Solid Waste Management

Unit- V

Solid Waste Management• Definition, classification, characteristics,

segregation, storage, transportation and management practices, disposal methods, role of individual in prevention of pollution, pollution case studies.

• Solid wastes are all the wastes arising from human and animal activities that are normally solid and that are discarded as useless or unwanted. The term refuse, is often used interchangeably with the term solid wastes.

Solid Waste

Municipal Solid Waste

Municipal Solid Waste Sources

Classification of Material Comprising Municipal Solid Waste• Garbage: The animal, fruit or vegetable residues

resulting from handling, preparation, cooking, and eating of foods. Because food waste are putrescible, they decompose rapidly, especially in warm weather.

• Rubbish: Combustible and noncombustible solid wastes, excluding food wastes or other putrescible material. Typically, combustible rubbish consists of material such as paper, cardboard, plastics, textiles, rubber, leather, wood, furniture, and garden trimmings. Non combustible material consists of glass, crockery, tin cans, aluminum cans, ferrous and non ferrous metals, dirt and construction wastes.

• Ashes and Residues: Material remaining from the burning of wood, coal, coke, and other combustible wastes. Ashes and residues are normally composed of fine powdery materials, cinders, clinkers, and small amount of burned and partially burned materials.

Classification of Material Comprising Municipal Solid Waste

• Demolition and Construction Wastes: Wastes from razed buildings and other structures are classified as demolition wastes. Wastes from the construction, remolding, and repairing of residential, commercial, and industrial buildings and similar structures are classified as construction wastes. These wastes may include dirt, stones, concrete, bricks.

• Special Wastes: Wastes such as street sweepings, roadside litter, catch-basin debris, dead animals, abandoned vehicles are classified as special wastes.

• Treatment Plant Wastes: The solid and semisolid wastes from water, wastewater, and industrial-waste treatment facilities are included in the classification.

Classification of Material Comprising Municipal Solid Waste

Classification of Solid Waste in Tabular Form

Classification of Solid Waste in Tabular Form

Types of Solid Wastes

• Solid wastes are generally classified in three general categories

• Municipal Wastes• Industrial Wastes• Hazardous Wastes

Municipal Wastes

• Municipal Wastes Include waste from residential, commercial, open areas such as parks, streets, playgrounds etc. and treatment plant waste these include wastes such as, garbage, rubbish, ashes, demolition and construction wastes, special wastes, treatment plant wastes, principally composed of residual sludges.

Municipal Wastes

Industrial Wastes

• Industrial wastes are those wastes arising from industrial activities and typically include rubbish, ashes, demolition and construction wastes, special wastes and hazardous wastes.

Industrial Wastes

Hazardous Wastes

• Wastes that pose a substantial danger immediately or over a period of time to human, plants, or animal life are classified as hazardous wastes. A wastes is classified as hazardous waste if it exhibits any of the following characteristics:

• (1) Ignitability (2) Corrosivity (3) Reactivity (4) Toxicity.

• In the past, hazardous wastes were often grouped into the following categories:

• (1) Radioactive Wastes (2) Chemicals (3) Biological Wastes (4) Flammable wastes (5) Explosives. The chemical category include wastes that are corrosive, reactivity, or toxic. The principal source of hazardous biological wastes are hospitals and biological facilities.

Hazardous Wastes

Characteristics of Solid Waste

PHYSICAL CHARACTERISTICS OF MUNICIPAL SOLID WASTES IN INDIAN CITIES

Characteristics of Solid Waste

CHEMICALS CHARACTERISTICS OF MUNICIPAL SOLID WASTES IN INDIAN CITIES

Physical Characteristics

• Density: The knowledge of density is important for the design of all elements of the solid waste management systems like storage, transport and disposal. For example for a known volume of the solid waste its density gives us the idea about the requirement of the truck in tonnage. The density varies significantly from source to the disposal site because of handling, change in moisture content, densification due to vibration of movement, disturbance by animals and birds (scavengers) etc.

Physical Characteristics

Moisture Content• Moisture content of the solid waste is

expressed as the weight of moisture per unit weight of wet material. Moisture content varies generally from 20 to 45% depending upon the climatic conditions and level of city (income group) etc. The increase of moisture content increases the weight and thus the cost of transportation and thus the storage section should take care of it.

Chemical Characteristics

• Calorific value: Calorific value is the amount of heat generated from combustion of a unit weight of a substance, expressed as kilo calorie per kilogram. The calorific value is determined in the laboratory by Bomb Calorimeter.

Chemical Characteristics

• The chemical characteristics of solid waste are determined for assessing the treatment process. Mainly three chemical characteristics are determined, chemical, bio-chemical and toxicological.

• Chemical quantities of solid waste in Indian urban centres are pH, nitrogen, phosphorus, and potassium (N-P-K), total carbon, carbon/nitrogen ratio, calorific value.

• Bio-chemical characteristics include carbohydrate, proteins, natural fiber, and biodegradable factor.

• Toxic characteristics include heavy metals, pesticides, insecticides etc.

Chemical Characteristics• Consideration of lipids (fats, oils and grease) should

also be done as they are of a very high calorific value (about 38000 Kcal/kg). These days synthetic organic materials like plastic have become a significant component of solid waste accounting for 5-7%. In India the plastic is non-biodegradable and thus poses a great problem. It chokes the drains and if burnt it produces poisonous gases. The thin plastic sheets and bags are not recycled as the cost of making it dirt & oil free makes the process uneconomical.

• All the above considerations of characteristics are required to design, conceive and assess the most appropriate ways of transportation, the requirements of treatment, extraction of energy and the safe, sanitary way of disposal for the protection of environment

Solid Waste Management

• The solid waste management has the following components:

• Identification of waste and its minimization at the source

• Collection, segregation and storage at the site of collection

• Transportation• Treatment• Energy recovery• Disposal

Solid Waste Management

Identification of Waste and its Minimization at the Source

• The minimization of the waste production is the best strategy. For this, first of all the process should be such that there is a least production of waste.

• Then the next step is to reuse the remaining waste in the same process. This reduces the cost of transportation etc.

Identification of Waste and its Minimization at the Source

• The above mentioned methods can be adopted on a large scale also, but for that the waste is firstly collected, transported and than utilized. This incurs a large cost. So it is always preferable that if the waste production is minimized or the waste is reused, recycled at the source itself. Thus, the waste minimization is achieved through careful planning, changing attitude, sometimes special investments, and most important is a real commitment.

• The self motivated willing reduction of waste is generally not possible, so strict enforcement of the law should be there. The waste reduction and reuse, recycling should be given incentives from the government in the form of tax reduction and loans

Identification of Waste and its Minimization at the Source

Collection, Segregation and Storage at the Site of

Collection• The main problem of solid waste

management is the collection of solid waste. The household waste consists of all types of general waste. At present there is no scientific, clean, hygienic, efficient practice of waste collection in most of the cities of India including the metro cities.

• The industrial waste is also handled in the same way. The collection and storage of waste is the most neglected operation in any industry.

Collection, Segregation and Storage at the Site of Collection

Collection, Segregation and Storage at the Site of Collection

• The best way would have been the segregation of waste at the generation point. Segregation means collecting it in different bins, or plastic bags. The domestic waste can be broadly separated as reusable (paper, plastic, metal etc.), and non reusable. The non reusable may have organic matter like kitchen waste or inorganic matter like dust, dirt etc. The organic matter is liable to decomposition (putrescible) and thus requires immediate attention.

Collection, Segregation and Storage at the Site of Collection

• This separated waste should be regularly collected by the worker directly from the houses at some well defined time. Then it should be transported in (covered vehicles)to some waste collection depots for utilization/transportation to different sites. The organic waste can be used for the production of biogas or for the extraction of energy, incineration (controlled burning or making organic compost, and vermi-composting.

Segregation of Waste

Transportation of Solid Waste

• The waste is transported from the storage depots to the disposal sites in tractor trollies or ill designed open trucks.

• Though it has been instructed by the law that the transportation must be done in closed containers only. The industrial waste must be transported separately and must be disposed in a safe way after suitable treatment.

• Any type of the Hazardous waste should be labeled and coded so that in case of an accident the emergency services know how to handle a spillage.

Transportation of Solid Waste

Treatment of Solid Waste

• The waste has to be treated before disposal for the protection of environment.

• In the treatment the biodegradable waste can be processed by composting, vermi-composting, anaerobic digestion or any other appropriate biological processing for stabilization of waste.

• In any case the solid waste should be reduced in quantity at the source, segregated, then carefully transported and the economically treated before the final disposal.

Treatment of Solid Waste

Energy Recovery and Disposal

• The most common methods of energy recovery and disposal for non hazardous solid waste are incineration, composting and landfill. The final disposal of waste should be done in such a way that it remains a waste in actual sense, i.e. nothing can be recovered out of it and it could not be used any where.

Energy Recovery and Disposal

Collection Services For Solid Wastes

• Municipal Collection Service• Although a variety of collection services are available

the three most common are curb, alley and backyard collection. Curb collection has gained popularity because labour costs for collection can be minimized. In the future, it appears that the use of large container which can be emptied mechanically with an articulated container pickup mechanism will be the most common method used for the collection of municipal wastes.

• Curb Service: The house owner is responsible for placing the solid waste containers at the curb on the scheduled day. The workmen come, collect and empty the container and put back at the curb. The house owner is required to take back the empty containers from the curb to his house.

• Alley Service: The containers are placed at the alley line from where they are picked up by workmen from refuse vehicle who deposit back the empty container.

Curb Service

Alley Service

Collection Services For Solid Wastes

• Set out Set Back Service: Set out man go to the house collect containers and empty them in the refuse vehicle. Another group of persons return them to the house owner’s yard

• Backyard Service: The workers with the vehicles carry a bin, wheel-barrow or sack or cloth to the yard and empty the solid waste container in it. The wheel barrow or bin is then taken to solid waste vehicle where it is emptied.

Set out Set Back Service

Backyard Service

Commercial-Industrial Collection Services

• The collection service provided to large apartment buildings, residential complexes, and commercial and industrial activities typically is centered around the use of large movable and stationary containers and large stationary compactors. Compactors are of type that can be used to compress material directly into large container or to form bale that are then placed in large containers.

Types of Collection Systems

• Based on the mode of operation, collection systems are classified into two categories: hauled-container systems and stationary-container systems.

Hauled Container Systems

• Collection system in which the containers used for the storage of waste are hauled to the processing, transfer, or disposal site, emptied, and returned to either their original location or some other location are defined as hauled-container system.

• There are two main types of container Tilt-frame Container, and Trash-Trailer. The collector is responsible for driving the vehicles, loading full container and unloading empty containers, and emptying the contents of the container at the disposal site. In some cases, for safety reasons, both a driver and helper are used.

Hauled Container Systems

• Systems that use tilt-frame-loaded vehicles and large containers, often called drop boxes, are ideally suited for collection of all types of solid wastes and rubbish from locations where the generation rate warrants the use of large containers. Open-top containers are used routinely at warehouses and construction sites. Large Containers used in conjunction with stationary compactors are common at commercial and industrial services and at transfer stations. Because of the large volume that can be hauled, the use of tilt-frame hauled container systems has become widespread, especially among private collectors servicing industrial accounts.

Hauled Container Systems

• The application of trash-trailer is similar to that of tilt-frame container systems. Trash-trailer are better for the collection of especially heavy rubbish, such as sand, timber, and metal scrap, and often are used for the collection of demolition wastes at construction sites

Hauled Container Systems

Stationary-Container System (SCS)

• Collection systems in which the containers used for the storage of wastes remain at the point of waste generation, except when moved for collection are defined as stationary-container systems. There are two main types of stationary-container system:

• (1) Those in which self-loading compactors are used and

• (2) Those in which manual loaded vehicles are used.

• Container size and utilization are not as critical in stationary-container systems using self-loading collection vehicles equipped with a compaction mechanism as they are in the hauled-container system. Trips to the disposal site, transfer and loading methods is in the collection of residential wastes and litter. Manual methods are used for the collection of industrial wastes where pickup points are inaccessible to the collection vehicles.

Stationary-Container System (SCS)

Processing of Solid Waste

• Processing techniques are used in solid waste management systems to (1) improve the efficiency of solid-Waste disposal systems (2) To recover Resources and (3) To prepare materials for the recovery of conversion products and energy.

• Mechanical Volume Reduction• Mechanical Volume Reduction is perhaps the

most important factor in development and operation of solid-waste management systems. Vehicles equipped with compaction mechanisms are used for the collection of most municipal solid wastes. To increase the life of landfills, wastes are compacted. Paper for recycling is baled for shipping to processing centres.

Mechanical Volume Reduction

Processing of Solid Waste

Thermal Volume Reduction• The volume of municipal wastes can be

reduced by more than 90 % by incineration. In the past, incineration was quite common. However, with more restrictive air-pollution control requirement necessitating the use of expensive cleanup equipment only a limited number of municipal incinerators are currently in operation. More recently, increased haul distances to available landfill sites and increased fuel costs have brought about a renewed interest in incineration.

Thermal Volume Reduction

Processing of Solid Waste

Manual Component Separation• The manual separation of solid waste

components can be accomplished at source where solid waste are generated, at a transfer station, at a centralized processing station or at the disposal site. Manual sorting at the source of generation is the most positive way to achieve the recovery and reuse of materials. The number and types of components salvaged or sorted depend on the location, the opportunities for recycling, and the resale market.

Manual Component Separation

Disposal

• Disposal on or in the earth’s mantle is, at present the only viable method for long-term handling:

• (1) Solid Wastes that are collected and are of no further use,

• (2) The residual matter remaining after solid wastes have been processed,

• (3) The residual matter remaining after the recovery of conversion products and energy has been accomplished.

• Landfilling is the method of disposal used most commonly for municipal wastes; land farming and deep-well injection have been used for industrial wastes. Although incineration is often considered a disposal method, it is in reality, a processing method.

Landfilling with Solid Wastes

• Land filling involves the controlled disposal of solid waste on or in the upper layer of the earth’s mantle.

• Landfilling Methods and Operations

• The principal methods used for landfilling dry area may be classified as (1) Area (2) Trench (3) Depression.

Landfilling with Solid Wastes

• The Area MethodThe Area Method is used when the terrain is

unsuitable for the excavation of trenches in which to place the solid wastes. The filling operation usually is started by building an earthen bund against which wastes are placed in thin layers and compacted as the fill progresses untill the thickness of the compacted wastes reaches a height of 2 to 3 m at the end of day’s operation a 150 mm to 300 mm layer of cover material is placed over the compacted fill. The cover material must be hauled in by truck or earth-moving equipment from adjacent land or from borrow-pit areas. A final layer of cover material is used when the fill reaches the final design height.

Landfilling with Solid Wastes

Landfilling with Solid Wastes

• The Trench MethodThe trench method is suited to areas where

an adequate depth of cover material is available at the site and where the water table is well below the surface. To start the process To start the process, a portion of the trench is dug with a bulldozer and the dirt is stockpiled to form an embankment behind the first trench. Wastes are then placed in the trench, spread into thin layers and compacted. The operation continues untill the desired height is reached. Cover material is obtained by excavating an adjacent trench or continuing the trench that is being filled.

Landfilling with Solid Wastes

Landfilling with Solid Wastes

• Depression Landfills At locations where natural or artificial

depression exist, it is often possible to use them effectively for landfilling operations. Canyons, ravines, fry borrow pits and quarries have all used for this purpose. The technique to place and compact solid waste in depression landfills vary with the geometry of the site, the characteristics of the cover material, the hydrology and geology of the site, and the access to the site.

Landfilling with Solid Wastes

Land FarmingLand farming is a waste-disposal method in which the biological, chemical, and physical processes that occur in the surface of the soil are used to treat biodegradable industrial wastes. Wastes to be treated are either applied on top of the land, which has been prepared to receive the wastes, or injected below the surface of the soil. When organic wastes are added to the soil, they are subjected simultaneously to the following process:

(1) Bacteria and chemical decomposition(2) Leaching of water-soluble components in the original wastes

and from the decomposition product.(3) Volatilization of selected component in the original wastes

and from the product of decomposition.

Land farming is suitable for wastes that contain organic constituents that are biodegradable and are not subjected to significant leaching while the bioconversion process is occurring.

Land Farming

Composting

• Composting as defined earlier is a process in which organic matter of the solid waste is decomposed and converted to humus and stable mineral compounds. The end product of composting process is called compost which is rich fertilizer.

• There are three methods of composting:• (1) Composting by Trenching• (2) Open window composting• (3) Mechanical Composting

Composting• Composting by Trenching:• In this method trenches 3 to 12 m long, 2 to 3 m wide and 1 to 2 m deep are

excavated with clear spacing of 2 m. The trenches are then filled up with dry solid waste in layers of 15 cm. On top of each layer 5 cm thick sandwiching layer of night soil animal dung is spread in semi liquid form. On the top layer of night soil animal dung is spread in semi liquid form. On the top layer protruding about 30 cm above the surrounding ground layer, a layer of earth having thickness of around 10 cm is laid so that there is no problem of flies. Intensive biological action starts in 2 to 3 days and organic matter decomposition starts. In this process considerable heat is generated and temperature of the composting mass rises upto 75 0 C. Due to this fly breeding does not take place. The solid waste stabilizes in 4 to 6 months and gets changed in to a brown coloured, odourless, innocuous powdery form known as humus having high manure value because of nitrogen content.

• The stabilized mass is then removed from trenches screened to remove coarse inert materials like stones brick bats, glass pieces plastic articles etc.

Composting by Trenching

Composting

• Indore Method of Composting:• In this method solid waste night soil and animal

dung etc. are placed in brick lined pits 3 m x 3 m x 1 m deep in alternate layers of 7.5 to 10 cm height, till the total height becomes 1.5 m. Chemical insecticides are added to prevent fly breeding. The material is turned regularly for a period of about 8 to 12 weeks and then stored on ground for 4 to 6 weeks. In about 6 to 8 turnings and period of 4 months time compost becomes ready for use as manure. Insecticide used in Indore method was DDT but now because of very high half life of DDT in nature other suitable insecticide is recommended, e.g. Gamaxine.

Indore Method of Composting

Composting

Bangalore Method• The solid waste is stabilized anaerobically.

Earthen trenches of size 10 x 1.5 x 1.5 m deep are filled up in alternate layers of solid waste and night soil/cow dung. The material is converse with 15 cm earthen layer and left for biodegradation. In about 4-5 months the compost becomes ready to use, normally a city produces 200 to 250 kg/capita/year of refuse and 8 to 10 kg / capita/year of night soil.

Bangalore Method of Composting

• Open Window Composting:• In This method large materials like broken glass

pieces, stone, plastic articles etc. are first removed are first removed and remaining solid waste is dumped on ground in form of piles of 0.6 to 1 m height the width and length of pile are kept as 60%. The piles are then covered with night soil, animal dung to supply necessary organisms for biodegradation.

• The temperature rises because of biological activities in the waste piles and microbial action shift to misophilic to thermophilic stage. After this pile is turned up for cooling and aeration to avoid anaerobic decomposition. The temperature of pile again rises to 75 0 C and process of turning cooling and aeration are repeated. The complete process may taker 4 to 6 weeks and finally compost is ready to use. As fertilizers

Composting

Open Window Composting

Composting• Mechanical Composting• The composting by trenching and open window

composting methods require very large area. The process ire laborious and time consuming. In large cities the larger area may not be available and therefore mechanical composting is adopted which is very fast mechanical devices are employed in turning the solid waste undergoing composting. The stabilization of the wastes takes only about 3 to 6 m days.

• The operation involves• (1) Reception and refuse (2) segregation• (3) Shredding (4) Stabilization (5) Marketing the

humus.

Mechanical Composting

Deep-Well Injection

• Deep-Well Injection for the disposal of liquid solid waste involves injecting the wastes deep in the ground into permeable rock formations or underground caverns. The installation of deep wells for the injection of wastes closely follow the practices used for the drilling and completion of oil and gas wells. To isolate and protect potential water supply aquifer, the surface casing must be set well below such aquifers, and cemented to the surface of the well. The drilling fluid should not be allowed to penetrate the formation that is To be used for waste disposal. To prevent clogging of the formation, the drilling fluid is replaced with a compatible solution.

• Deep well injections has been used principally for liquid wastes that are difficult to treat and dispose of by more conventional methods and for hazardous wastes. The waste may be liquid, gases, or solids. The gases and solids are either dissolved in the liquid or are carried along with the liquid.

Deep-Well Injection

Incineration

• Incineration can be defined as a controlled combustion process for burning solid, liquid and gaseous combustible wastes to gases and residue containing non combustible material.

• Incinerators are used for the process of incineration. Following important points should be observed carefully during incineration.

• Charging of solid waste should be continuous• Each batch of waste should be well mixed and proportion of fuel should

be such that complete combustion takes places and the proper temperature is maintained.

• Auxiliary burners are usually installed above the refuse to ignite it and to establish the draft at the beginning of the cycle. This is required when moisture content of solid waste is high.

• The minimum temperature in the chamber should be not less than 670 0C so that all organic matter is incinerated and foul smelling gases are oxidized.

Incineration• Advantages of Incineration• Most hygienic method• Complete destruction of pathogens• No odour trouble• Heat generated may be used for raising steam power.• Clinkers produced may be used for road construction.• Less space Required• Adverse weather condition has no effect.• Disadvantages of Incineration• Large initial expense• Care and attention required otherwise in complete combustion

will increase air pollution.• Residues are required to be disposed which needs money.• Large number of vehicles required for solid waste transport to

the site of incineration.

Incineration

Pyrolysis• It is defined as heating the solid waste at very high

temperature in absence of air.• Pyrolysis is carried out at a temperature between 500 0 C to

1000 0C to produce three component streams.• Gas: It is a mixture of combustible gases such as hydrogen,

carbon dioxide, methane, carbon mono-oxide and some hydrocarbons.

• Liquid: It contains tar, pitch, light oil, and low boiling organic chemicals like acetic acid, acetone, methanol etc.

• Char: It consists of elemental carbon along with inert material in the waste feed.

• The char liquid and gases have high calorific values.• It has been observed that even after supplying the heat

necessary for pyrolysis, certain amount of excess heat still remains which can be commercially exploited.

Pyrolysis

Important Questions• What is Solid Waste Management? State the

composition and characteristics of the municipal solid waste.

• Describe briefly various methods of collection of solid waste.

• Describe Composition and characteristics of solid waste.

• Write short note on “Composting.• What are the sources of Municipal Solid Waste? Give

the classification of materials found in municipal solid waste.

• Write short notes on • (a) Physical Compositions of Solid Waste • (b) Composting

Solid Waste Management at Community Level

• Solid Waste Management cannot be successful without the involvement of all stakeholders who have a vital role to play in successful implementation of the scheme. It is worthwhile to examine some of the initiatives in this regard.

Solid Waste Management at Community Level

Solid Waste Management at Community Level

• Bhagidari Scheme in Delhi

The Delhi Government instituted the Bhagidari Scheme for ensuring close cooperation of the Residents Welfare Association (RWAs), civic agencies and the government. A step in the right direction was taken by getting a court order for compulsory segregation of waste at the household level from January 1, 2004.

Solid Waste Management at Community Level

Solid Waste Management at Community Level

• In December 2003 (Hindustan Times 26.12.2003), the Municipal Commissioner of Delhi announced a system by which segregated garbage from homes would be transported to municipal bins through specially designed handcarts having two compartments. He further mentioned that the segregation system would reduce 50 per cent of the garbage going to landfills and thereby result in cost reduction. Due to various reasons, the scheme has not really taken off. As a matter of fact, the bins that were located on the side of a road had been pilfered. Only in some colonies, where RWAs decided to tackle the problem themselves, the scheme is working.

Bangalore Agenda Task Force (BATF)

As a part of the overall plan of the BATF, solid waste management has been taken up in a big way in Bangalore City. The whole operation has been outsourced to private agencies who provide the infrastructure right from Safai Karamcharis, their uniforms and caps, bins, trolleys and vehicles (dumpers) that pick up the collected waste and transport it to the composting site on the city’s outskirts. The Safai Karamcharis have been given strict instructions not to collect the waste from households if it is not segregated. Their areas of responsibility are clearly demarcated along with their collection schedule. These areas are under supervisors of the contracted agency and hence, it is ensured that every place is kept clean.

Individual Effort in Rural Maharashtra

A 39 year old bank cashier, Ms. Asha Shivajirao Bhise, left her job and took up vermi-composting in a big way (Indian Express, 16.04.2004). With a total corpus of Rs. 15 lakhs, she set up a vermi-composting project and harvested 20 tonnes of compost in 40 days, which was picked up by farmers within days. It is an example of tapping commercial opportunities in solid waste management and total commitment by an individual.

Vermi-Composting Project

http://www.openthemagazine.com/article/living/the-new-black-gold

NGOs NGOs play a very crucial role in catalysing community action. The most workable method is to use the enthusiasm of children from schools in the neighbourhood. They have the expertise to systematically initiate the programme, put the system in place, monitor its progress and provide valuable guidance. It is recommended that a consortium of like-minded NGOs be formed and geographical zones allotted, keeping in view the aspect of total coverage of the town / city. The NGOs are required to impart orientation training and do hand-holding of RWAs till the system is set in place and starts working. To keep the interest alive, NGOs could organize competitions among RWAs. NGOs should also involve charitable institutions like Rotary, Jaycee, Lions, etc. for financial support.

NGOs

ConclusionAlthough India has the most comprehensive Municipal Solid Waste (Management and Handling) Rules, 2000, it is just a directive on paper without any enforcement and implementation. Very little effort has been made to train and build the capacity of all stakeholders. Hence, there are all kinds of excuses given for its failure. Most of the municipalities cite lack of resources to manage solid waste while the communities feel that they have not been involved. Resource agencies, like NGOs, want to take the initiative but do not wish to get involved till they have a complete assurance of cooperation from all stakeholders, specially the government and civic agencies. They also do not like the idea of volunteering without any financial back-up. The government should educate and inform people about such projects before executing any plan, so that the desired results are obtained.

Solid Waste Management in Mumbai, India- A Case Study

Solid Waste Management in Mumbai, India

• Population; Area; Income; Geography; Climate; Economic activities

General Profile of City

• Amount; Source and Composition

Waste Generation

• Quantity collected - Frequency, modes• Quantity NOT collected - Its destination

Waste Collection

Solid Waste Management in Mumbai, India

• Technologies in use for disposal/recycling/recovery of waste

Waste Disposal/Recovery

• Legal; Institutional – Government/NGOs; Stakeholders across the chain; Policy framework

Current Waste Management Framework

Waste Generation

• “Municipal solid waste" includes commercial and residential wastes generated in a municipal or notified areas in either solid or semi-solid form excluding industrial hazardous wastes but including treated bio-medical wastes” ( MSW Rules, 2000)

• Garbage generated for 2011-12: 9,200 metric tones (Ghanekar, 2013)

• Approximate Composition (in order of volume)– Compostable matter – Sand & Fine earth (from street sweeping) – Paper/cardboard– Others (plastics, glass, metals etc.)

from residential and commercial premises (Source: MCGM)

Waste Collection

• Agency-in-Charge – Municipal Corporation of Greater Mumbai (MCGM, from here-on; also called BMC); Ministries involved are Ministry of Urban Development and Ministry of Environment & Forests)

• Salient features:– Street Sweeping – 100% street cleaning in 1 or 2 shifts (67%

by municipal staff and 33% roads by private contractors) – Power sweeping introduced in Island City area– Garbage management in 4 main beaches given to private

entities on 5-year contracts– Collection 83% through collection bins and 13% house-to-

house collection (Source: MCGM)

• Frequency :– 1396 number of trips each day. (MCGM, around 2007-08)

Waste collection

• Waste NOT COLLECTED = 15% of the amount generated. (Ghanekar, 2013)

• Reason cited, IRONICALLY, is want of resources (when MCGM is the Richest Corporation in India (Pradhan, 2007)

Waste Collection Pilot schemesSlum Adoption Scheme:• Honorarium to Community-Based

Organizations (CBOs) to lead slum-cleaning; authorized to collect small amounts per household in lieu of services provided

Advanced Locality Management (ALM) – • Street communities interact with

Ward o officers; for civic issues like promoting

• rag-pickers for dry waste collection and composting for wet-waste

(Source: MCGM)

Waste Disposal - Journey of Waste…

Source: MCGM (around 2007-08)

Waste Collection from surrounding

areas

3 Transfer stations at

Mahalaxmi, Kurla and Versova

3 Landfills at Mulund,

KanjurMarg and Deonar

Waste Recovery

• Recovery…NOT REALLY!– No substantive segregation at source, despite MSW rules

(2000) (Ghanekar, 2013) – Biogas production; vermin-composting at initial stages

• Informal Recycling - by ‘Rag pickers’ – (some affiliated to co-operative rag pickers’ unions): Sell

recyclable stuff (paper, plastic, cardboard etc) to scrap dealers

110

Waste recovery – Dharavi Slum – Recycling Hub?

• One of World’s largest slums• Recycling Micro-

entrepreneurship• Estimated 15,000 single-room

factories• Estimated Overall Output: A

mind-boggling £700M• Around 80% of plastic waste

(among other things) recycled, employing 10,000 people

(Source: The Observer, 2007)

Waste Management Framework

• Laws: – Municipal Solid Waste (MSW) Rules (2000) made it mandatory for

local municipal bodies to enforce segregation at source (MSW Rules, 2000)

– Greater Mumbai Cleanliness and Sanitation Bye-laws, 2006 – Maintaining general cleanliness; fixing fines and monitoring

Stakeholders

Institution in Charge – Municipal

Corporation of Greater

Mumbai (MCGM

Informal Rag-pickers and Recyclers

NGOs and recycling

companiesCitizens

Issues for the case-study

• Insufficient updated documentation of Waste-related Data and information

• On the Ground:• Sheer size of the population and corresponding Waste

generation; High and rapidly increasing volume of Solid Waste 10000 MTPD by 2025(MCGM)

• No apparent practice of even the most basic scientific waste management practices like waste segregation at source

References

• Presentation by Ms. Pratima Pandey • Census 2011a, GoI• http://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011-prov-results/paper2/data_file

s/India2/Table_3_PR_UA_Citiees_1Lakh_and_Above.pdf Census 2011b, GoI• http://www.census2011.co.in/census/city/365-mumbai.html

• MCGM, 2013 http://www.mcgm.gov.in/irj/portal/anonymous?NavigationTarget=navurl://c4b79f15e55f98176905a7c2c7d910ee

• ToI, 2011 • http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2011-03-23/mumbai/2

9177565_1_capita-income-pci-thane-and-pune• Nakaskar, 2011• http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2011-07-20/mumbai/2

9793908_1_south-mumbai-mumbai-houses-bfsi• MCGM, around 2007-08• http://www.mcgm.gov.in/irj/portal/anonymous/qlcleanover

Swachh Bharat Abhiyan

Thanks !