

locally and the amount depends upon the size and

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locally and the amount depends upon the size and consumption habits of the populations. it is disposed on either public property or private contractors site.

B. COMMERCIAL WASTES:

Commercial wastes are generated by commercial establishments but are usually disposed off by public facilities.

Industrial wastes are those wastes that are generated by manufacturing firms.

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CLASSIFICATION OF REFUSE MATERIALS:

a. GARBAGE: These are the wastes that are generated from the

kitchen , slaughter houses, canning and freezing industries.

b. RUBBISH: Rubbish includes two types of wastes i.e.

combustible and Non-combustible wastes.

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combustible and Non-combustible wastes. Combustible wastes are mainly leaves, grasses and

plants . Non-combustibles wastes such as bottles, crockery

and plastic materials.

c. ASHES: Residue from fires used for cooking and for

heating buildings, cinders.

d. BULKY WASTES: Large auto parts , tyres, stoves, refrigerators.

e. DEAD ANIMALS: Like dead bodies of cats, dogs, poultry , horses,

cows etc.

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cows etc.

f. SLUDGE: Settled solid components of sewage wastes.

g. INDUSTRIAL SOLID WASTES: Chemicals , paints and sand etc

MINING WASTES:

These contains wastes from coal mine.

AGRICULTURAL WASTES:

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Such as farm animal wastes, manure crop residue, pesticides , insecticides and so on.

NEED FOR SOLID WASTE MANAGEMENT

To create awareness of the system of solidwaste management.

To maintain hygienic conditions in theenvironment.

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environment.

To create wealth from waste.

SOURCES OF SOLID WASTE

Sources of Solid Waste

Muncipal Waste Industrial Waste Agricultural Waste Special Waste

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ResidentialWaste

CommercialWaste

Non - ProcessWaste

ProcessWaste

MineralWaste

Radio Active Waste

Toxic Waste

Hospital Waste

Miscellaneous Waste

MUNICIPAL WASTE

These include waste from commercial andresidential areas, which includes garbage andrubbish.

Garbage Consists of biodegradable waste.

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Garbage Consists of biodegradable waste.

Eg: Food waste, paper, cardboard etc.

Rubbish consists of non biodegradable waste.Eg: Metal Cans, Glass etc.

INDUSTRIAL WASTE

These include waste Like process, non-processand mineral wastes.

Non Process waste like cafeteria waste,packing wastes, etc.

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packing wastes, etc.

Processing waste depends on type of theproduct being produces.

Eg: Tannery waste, plastic waste, metal scrapsetc.

Mineral waste from mineral and mineralprocessing units.

AGRICULTURAL WASTE

These waste results from farms, feed lots andlive stock yards.

Eg: Paddy husk, bagasse from sugar cane andtobacco, corn residue etc.

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tobacco, corn residue etc.

SPECIAL WASTE

These include waste like: Radio Active from nuclear plants, laboratories. Toxic wastes such as heavy metal sludge, pesticides

etc.

Hospital wastes such as needles, sharps, bandages,

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Hospital wastes such as needles, sharps, bandages,drugs, anatomical waste etc.

Miscellaneous products such as inflammable,corrosive, explosive, security wastes etc.

DEFINTION OF SOLID WASTE MANAGEMENT

Solid Waste Management comprises ofpurposeful and systematic control of thegeneration, storage, collection, transportation,separation, processing, recycling, recovery anddisposal of solid waste.

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disposal of solid waste.

ELEMENTS OF SOLID WASTE MANAGEMENT

Waste - generation

Storage

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Collection

Process and RecoveryTransfer and Transport

Disposal


WASTE GENERATION

Waste generation involves reduction in volumeof the waste and reuse, i.e. an article should bedisposed of only when it of no use.

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disposed of only when it of no use.


STORAGE

Storage involves the activityassociated with managementof wastes until they are placedin storage containers for

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in storage containers forcollection.

Different components shouldbe stored in differentcontainers, so that the processof solid waste managementbecomes effective and easy.


COLLECTION

Collection involves the use of large containerswhich can be emptied mechanically with acontainer pickup mechanism or manually.

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container pickup mechanism or manually.

It is normally accomplished by a fleet of trucksand crew that operates together as collectionsystem.


COLLECTION

Based on mode of operation, collection systemsare classified as:

Hauled Container system.

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Hauled Container system. Stationary container system. Door to door collection system. Collection of waste from storage bins.


HAULED CONTAINER SYSTEM

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STATIONARY CONTAINER SYSTEM

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DOOR TO DOOR COLLECTION SYSTEM

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COLLECTION OF WASTE (05:36)

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TRANSFER AND TRANSPORTATION

The transportation of MSW in open trucksshould be prohibited.

In commercial areas collection should be done

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In commercial areas collection should be donedaily and at night times.

In residential areas collection is done once ortwice a weak and it should be collected duringday time.



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The Methods of Transportation: Direct Method.

Source of Generation Disposal site.

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Source of Generation Disposal site. Indirect Method.

Source of Generation Transfer station Disposal site.


SALVAGING, PROCESSING AND RECOVERY

Components of waste which are havingeconomical value can be salvaged for recycling.

Eg: metallic cans, paper, plastics etc.

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Eg: metallic cans, paper, plastics etc. Separation of bulk items, ferrous metals. Manual separation of waste components. Volume and Size reduction by shredding,

compaction and combustion.

Transformation processes are used to recoverproducts and energy.


SEGREGATION AND RECOVERY (00:47)

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PROCESSING AND RECOVERY (01:23)

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DISPOSAL OF SOLID WASTEDisposal of Solid Waste

Open Dumping

Dumping into Sea

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Hog Feeding

Incineration

Composting

Sanitary Land Fills

Vermi Composting

Discharge into Sewers

Salvaging


DISPOSAL OF SOLID WASTE

OPEN DUMPING

Components suitable are street sweeping, ashesand non combustible.

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and non combustible.

Serious nuisance result if garbage is disposed inthis manner.

This method is not the best method for disposalhence it should not be selected.



OPEN DUMPING

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DUMPING INTO SEA

This method is possible in coastal areas. Waste should be taken 2 3km away from the

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Waste should be taken 2 3km away from theshore and dumped there.

Tides are to be considered to avoid the wastefrom coming back.

It is costly method and is not adopted in INDIA.



HOG FEEDING

It is estimated 25% of total quantity of garbage isused for hog feeding.

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used for hog feeding.

Garbage from restaurants and hotels are used forhog feeding.

Every day each hog consumer 10 kg of waste andgains a weight by 0.5 Kg.



HOG FEEDING

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DISPOSAL OF SOLID WASTEINCINERATION

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INCINERATION

Incineration is the process of burning the wasteat high temperatures, there by reducing itsweight and volume.

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weight and volume.

The temperature in the furnace should bemaintained at 6000 C to 11000 C and 8000 C isthe optimum temperature.

Incineration is best method to dispose municipalsolid waste and bio medical waste.


INCINERATION Merits:

Ashes produced can be disposed of by sanitaryland fill.

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land fill.

No land pollution.

Less land area is required and central locationis possible.

Climate does not affect the process.

Waste heat can be used for power generation.

Gasses and particulate can be removed by airpollution control equipments.


INCINERATION

Demerits: High initial cost and maintenance cost.

P.V.C Containing wastes should not be

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P.V.C Containing wastes should not beincinerated as they produce toxic gasses.


Composting isbiological processbrought by

COMPOSTING

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brought bymicroorganisms,which convert organicmatter into bio-fertilizers and soiladditives.

The End Product iscalled Compost.

DISPOSAL OF SOLID WASTEPROCESS OF COMPOSTING (01:15)

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Composting aided by earthworms is calledVermin composting.

The end products formed is known as Vermin

VERMI - COMPOSTING

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The end products formed is known as Vermin Castings.

The worms used for Vermin Composting areRed Worms called as Red Winglers.


SANITARY LANDFILLS

In sanitary land fill there is a sanitary control overthe process.

Factors to be considered for selection of sight.

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Factors to be considered for selection of sight.Land requirements.

Land use restrictions.

Haul distance.

Hydrological investigation.


METHODS OF SANITARY LANDFILL Trench Method (6 to 10ft deep and 10 to 40 ft width). Area Ramp Method (moderately sloppy terrains). Area Fill Method (low lying areas).

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PROCESS In either of the methods slope of 300 is to be

maintained. Dumped waste is compacted and 6 inches of soil is

covered and after each days work 2ft thichcompacted soil is laid on the site.


ADVANTAGES OF SANITARY LANDFILL

The initial cost is low as compared to otherdisposal methods.

Sanitary landfill can receive any type of solid

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Sanitary landfill can receive any type of solidwaste eliminating the necessity of separatecollections.

Sub-marginal lands may be reclaimed for useas parking lots, play grounds, golf courses,airports etc.


DISADVANTAGES OF SANITARY LANDFILL

Toxic gasses are produced like methane,carbon dioxide etc.

Breeding of rats and flies in case of improper

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Breeding of rats and flies in case of impropermanagement.

Leachate from the land fill pollutes groundwater.

DISPOSAL OF SOLID WASTEPOLLUTIONOF GROUND WATER BY LECHATE

REFUSE DUMP

PERMEABLE WELL WHICH IS

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LECHATE

IMPERMEABLE STRATA

PERMEABLESOIL

WELL WHICH ISLIKELY TO GET

POLLUTED

GROUND WATER TABLE


CONTROL MEASURES OF SANITARY LANDFILL

Landfill liners, leachate and gas collection andextraction systems should be provided.

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extraction systems should be provided.

Daily cover should properly laid andcompacted.


DISCHARGES INTO SEWERS

This method is usually adopted in developingcountries.

Waste is shredded into small pieces and

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Waste is shredded into small pieces anddischarged into sewers.

This method ultimately increases the load onthe treatment plant.

ROLE OF CITIZENTO MAKE

SOLID WASTE MANAGEMENT EFFECTIVE

We should not discard the waste until it is of nouse.

We should take care that waste is collectedperiodically and disposed off by the concernedauthorities.

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authorities. Media programs should be shown, to educate the

people about the problems arising from improperdisposal and to train them about how to disposetheir waste.

The authorities should levy fine if the waste isdiscarded improperly.

Thank you

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solid waste management

Documents

industrial solid wastes

household solid wastes

commercial wastes

industrial wastes

mining wastes

agricultural wastes

noncombustible wastes

sources of wastes