solid waste management - india
TRANSCRIPT
-
8/12/2019 Solid Waste Management - INDIA
1/124
S Shariq Ahmed
Click to edit Master text styles
SOLID WASTE MANAGEMENT
INDIA
-
8/12/2019 Solid Waste Management - INDIA
2/124
S Shariq Ahmed
SOLID WASTE MANAGEMENT IN INDIA
SOLID WASTE MANAGEMENT IN INDIA
-
8/12/2019 Solid Waste Management - INDIA
3/124
S Shariq Ahmed
The Urbanising World
The 20th Century began with a population of 2 billion which increased to 6billion population by the end of the century.
The Century also witnessed the biggest exodus of human population from
Rural to Urban areas
The global urbanisation level increased from 10% to 50% during the century;
The world has turned urban with more than half the population living in
urban areas
-
8/12/2019 Solid Waste Management - INDIA
4/124
S Shariq Ahmed
Extra-ordinary Urban Growth in Less
Developed Countries
600 Million people added to the worlds urban population between 1990-2000
Close to 3 million people are added in Asia alone every month, i.e. equivalent
to one new City a month
Of the 21 mega cities (popln. 10 million+) in the world today, 17 are estimated
to be in developing countries
-
8/12/2019 Solid Waste Management - INDIA
5/124
S Shariq Ahmed
World Population Trends
9300
6883
6100
5667(82%)
4900(80%)
0
1000
2000
3000
4000
5000
6000
7000
8000
9000
10000
2000 2010 2020 2030 2040 2050
8200(88%)
Source: UN Population Division; WORLD POPULATION PROSPECTSPopulation Reference Bureau: WORLD POPULATION DATA SHEET
Population in and developing (lesser developed) countries to be 88% of total
population by 2050 (in millions)
-
8/12/2019 Solid Waste Management - INDIA
6/124
S Shariq Ahmed
Urbanisation Scenario in India
1350 M
361330 M
459 M
(34%)366.3
(31.13%)285.35
(27.78%)217.61(25.71%)
62(17%)50 M(16%)
0
300
600
900
1200
1500
1947 1951 1961 1971 1981 1991 2001 2011 2021
Total Urban
Decadal Growth Rate of Population (1991-2001) Urban: 31.13% Rural 17.97%
11 May, 2000, 1000 M
1 March, 2001,
-
8/12/2019 Solid Waste Management - INDIA
7/124
S Shariq Ahmed
Urbanisation Scenario in India
Indias Population = 1027 Million
As per 2001 Census
Urban Population = 285 Million
Urban Areas = 5161
(Cities / Towns)
-
8/12/2019 Solid Waste Management - INDIA
8/124
S Shariq Ahmed
India: Urbanisation Scenario
Metropolitan Cities/Agglomerations
705335
23
950
20
40
60
80
1951 1971 1991 2001 2011 2021(Projected)
No. of Cities/Agglomerations with more than
1 Million Population
(37.8 % )
(33.0 % )
No.of Class-I Cities(> 1 Lakh) - 300 (1991)
% of Urban Population - 65%
-
8/12/2019 Solid Waste Management - INDIA
9/124
S Shariq Ahmed
Trend Of Urbanization
Year Year Year Year
1951 1991 2001 2021
Number of Urban 2795 3768 5161 --
Agglomerations / Towns
Urban Population 62.0 217.0 285.0 550.0
(in million)
As percentage of total 17.3% 25.72% 27.8% 41%
Population
-
8/12/2019 Solid Waste Management - INDIA
10/124
S Shariq Ahmed
Magnitude Of Problem
Per capita waste generation increasing by 1.3% per annum
With urban population increasing between 3 3.5% per annum
Yearly increase in waste generation is around 5% annually
India produces 42.0 million tons of municipal solid waste annually at present.
Per capita generation of waste varies from 200 gm to 600 gm per capita / day.
Average generation rate at 0.4 kg per capita per day in 0.1 million plus towns.
Collection efficiency ranges between 50% to 90% of the solid waste generated.
h h d
-
8/12/2019 Solid Waste Management - INDIA
11/124
S Shariq Ahmed
Magnitude Of Problem
Urban Local Bodies spend around Rs.500/- to Rs.1500/- per ton on solid wastemanagement of which,
60-70% of the amount is on collection alone
20% - 30% on transportation
Hardly any fund is spent on treatment and disposal of waste
Crude dumping of waste in most of the cities
S Sh i Ah d
-
8/12/2019 Solid Waste Management - INDIA
12/124
S Shariq Ahmed
Quantity Of Waste Generation
Total quantity of solid waste generated in urban areas of the country 1.15 lakh tonneper day (TPD)
% Of total
garbage
Waste generated in 6 mega cities 21,100 TPD 18.35%
Waste generated in metro cities
(1 million plus towns)19,643 TPD 17.08%
Waste generated in other class-i towns
(0.1 million plus towns)42,635.28 TPD 37.07%
83,378.28 TPD 72.50%
If waste produced in all class-i cities is tackled, percentage of waste scientifically managed
would be 72.5% of total waste.
S Sh i Ah d
-
8/12/2019 Solid Waste Management - INDIA
13/124
S Shariq Ahmed
Generation Of MSW(MT/Y)
S Sh i Ah d
-
8/12/2019 Solid Waste Management - INDIA
14/124
S Shariq Ahmed
Types Of Solid Waste
Solid waste can be classified into different types depending on their source:
Household waste or municipal waste: includes food, paper, cardboard,
plastic, textiles, leather, glass, metal, ashes, electronics waste etc.
Industrial waste: includes toxic chemicals, oil, debris from construction site,packaging waste, ashes etc.
Biomedical waste or hospital waste: medicine bottles, expired medicines,
syringes, medical instruments such as scissors, blades etc.
S Sh i Ah d
-
8/12/2019 Solid Waste Management - INDIA
15/124
S Shariq Ahmed
Types Of Solid Waste
Solid waste can be classified into different types depending on their source:
Agriculture waste: includes pesticides, crops, water coming from the fields
also consists of small amount of toxic chemicals.
Nuclear waste: includes radioactive substances coming from reactors, fuel(uranium, thorium, plutonium etc). Its highly dangerous and requires proper
disposal.
Hazardous waste: includes toxic chemical, acids, corrosive, ignitable and
reactive materials, gases etc.
S Shariq Ahmed
-
8/12/2019 Solid Waste Management - INDIA
16/124
S Shariq Ahmed
Classification Of Wastes According To Their
Properties
Bio-degradable
can be degraded (paper, wood, fruits and others)
Non-biodegradable
cannot be degraded (plastics, bottles, old machines, cans, containers andothers)
S Shariq Ahmed
-
8/12/2019 Solid Waste Management - INDIA
17/124
S Shariq Ahmed
S Shariq Ahmed
-
8/12/2019 Solid Waste Management - INDIA
18/124
S Shariq Ahmed
Solid Waste Composition
S Shariq Ahmed
-
8/12/2019 Solid Waste Management - INDIA
19/124
S Shariq Ahmed
Characteristics Of Municipal Solid
Waste
Compostable / Bio-degradable matter = 30% - 55%
(can be converted into manure)
Inert material = 40% - 45%
(to go to landfill)
Recyclable materials = 5% - 10%
(Recycling)
These percentages vary from city to city depending on food habits
S Shariq Ahmed
-
8/12/2019 Solid Waste Management - INDIA
20/124
S Shariq Ahmed
Physical Characteristics of typical
Municipal Solid Waste in India
Contents Available in %
Paper 4.68
Plastics 0.71
Metals 0.64
Glass 0.45
Ash and Fine Earth 40.03
Total Compostable matter 38.75
S Shariq Ahmed
-
8/12/2019 Solid Waste Management - INDIA
21/124
S Shariq Ahmed
Physical Characteristics of typical
Municipal Solid Waste in India
Characteristics % availability
Moisture content 25.2
Organic matter 23.4
Carbon 13.08
Nitrogen 0.58
P as P2O5 0.66
K as K2O 0.70
S Shariq Ahmed
-
8/12/2019 Solid Waste Management - INDIA
22/124
S Shariq Ahmed
Composition of urban solid waste in
Indian cities
S Shariq Ahmed
-
8/12/2019 Solid Waste Management - INDIA
23/124
S Shariq Ahmed
PRESENT STATUS OF WASTE
MANAGEMENT
Storage of waste at source is lacking
Domestic waste thrown on streets
Trade waste on roads / streets
Construction debris left unattended
Bio-medical waste disposed in municipal waste stream
Industrial waste disposed of in open areas
Segregation of recyclable waste at source not done
Primary collection of waste not done at place of generation
S Shariq Ahmed
-
8/12/2019 Solid Waste Management - INDIA
24/124
S Shariq Ahmed
PRESENT STATUS OF WASTE
MANAGEMENT
Design & location of municipal waste storage depots in appropriate, resultingin littering of garbage.
Street sweeping not done everyday
Waste transportation done in open vehicles
Waste processing partially practised in 35 ULBs only
Final disposal done through crude dumping
Rag pickers collect recyclables from municipal bins/dumpsites and litter the
waste causing insanitary conditions
S Shariq Ahmed
-
8/12/2019 Solid Waste Management - INDIA
25/124
S Shariq Ahmed
Reasons For Improper Management
Of Waste
Lack of planning for waste management while planning townships
Lack of proper institutional set up for waste management, planning and
designing in urban local bodies
Lack of technically trained manpower
Lack of community involvement
Lack of expertise and exposure to city waste management using modern
techniques / best practices
Lack of awareness creation mechanism
Lack of Management Information Systems
Indifferent attitude of ULBs to levy user charges and sustainability
S Shariq Ahmed
-
8/12/2019 Solid Waste Management - INDIA
26/124
S Shariq Ahmed
Urban Infrastructure Scenario in India
According to estimates of the Rakesh Mohan Committee total requirementfor urban infrastructure development covering backlog, new investments and
O&M costs for the next ten years is Rs. 2,50,000 Crores (US$ 57 Billion)
The ninth Plan proposal identifies only around Rs. 12000 Crores. With
anticipated growth in Tenth plan providing additional funds of Rs.13,000Crores, the total expected plan outlay comes to Rs. 25,000 Crores (US$ 5.7
Billion).
S Shariq Ahmed
-
8/12/2019 Solid Waste Management - INDIA
27/124
S Shariq Ahmed
Initiatives By Government Of India
Bio-medical Waste Handling Rules, 1998 - Notified
Municipal Solid Waste Management Rules, 2000 Notified.
Reforms Agenda (Fiscal, Institutional, Legal)
Technical Manual on Municipal Solid Waste Management
Technology Advisory Group on Municipal Solid Waste Management
Inter-Ministerial Task Force on Integrated Plant Nutrient Management from
city compost.
S Shariq Ahmed
-
8/12/2019 Solid Waste Management - INDIA
28/124
S Shariq Ahmed
Initiatives By Government Of India
Tax Free Bonds by ULBs permitted by Government of India
Income Tax relief to Waste Management agencies
Public-Private Partnership in SWM
Capacity Building
Urban Reforms Incentive Fund
Guidelines for PSP and setting up of Regulatory Authority
S Shariq Ahmed
-
8/12/2019 Solid Waste Management - INDIA
29/124
q
Initiatives By Government Of India
Introduction of Commercial Accounting System in ULBs & other Sector Reforms
Model Municipal Bye-Laws framed / circulated for benefit of ULBs for adoption
Financial Assistance by Government of India - 12th Finance Commission Grants
S Shariq Ahmed
-
8/12/2019 Solid Waste Management - INDIA
30/124
q
Financing of Infrastructure Schemes
Budgets of Central Government
State Governments
Local Governments
Raising loans from LIC and other Financial Institutions
Loans from International Funding Agencies like OECF(JBIC), World Bank, ADB,
KfW, USAID, etc.
Grant funds from Donor Agencies like DANIDA, DFID, CIDA, National Trust/
Missions
Every One Crore rupees spent in infrastructural provision now, saves Ten Croreon cost escalation and public health care due to deficient services later!
S Shariq Ahmed
-
8/12/2019 Solid Waste Management - INDIA
31/124
q
Some Innovative User pay
Instruments
Infrastructure Type Innovative user pay Instruments
Water Supply
Advance registration charges, Connection charges,
Enhancement of water tariff, Water benefit tax/water tax,
Betterment charges, Development charges, Utilization
from other sources such as octroi, property tax, sale of
plots etc. and Charges from water Kiosks
Sewerage
Connection Charges, Sewerage Cess Tax, Conservancy Tax,
Sale of Renewable waste, Sale of Sludge and Sale of
Nutrient rich wastewater.
Solid waste
Collection Charges, Cess, Sale of Renewable waste, and
Fines for dumping waste.
S Shariq Ahmed
-
8/12/2019 Solid Waste Management - INDIA
32/124
q
Increased emphasis on Private Sector
Participation in Urban Infrastructure
The imperative need for Private Sector Participation for:
Extended Resources
State-of-the-art Technologies
Efficient Project Management / Maintenance
S Shariq Ahmed
-
8/12/2019 Solid Waste Management - INDIA
33/124
q
National Urban Renewal Mission
CENTRAL / STATE GRANTS ARE PROPOSED TO BE PROVIDED FOR SOLID WASTEMANAGEMENT
Grant Loan
Centre State
Cities with 4 million plus population 35% 15% 50%
Cities with one million plus population
but less than 4 million50% 20% 30%
Other cities 80% 10% 10%
S Shariq Ahmed
-
8/12/2019 Solid Waste Management - INDIA
34/124
q
Route to Private Sector Participation
The concept of Public-Private -Partnership is generally seen as one of thesemodels:
Build-Operate-Transfer (BOT)
Build-Operate-Own-Transfer (BOOT)
Build-Operate-Lease-Transfer (BOLT)
Rehabilitate-Operate-Transfer (ROT)
Design-Build-Finance-Operate-Transfer (DBFOT)
In INDIA full blown Private Sector Participation models have not been put into
place, so far
S Shariq Ahmed
-
8/12/2019 Solid Waste Management - INDIA
35/124
Options for Private Sector
Participation (PSP)
However, the various options available, in order of increasing PrivateParticipation in Water Supply & Sanitation Projects being taken up are:
Service Contracts
Management Contracts
Lease
Concession
With experience and later on, through
BOT/BOOT etc.
Divestiture
S Shariq Ahmed
-
8/12/2019 Solid Waste Management - INDIA
36/124
Private Sector Participation in Water
Utilities - Manila Experience
Successful involvement of Private Sector in Power Generation and Distribution;Largest effort in privatisation of Water utilities.
Metropolitan Water Works and Sewerage System (MWSS) had covered only
67% population with intermittent water supply and 8 % with sewerage system
in 1994.
56 % of 3000 mld supply was non-revenue water
MWSS privatised in 1997 and split into two.
Manila divided into two Zones - East and West.
Two Consortia led by - BENPRES for West and AYALA for east -selected to run
water works on 25 year franchise; Both Groups offered rates lower than the
prevalent rate (8.78 pesos)
S Shariq Ahmed
-
8/12/2019 Solid Waste Management - INDIA
37/124
Private Sector Participation in Water
Utilities - Buenos Aires Experience
National Public Company OSN was in charge of water & sewerage. Unaccounted-for water was about 45% of production
Objective of PSP: To reduce Government burden and minimise the price for
service delivery
Privatised in 1993 - Through Concession, thus effectively keeping the fixed
assets under Public Ownership
Single private firm to operate on 30 years concession period to be revived by
re-bidding later
Responsible to operate and maintain fixed assets and expand coverage and
guarantee water quality
Pricing to incorporate subsidy already existing, first price review after 5 years
S Shariq Ahmed
-
8/12/2019 Solid Waste Management - INDIA
38/124
Improvements in Water and Sanitation Services
after Awarding the Concession in Buenos Aires
Indicator Before theConcession (1992)
December 1995 Percentage change(%)
Production
capacity (millions
cum/ day)
3.4 4.3 27
Populationserved(M)
Water
Sewerage
6.0
4.9
6.5
5.3
8.8
6.4
Employees per
1,000 connections7,450 4,250 -43
Response time for
repairs (hours)180 48 -73
Meters in service 30,000 170,000 460
S Shariq Ahmed
-
8/12/2019 Solid Waste Management - INDIA
39/124
Private Sector Participation in Water
Utilities - Buenos Aires Experience
Reasons for success :
Comprehensive and transparent bidding process - Two Envelope System
Independent Regulatory Agency established by Government to monitor
concessionaire, enforce the terms of contracts and regulatory specifications
and levy fines where necessary Contract had provision for adjustment and re-negotiation during
enforcement of concessional period (after 2 years the initial reduction of
tariff partly withdrawn in view of more capital investment on system
improvement, than originally estimated)
Re-negotiation : transparent and stakeholders involved Tariff policy had a fixed portion to cover cost of infrastructure and a variable
part proportional to consumption
S Shariq Ahmed
-
8/12/2019 Solid Waste Management - INDIA
40/124
Indian Experience in Privatisation of
Water Supply & Sanitation
Tiruppur Water Supply and Sewerage Project
Implemented through a SPV New Tiruppur Area Development Corporation
(NTADC) promoted by
Infrastructure Leasing & Financing Services(IL&FS)
Tiruppur Exporters Association (TEA) Tamil Nadu Corporation for Industrial Infrastructure Development (TACID)
Estimated Project cost - Rs. 900 Crores at 1998 prices (Rs. 1000 crore at
present).
O&M contract to consortium of
Mahindra & Mahindra + United Utilities International,
North West Water +Bechtel
Attained financial closure with 10% stake by LIC & GIC.
S Shariq Ahmed
-
8/12/2019 Solid Waste Management - INDIA
41/124
Indian Experience in Privatisation of
Water Supply & Sanitation
Pune Water Supply and Sewerage Project - Developed by Pune Municipal Corporation at a estimated project cost of Rs.
750 crores ($ 187.5 M) later revised to Rs. 392 Crores with HUDCO
assistance
Private Sector Participation envisaged in Construction, Operation and
Maintenance, Tariff collection
Financial Participation in addition to HUDCO expected from IL&FS, ICICI,
HDFC, IDFC and Bank of Maharashtra
Request for proposal sought
Tie-ups: Anglian Water + Trafalgar House & Shirkes
Binnie Black + Veatch & Thames Water + L&T
Krugger + Generale Des eaux & Shanska Int.
Preussag + Tata Projects
Hyundai + Sundram Chemicals
Hanjin + Krupp and Zoom Development Group
Political Risk - work re-tendered at RfP level
S Shariq Ahmed
-
8/12/2019 Solid Waste Management - INDIA
42/124
Indian Experience in Privatisation of
Water Supply & Sanitation
Bangalore Water Supply Project BOOT arrangement for sourcing 500 mld water.
Establishment of two Tertiary Water Treatment Plants (of total 60 mld
capacity) with HUDCO assistance
Private Sector (Industries) to undertake laying of feeder mains
envisages provision of 500 mld of water to the city on a BOT basis with
estimated project cost is Rs. 800 Crores (US$ 173 M).
S Shariq Ahmed
-
8/12/2019 Solid Waste Management - INDIA
43/124
Indian Experience in Privatisation of
Water Supply & Sanitation
Chennai Metro Water Out of 119 Sewerage Pumping Stations, Operation & Maintenance of 70 by
private sector
Sourcing of water in 7 wells through private sector
Construction of 300 mld Water Treatment Plant by - M/s Hindustan Dorr
Oliver Ltd. And O&M by M/s Richardson Cruddas
New Chembarampakkam WTP of 530 mld capacity (over and above the
existing 600 mld capacity)
Bid documents for BOT by TCS
S Shariq Ahmed
-
8/12/2019 Solid Waste Management - INDIA
44/124
Indian Experience in Privatisation of
Water Supply & Sanitation
Private Sector Participation on the anvil in water supply & Sanitation Nagpur - Dewas
Kolhapur - Cochin
Vishakhapatnam - Dharwad
Goa - Alandur
Karnataka Urban Water Supply and Drainage Board (KUWS&DB) for
Management Contract in Distribution and O&M
Towns Selected for the initiative are Mysore - Mangalore
Hubli Dharwad - Gulbarga
S Shariq Ahmed
-
8/12/2019 Solid Waste Management - INDIA
45/124
Privatisation experience in India in
Solid Waste Management
ENBEE Infrastructure Ltd. on BOO basis in Nagpur
M/s Excel Industries
Bio-degradation of solid waste in
Vijayawada, Calcutta, Mumbai, Bhopal, Bangalore, Gwalior, Cochin &
Calicut
M/s CELCO in Hyderabad
Common hospital waste treatment plant by GJ Multiclave in Hyderabad
Compost plant by IVR Enviro at Tiruppur
S Shariq Ahmed
-
8/12/2019 Solid Waste Management - INDIA
46/124
Important issues in a BOT
arrangement
Who are the parties to the contract ? What are the objects and scope of the BOT arrangement?
What is the duration that might lead to early termination?
What are the obligations of the BOT operator ?
What are the obligations of the guarantor ?
What are the key regulatory provisions ?
How will the key risks be managed ?
How will performance be measured and monitored ?
How will the assets be transferred to the BOT operator?
What are the consents required ?
Who will be responsible for environmental liabilities ?
How will disputes be resolved ?
S Shariq Ahmed
-
8/12/2019 Solid Waste Management - INDIA
47/124
Countdown Steps for Structuring
Private Sector Participation
Process Structuring and Stages countdown
09 Expression of Intent by Public Agencies
08 Firming up the Project Contours (Consultants)
07 Short-listing of Private Parties
06 Project Description Report 05 Pre-qualification of existing bidders
04 Issue of Request for Proposal (RFP)
03 Evaluation of Bids
02 Negotiations
01 Award of the Contract (Financial Closure)
00 Commencement of Work
S Shariq Ahmed
-
8/12/2019 Solid Waste Management - INDIA
48/124
Evolving Appropriate
Organisational/Institutional Mechanisms
Legal and Regulatory Framework
Simplification of Legislation
Techno -Legal Regime (Australian Utilities Commission, U.K. initiatives-
OFTEL, OFWATS)
over-arching legislation in the line of Federal Law of Philippines (BOT,BOO,etc)
State/City Level Regulatory Bodies in India
CERC / SERC in Power Sector
TRAI (set to become CCI) in Telecom / ICE sector
NHAI in highways sector
Need for similar regulators in Urban Infrastructure
S Shariq Ahmed
b f l
-
8/12/2019 Solid Waste Management - INDIA
49/124
Urban Infrastructure - Regulatory
Authority
Utility &
ShareholdersUsers
Political
Authorities
S Shariq Ahmed
-
8/12/2019 Solid Waste Management - INDIA
50/124
The Regulatory Mechanism
Regulate prices
Promote operating efficiency
Specify and monitor service standards
Control externalities
Maintain public good functions
Ensure asset serviceability
Ensure development of essential infrastructure
Prevent manipulation of land values
Prevent unfair trade practices
Promote efficient use
Ensure responsiveness to final customer needs
S Shariq Ahmed
-
8/12/2019 Solid Waste Management - INDIA
51/124
Model BOT Laws
Gujarat Infrastructure Development Act 1999 First State to formulate a separate act
Draws from the experiences in Philippines
Authorises the Govt./agencies to enter into concession agreements
Provides a list of various forms of assistance to be provided to the developer
including exemption of taxes etc.
Competitive bidding mandatory for ensuring transparency
The concession agreement to prescribe the user fee to be charged by the
developer
Need for replication in other States
S Shariq Ahmed
-
8/12/2019 Solid Waste Management - INDIA
52/124
Infrastructure Authority
Infrastructure Authority formed under Infrastructure Development EnablingAct (IDEA), Andhra Pradesh
Envisaged Roles for Infrastructure Authority:
Conceptualisation of projects - Processing of the projects
Mobilising public opinion - Advisory role to the government
Co-ordination - Monitoring / approval of bidding
Implementation of P-P-P-P - Prioritisation of projects
Preparation of schedule. - Approval of TOR for consultancy
Budgeting / financial allocation - Expedite clearances and permits
Tariff fixing, user/abuser charges and cost recovery Model contract principles
Supervision over implementation and project management
Proposes a Swiss Challenge Approach for evaluating the single bid for
projects brought by proprietary agencies
S Shariq Ahmed
-
8/12/2019 Solid Waste Management - INDIA
53/124
Financing Options MatrixS.
No
Characteristics ofInfrastructure
Projects
Issue(s) Options/ Alternatives
1 Capital intensiveScarcity ofResources
Multilateral financing
Consortium/Syndication
Federal Govt. Guarantee with financial support
2Long Gestation
period
Asset Liability
Mismatch
Take out financing
Long Term Borrowing
Securitisation of receivables
3
Working Capitalrequirements
based onProject Phasing
Overlapping ofproject
implementnschedules
Flexible financing delinking construction stagefrom
post-construction phase
Cash flow financing
4
Inadequatereturns and
uncertainty onreturns
High cost offunds,
Defaults/NPArisk
Tax Incentives Priority Sector Lending
Sub-ordinate debt finance
Firm tariff policy
Escrow Accounts
Power Purchase Agreements
Sinking funds
S Shariq Ahmed
-
8/12/2019 Solid Waste Management - INDIA
54/124
Financing Options MatrixS.
No
Characteristics ofInfrastructure
Projects
Issue(s) Options/ Alternatives
5Long Termborrowing
Interest rate &Currency
fluctuations
Interest Rate Swap Forward Rate Agreements Floating Interest Rates
6Multiple debt
servicing
obligations
High debtequity ratio
Sub-ordinate debt financing Equity infusion from strategic partners
7
Lack of tangibleassets and
collateral/security
Realization ofloan amount
on liquidationor default
Letters of comfort
Pari passu charge on Escrow Account Bank Guarantees
8
Varied expertise
and advancedtechnology
Lack of
appraisal &operationalskills
Joint Ventures
Special Purpose Vehicles
9Pioneering
nature /Feasibility risk
Risk ofen masse
deployment
Venture Capital Funds Project Initialisation Funds
S Shariq Ahmed
C ti fi i /
-
8/12/2019 Solid Waste Management - INDIA
55/124
Consortium financing /
Group lending
For capital intensive projects and greenfield ventures beyond lending capacityof single financial institution
Pooling of resources for funding the project.
Ensures sharing of the risks involved.
Needs rationalisation and standardisation of appraisal procedures, lending
guidelines and legal documentation of the constituent financial institutions
Need for pari passu charge on the escrow account as security to the partner
institutions.
Desirable to provide a single window facility based on tripartite or joint
agreements with the borrowing agency.
S Shariq Ahmed
-
8/12/2019 Solid Waste Management - INDIA
56/124
Takeout Financing
Partner Institution
5 years 10 years
Primary
Lender
TENURE OF LOAN(15 years)
Outstanding Loan Amt.
(Principal + Interest)
Transfer of LoanAccounts
Fees / CommitmentCharges
Liabilities of primary lender onproject absolved at the end of a
specified period
Partner institution transfers
pertinent loan accounts to its own
books, in lieu of an agreed fee orcommitment charge.
Both parties bear the project risks
after the take-out based on a non-
recourse structure.
Pari passu charge on the escrowaccount as security option.
S Shariq Ahmed
-
8/12/2019 Solid Waste Management - INDIA
57/124
Innovative Financing Mechanisms
Sub-ordinate (mezzanine) debt financing: Internal restrictions on equity participation by financial institutions,
Lower equity and hence limited debt-equity ratio of new state level bodies
for infrastructure projects restrict them from market borrowing on a large
scale.
Funding could be considered as deemed equity for a specific period grantingthe bodies better financial leverage
Cashflow financing:
Institutional funding to be tailor-made to suit the financial requirements at
various stages of the project calling for cash-flow financing.
S Shariq Ahmed
-
8/12/2019 Solid Waste Management - INDIA
58/124
Securitisation of Receivables
Periodic Cash Flows
Pass Through
Certificates
Loan
Fees
Outstanding
Loan
Portfolio
Repayments
Lending
Institution
SPV
Borrower
Investors
S Shariq Ahmed
-
8/12/2019 Solid Waste Management - INDIA
59/124
Securitisation of receivables
Conversion of future cash receivables into financial or debt instrumentstradable in capital market
Role of SPV as intermediary:
assumes the entire credit risk on the securitised receivables of selected
outstanding loan portfolio
Insulates the lender from bankruptcy & insolvency risks
repackages the receivables into pass-through certificates of manageable lots
for onward trading in the secondary market.
Principal and interest components of the repayments are passed on to the
security owner.
S Shariq Ahmed
-
8/12/2019 Solid Waste Management - INDIA
60/124
Securitisation of receivables
Merits to Investor: Continuous cash flow on Securitised instruments over the life of the loan
and principal depletes over time.
Advantages to Lending Institution:
reduces the locking up of funds in a few projects.
facilitates reduction in borrowings
ensures better asset-liability management.
provides efficient exit option for the financial institutions to transfer the
risks of default and prepayment
S Shariq Ahmed
-
8/12/2019 Solid Waste Management - INDIA
61/124
Municipal Bonds
In United States, account for nearly 70% of the capital financing forinfrastructure.
General Obligation Bonds (GO)
Revenue Bonds
Ahmedabad Municipal Corporation GO bond issue of Rs. 100 Crores
Bangalore, Vijayawada and Ludhiana have already raised money through
municipal bonds; Mumbai & Pune have obtained credit ratings; Kanpur
Development Authority latest entrant
S Shariq Ahmed
-
8/12/2019 Solid Waste Management - INDIA
62/124
Municipal Bonds
Problems faced: Since bonds can be raised over night within a short period and their
utilisation may require 2-3 years, quite often, States/agencies tend to fall
into the debt trap
On account of the dire financial position, Credit Rating of agencies need to
be enhanced to enable raising funds at lower costs.
S Shariq Ahmed
Facilitating Urban Local Bodies in
-
8/12/2019 Solid Waste Management - INDIA
63/124
Facilitating Urban Local Bodies in
Resource Mobilisation
Governments new strategy on the anvil for ULBs : Bond Bank
Varying capacity levels of ULBs in obtaining high credit rating, lower
borrowing costs, optimal resource utilisation & asset management
Need for financial intermediary to pool the projects of the various
agencies and float a common bond on the merit of the projects settingapart a reserve fund.
Bond bank could be at the national level as a special purpose vehicle or as
a subsidiary of the financial institutions.
S Shariq Ahmed
Facilitating Urban Local Bodies in
-
8/12/2019 Solid Waste Management - INDIA
64/124
Facilitating Urban Local Bodies in
Resource Mobilisation
Governments new strategy on the anvil for ULBs : Credit Line
Making available requisite loan facilities for Urban Local Bodies and other
agencies
Challenge Fund
For facilitating the States and Urban local bodies implementing the
reform agenda
S Shariq Ahmed
Project Initialisation Fund/ Project Initiative
-
8/12/2019 Solid Waste Management - INDIA
65/124
Project Initialisation Fund/ Project Initiative
Fund /Project Development Fund
PIF/PDF for creation of well structured projects Technically viable
Financially feasible and bankable
Environmentally sustainable
S Shariq Ahmed
Emerging State Level Initiatives for
-
8/12/2019 Solid Waste Management - INDIA
66/124
Emerging State Level Initiatives for
Financing Urban Infrastructure
State Level Urban Development Funds like TNUDF & MUDF in TamilnaduMaharashtra, for facilitating private sector participation bringing in
commercial orientation, improving financial management , assisting ULBs
accessing capital markets.
State level urban development Finance Corporations formed APUFIDCO - TUFIDCO
KUDFC - KUIDFC
Gujarat Municipal Finance Board
Tax intercept concept introduced in Madhya Pradesh State for urban
development loan servicing fund for local bodies.
S Shariq Ahmed
-
8/12/2019 Solid Waste Management - INDIA
67/124
FDI in Infrastructure
Foreign Direct Investment(FDI) could be permitted through: Financial Collaborations
Joint Ventures / Technical Collaborations
Capital Markets via Global Depository Receipts (GDRs / Euro issues)
Private Placements or Preferential Allotments
In India, FDI upto 100% permitted in airports (beyond 74% with approval) and
Mass Rapid Transit Systems.
S Shariq Ahmed
-
8/12/2019 Solid Waste Management - INDIA
68/124
FDI in Infrastructure
FDI upto 100 % permitted in Integrated township development including housing, commercial premises,
hotels, resorts
City and regional urban infrastructure facilities
Manufacture of building materials
Development of Land with allied infrastructure as part of integrated
township development
Enabling guidelines required to prevent capital flight (lock in period) and
regulate repatriation of profits in FDI
S Shariq Ahmed
-
8/12/2019 Solid Waste Management - INDIA
69/124
Special Economic Zones
Proposal to set up Special Economic Zones (SEZ) in various parts of country asduty-free zones for industrial, service and trade operations to attract foreign
investment and facilitate expeditious development.
Proposal for a new SEZ at major Ports
The policy envisages the treatment of SEZs as priority areas in provision of
infrastructure, convergence in statutory clearances, exemption from duties and
levies as well as liberal regulations.
SEZs as industrial townships would need priority for integrated provision of
infrastructure facilities.
S Shariq Ahmed
Imperatives for Sustainability in
-
8/12/2019 Solid Waste Management - INDIA
70/124
Imperatives for Sustainability in
Infrastructure Financing
Development of Legal & Regulatory
Institutional Mechanism
Fiscal & Financial Framework
Need for an Integrated Management of Urban Infrastructure & Intersectoral
Co-ordination.
Creation of a new Breed of Urban Managers sensitised and responsible for
taking on the challenges in urban infrastructure.
Curriculum up-gradation to provide not only technical inputs (Civil Engg.+
Transportation Engg. + Hydraulic engineering + Public Health Engineering ); but
also Financial Engineering.
S Shariq Ahmed
Towards Sustainability in
-
8/12/2019 Solid Waste Management - INDIA
71/124
Towards Sustainability in
Infrastructure Development
Development of innovative financing and security mechanisms
Enabling Public-Private-Peoples-Partnerships (PPPP) and Government-Citizen
Partnerships
General consensus on common national issues
Role of the media
creating awareness and disseminating best practices highlighting the
deficiencies and pertinent issues mobilising unified public opinion
attracting infrastructural investments
protecting vulnerable interest groups / environment
Towards equitable
and balanced
Infrastructure
development and
economic growth.
S Shariq Ahmed
-
8/12/2019 Solid Waste Management - INDIA
72/124
Vicious Circle to Virtuous Cycle
High Level of
Infrastructure
High Service
Level
Higher level
Maintenance
Higher Willingness
to Pay
High Collection/
Recovery
Higher
Investments
-
8/12/2019 Solid Waste Management - INDIA
73/124
S Shariq Ahmed
Various Technology Options Recommended
-
8/12/2019 Solid Waste Management - INDIA
74/124
Various Technology Options Recommended
For Waste Processing
Upto 50 metric tons / day(Mt/day) = Vermi-composting
Between 50 Mt & 500 Mt / day = Vermi-composting + mechanical composting
More than 500 Mt / day = mechanical composting + refuse derived fuel(RDF)
from rejects keeping in view the type of the city (industrial or non-Industrial)
or Bio-methanation
S Shariq Ahmed
-
8/12/2019 Solid Waste Management - INDIA
75/124
Major Industry Players
Vertical Portals www.solidwaste.com
www.swana.com
Solid waste management equipment
Hi-Rise Recycling Systems
MotorVac
Waste Connections
S Shariq Ahmed
d l
http://www.solidwaste.com/http://www.solidwaste.com/http://www.swana.com/http://www.swana.com/http://www.hiri.com/http://www.hiri.com/http://localhost/var/www/apps/conversion/tmp/scratch_2/motorvac.comhttp://localhost/var/www/apps/conversion/tmp/scratch_2/motorvac.comhttp://www.wcnx.org/http://www.wcnx.org/http://www.wcnx.org/http://localhost/var/www/apps/conversion/tmp/scratch_2/motorvac.comhttp://www.hiri.com/http://www.swana.com/http://www.solidwaste.com/ -
8/12/2019 Solid Waste Management - INDIA
76/124
Major Industry Players
Solid waste processing Barringer Labs
Casella
Safety-Kleen
Waste Industries
Waste Management
Solid waste management consulting services
Industrial Services of America
Roy F. Weston, Inc.
(Note: Major players were largely determined by an article found atwww.wasteinfo.com, http://biz.yahoo.com/prnews/000119/ny_wall_st_1.html,as well as company 1998 revenues)
S Shariq Ahmed
d
http://www.barringer-labs.com/http://www.barringer-labs.com/http://www.casella.com/http://www.casella.com/http://www.safety-kleen.com/http://www.safety-kleen.com/http://www.safety-kleen.com/http://www.waste-ind.com/http://www.waste-ind.com/http://www.wm.com/http://www.wm.com/http://www.isa-inc.com/http://www.isa-inc.com/http://localhost/var/www/apps/conversion/tmp/scratch_2/rfweston.comhttp://localhost/var/www/apps/conversion/tmp/scratch_2/rfweston.comhttp://www.wasteinfo.com/http://biz.yahoo.com/prnews/000119/ny_wall_st_1.htmlhttp://biz.yahoo.com/prnews/000119/ny_wall_st_1.htmlhttp://www.wasteinfo.com/http://localhost/var/www/apps/conversion/tmp/scratch_2/rfweston.comhttp://www.isa-inc.com/http://www.wm.com/http://www.waste-ind.com/http://www.safety-kleen.com/http://www.casella.com/http://www.barringer-labs.com/ -
8/12/2019 Solid Waste Management - INDIA
77/124
Targeted Customers
Vertical Portals All industry players
Waste management professionals
Solid waste management equipment
Local government contracts
Commercial and industrial companies
Homeowners associations
S Shariq Ahmed
d C
-
8/12/2019 Solid Waste Management - INDIA
78/124
Targeted Customers
Solid waste processing Environmental consulting engineering firms, hazardous and low level
radioactive waste treatment/disposal companies, public utilities, industrialcompanies (including mining companies) and various Federal, state and localgovernment agencies.
(barringer-labs.com)
Solid waste management consulting service
Industrial and government
Other solid waste processing firms
S Shariq Ahmed
WTE i I di
-
8/12/2019 Solid Waste Management - INDIA
79/124
WTE in India
First ambitious program to encourage WTE launched in 1995
To demonstrate that WTE is possible
Long-term target of producing 1700MW of energy from priority waste
streams
Operated under the aegis of National BioEnergy Board (NBB), Ministry of
Non-conventional Energy Sources (MNES)
Has an elevated status due to the contribution to reducing greenhouse gas
emissions and in encouraging the integration of best practice waste
collection and transfer to Energy
16 cost sharing projects ~ usage of Bio-methanation To establish a fiscal and financial regime necessary for WTE
S Shariq Ahmed
E f W
-
8/12/2019 Solid Waste Management - INDIA
80/124
Energy from Waste
Potential of Power Generation in India from Waste Urban and Municipal Wastes : 1000 MW
Industrial Wastes : 700 MW
(Dairy, Distillery, Press Mud, Tannery,
Pulp and Paper and Food Processing
Industries)
TOTAL : 1700 MW
Common perception WTE is most applicable to India
Reduces waste by 60 - 90% Recovers resources
Aids safe disposal of waste avoids pollution of land, water and air
Reduces Greenhouse gases
S Shariq Ahmed
Is WTE the answer to Indias waste
-
8/12/2019 Solid Waste Management - INDIA
81/124
problem?
WTE tech introduced in India sofar are NOT based on a world-
wide tried and tested model Technologies like bio-methanation, incineration,combustion etc have toxic by-
products that cause seriousenvironmental problems like Acidrain, fog
WTE
technologiesare regardedas unused,
suspecttechnologies
S Shariq Ahmed
Is WTE the answer to Indias waste
-
8/12/2019 Solid Waste Management - INDIA
82/124
problem?
Cost of a typical 5MW WTE plant ~ Rs 40 crores
Consumption ~ 150 tons of urban waste for each MW of electricity
Which is an investment of Rs 8 crore per MW i.e., FOUR times cost ofconventional Thermal power!!
And, the subsidy exceeds 50% of total project cost!
S Shariq Ahmed
WTE P j t i M h ht
-
8/12/2019 Solid Waste Management - INDIA
83/124
WTE Projects in Maharashtra
Municipal Corporation Promoter Capacity
Municipal Council of
Greater Mumbai
a) MSW Pvt. Ltd,
Mumbai
b) Waste
Management Ind.
Ltd, Mumbai
c) EDL India Ltd, New
Delhi
14.98 MW
10.0 MW
21.0 MW
Kalyan Dombivali Municipal
CorpNot Finalised 5.52 MW
Pimpri-Chinchwad
Municipal Corpn
Soundcraft Indus,
Mumbai3.9 MW
TOTAL 51.88 MW
S Shariq Ahmed
WTE l t ~ L k
-
8/12/2019 Solid Waste Management - INDIA
84/124
WTE plant ~ Lucknow
5 MW Power Generation Project for MSW Promoter
Asia Bio-Energy (A consortium of companies in Austria, Germany,
Singapore and India)
Technology
BIMA (Biogas tech) from Austria plus some equipment from Germany
Capacity
5.0 MW (nett), 5.6 MW (gross) power, 80 TPD manure
Input waste
About 500 TPD Project cost
Rs 73 crore
S Shariq Ahmed
WTE ~ j i l d
-
8/12/2019 Solid Waste Management - INDIA
85/124
WTE ~ major processes involved
Pre-treatment: Removal of inerts / inorganic / non-biodegradable matter and homo-
genisation of feedstock
Energy Recovery:
Anaerobic Digestion / Gasification / Combustion
Post-Treatment:
Stabilisation of treated / processed material for final disposal / utilisation
S Shariq Ahmed
Methods Of Disposals
-
8/12/2019 Solid Waste Management - INDIA
86/124
Methods Of Disposals
These are the following methods for disposal of the solid waste.
LAND FILLS
INCINARATION
BIOLOGICAL REPROCESSING
RECYCLING
OCEAN DUMPING
PLASMA GASSIFICATION
S Shariq Ahmed
Solid Waste Management Hierarchy
-
8/12/2019 Solid Waste Management - INDIA
87/124
Solid Waste Management Hierarchy
S Shariq Ahmed
Land Fill
-
8/12/2019 Solid Waste Management - INDIA
88/124
Land Fill
It is the most traditional method of waste disposal.
Waste is directly dumped into disused quarries, mining voids or borrow pits.
Disposed waste is compacted and covered with soil to prevent vermin and
wind-blown litter.
Gases generated by the decomposing waste materials are often burnt to
generate power.
It is generally used for domestic waste.
S Shariq Ahmed
Advantages
-
8/12/2019 Solid Waste Management - INDIA
89/124
Advantages
Landfill site is a cheap waste disposal option for the local council.
Jobs will be created for local people.
Lots of different types of waste can be disposed of by landfill in comparison to
other waste disposal methods.
The gases given off by the landfill site could be collected and used for
generating power.
S Shariq Ahmed
Disadvantages
-
8/12/2019 Solid Waste Management - INDIA
90/124
Disadvantages
The site will look ugly while it is being used for landfill.
Dangerous gases are given off from landfill sites that cause local air pollution
and contribute to global warming.
Local streams could become polluted with toxins seeping through the groundfrom the landfill site.
Once the site has been filled it might not be able to be used for redevelopment
as it might be too polluted.
S Shariq Ahmed
Land Required For Disposal Of MSW
-
8/12/2019 Solid Waste Management - INDIA
91/124
Land Required For Disposal Of MSW
S Shariq Ahmed
Emmision Of Methane From Landfill
-
8/12/2019 Solid Waste Management - INDIA
92/124
Emmision Of Methane From Landfill
S Shariq Ahmed
-
8/12/2019 Solid Waste Management - INDIA
93/124
S Shariq Ahmed
Incineration
-
8/12/2019 Solid Waste Management - INDIA
94/124
Incineration
Incineration is a waste treatment process that involves the combustion of solidwaste at 1000C.
Waste materials are converted into ash, flue gas, and heat.
The ash is mostly formed by the inorganic constituents of the waste and gasesdue to organic waste.
The heat generated by incineration is used to generate electric power.
S Shariq Ahmed
Advantages
-
8/12/2019 Solid Waste Management - INDIA
95/124
Advantages
Minimum of land is needed compared to other disposal methods.
The weight of the waste is reduced to 25% of the initial value.
No risk of polluting local streams and ground waters as in landfills.
Incineration plants can be located close to residential areas.
Gases are used to generate power.
S Shariq Ahmed
Disadvantages
-
8/12/2019 Solid Waste Management - INDIA
96/124
Disadvantages
Expensive
Required skilled labour.
The chemicals that would be released into the air could be strong pollutants
and may destroy ozone layer (major disadvantage).
High energy requirement
S Shariq Ahmed
-
8/12/2019 Solid Waste Management - INDIA
97/124
INCINERATION PLANT OBERHAUSEN, GERMANY
S Shariq Ahmed
Ocean Dumping
-
8/12/2019 Solid Waste Management - INDIA
98/124
Ocean Dumping
Ocean dumping is the dumping or placing of materials in the ocean, often onthe continental shelf.
A wide range of materials is involved, including garbage, construction and
demolition debris, sewage sludge, dredge material, waste chemicals, and
nuclear waste.
Sometime hazardous and nuclear waste are also disposed but these are highly
dangerous for aquatic life and human life also.
S Shariq Ahmed
Advantages
-
8/12/2019 Solid Waste Management - INDIA
99/124
Advantages
Convenient
Inexpensive
Source of nutrients for fishes and marine mammals.
Vast amount of space is available.
All type of wastes are disposed.
-
8/12/2019 Solid Waste Management - INDIA
100/124
S Shariq Ahmed
-
8/12/2019 Solid Waste Management - INDIA
101/124
S Shariq Ahmed
Biological Reprocessing
-
8/12/2019 Solid Waste Management - INDIA
102/124
Biological Reprocessing
Materials such as plants, food scraps, and paper products can be decomposedinto the organic matter.
The organic matter that is produced from this type of recycling can then be
used for such things as landscaping purpose or agricultural uses.
Usually this method of recycling is done by putting the materials in a container
and let to stay there until it decomposes.
S Shariq Ahmed
Recycling
-
8/12/2019 Solid Waste Management - INDIA
103/124
Recycling
It is basically processing or conversion of a waste item into usable forms.
Recyclable materials include many kinds of glass, paper, metal, plastic, textiles,
and electronics.
But recycling is not a solution to managing every kind of waste material.
For many items like plastic bags, plastic wrap, yogurt cups, margarine container
etc. recycling technologies are unavailable or unsafe.
S Shariq Ahmed
Advantages
-
8/12/2019 Solid Waste Management - INDIA
104/124
Advantages
Reduction of air and water pollution.
Reduction in the release of harmful chemicals and greenhouse gases from
rubbish.
Saves space required as Waste Disposal Landfill.
Reduce financial expenditure in the economy.
It helps in conserving a lot of energy resources like petroleum and coaldeposits.
S Shariq Ahmed
Saving Through Recycling
-
8/12/2019 Solid Waste Management - INDIA
105/124
Saving Through Recycling
When aluminium is recycled - considerable saving in cost.
Making paper from waste saves 50% energy.
Every tone of recycled glass saves energy equivalent to 100 liters of oil.
Recycling about 54 kg of newspaper will save one tree.
S Shariq Ahmed
-
8/12/2019 Solid Waste Management - INDIA
106/124
MATERIAL ENERGY SAVING
ALLUMINIUM 95%
CARDBOARD 24%
GLASS 5-30%
PAPER 50%
PLASTIC 70%STEEL 60%
S Shariq Ahmed
Process Of Recycling
-
8/12/2019 Solid Waste Management - INDIA
107/124
Process Of Recycling
COLLECTION: The first step required for recycling is collecting recyclable
materials from communities. Today many major cities and larger communities
offer a curbside pick up service for recyclable materials.
SORTING: The second step involves processing the recyclable materials. This
includes sorting the materials into groups, cleaning them and getting themready to be sold to manufacturers who will turn the materials into new
products.
S Shariq Ahmed
Process Of Recycling
-
8/12/2019 Solid Waste Management - INDIA
108/124
ocess O ecyc g
MANUFACTURING: It is the third step in the recycling process. The collected
material is sent to industries those convert them into new products.
PURCHASING: The last step involves the purchasing of recycled products.
When consumers purchase products that have been made with post consumer
material the recycling process has been completed and then can be repeated.
S Shariq Ahmed
Recycling Not A Solution To All
P bl !
-
8/12/2019 Solid Waste Management - INDIA
109/124
Problems!
Recycling is not a solution to managing every kind of waste material
For many items recycling technologies are unavailable or unsafe
In some cases, cost of recycling is too high.
S Shariq Ahmed
What Should Be Done?
-
8/12/2019 Solid Waste Management - INDIA
110/124
S Shariq Ahmed
Plasma Gassification
-
8/12/2019 Solid Waste Management - INDIA
111/124
Plasma gasification is a new garbage disposal solution using plasma
technology.
Uses electrical energy and the high temperatures (4000C to over 7000C)
created by an plasma torches.
Almost completely breaks down the waste into syngas which are used to
generate electricity.
The remaining material (slag) is used to produced material for building
projects.
S Shariq Ahmed
What Is Plasma?
-
8/12/2019 Solid Waste Management - INDIA
112/124
Fourth state of matter.
It is an ionized gas at high temperature,
capable of conducting current due to free
electrons.
Created by applying an electric arc to a low-
pressure gas.
Lightning is an example from nature.
S Shariq Ahmed
Plasma Torches
-
8/12/2019 Solid Waste Management - INDIA
113/124
Consists of a tungsten rod (cathode) and a
water-cooled copper (anode).
Shaped in the form of a nozzle.
Gas is introduced in the electrode gap and a dcarc is established between the electrodes to
create plasma.
S Shariq Ahmed
How Plasma Gassifire Works?
-
8/12/2019 Solid Waste Management - INDIA
114/124
CONVEYER SYSTEM:
Garbage is loaded on the conveyer belt.
Pushes into the pretreatment system by means of plunger.
PRETREATMENT MECHANISM:
Use to make the entire system more efficient.
Use grinders or crushers to reduce the size of the pieces of waste.
Plasma torch can break down the smaller pieces faster.
S Shariq Ahmed
How Plasma Gassifire Works?
-
8/12/2019 Solid Waste Management - INDIA
115/124
S Shariq Ahmed
Furnace
-
8/12/2019 Solid Waste Management - INDIA
116/124
Furnaces have an airlock system to allow garbage to come in while preventing
the hot gases from escaping into the atmosphere.
Have multiple torches to break down all the matter into gases and slug.
Also features a drainage system to tap off the slag and a vent system to ventout the gases.
To withstand the intense heat, furnaces are lined with refractory material and
often have a water-cooling system as well.
S Shariq Ahmed
Furnace
-
8/12/2019 Solid Waste Management - INDIA
117/124
S Shariq Ahmed
Slug Drainage
-
8/12/2019 Solid Waste Management - INDIA
118/124
Molten slag at the bottom of the furnace and helps in maintaining the high
temperature inside the chamber.
Occasionally slag must be drained from the furnace.
Slag drains away from the furnace and cools in a separate chamber.
Slug is also used to produce some building materials.
S Shariq Ahmed
Slug Drainage
-
8/12/2019 Solid Waste Management - INDIA
119/124
MOLTEN SLAG DRAINING FROM A PLASMA FURNACE
S Shariq Ahmed
After Burning
-
8/12/2019 Solid Waste Management - INDIA
120/124
Gases can pass through a secondary chamber where natural gas flames
combust any remaining organic material in the gases.
These extremely hot gases then pass through a Heat Recovery Steam
Generator (HRSG) system.
Where they heat water to form steam.
This steam then turns a steam turbine to create electricity.
S Shariq Ahmed
After Burning
-
8/12/2019 Solid Waste Management - INDIA
121/124
S Shariq Ahmed
Byproducts Of The Process
-
8/12/2019 Solid Waste Management - INDIA
122/124
SYNGAS:
A mixture of several gases but mainly comprises hydrogen and carbon
monoxide.
Can be used as a fuel source.
SLUG: Solid byproduct from the gasification process.
The weight of the slag is about 20 percent of the weight of the original
waste.
The volume of the slag is about 5 percent that of the original waste volume
S Shariq Ahmed
Conclusion
-
8/12/2019 Solid Waste Management - INDIA
123/124
The key to healthy communities is to redirect the millions ofdollars in investments slated for incineration systems into waste
prevention and reduction and zero waste systems that
maximize both return on investmentsand economic development opportunities
S Shariq Ahmed
www.allied-group.co
-
8/12/2019 Solid Waste Management - INDIA
124/124
Plot No.293,Kehar Singh Estate
West end Marg, Opp.D Block Saket,
Saidula Jab, New Delhi-110030
Contact No. - 011 40506600
Facsimile - 011 40506636Website www.allied-group.co