solids image:wikimedia commons user alchemistry-hp
TRANSCRIPT
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Solids
Image:Wikimedia Commons User Alchemistry-hp
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Types of SolidsCrystalline
Solids: highly regular arrangement of their components
Amorphous solids: considerable disorder in their structures (glass, plastic).
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Representation of Components in a Crystalline
Solid
Lattice: A 3-dimensional system of points designating the centers of components (atoms, ions, or molecules) that make up the substance.
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Bragg’s Law
xy + yz = n and xy + yz = 2d sin
n = 2d sin
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Crystal Structures - Cubic
a
aa
Simple Face-Centered Body-Centered
**Knowledge of specific types of crystal structures and the study of the specific varieties of crystal lattices for ionic compounds is beyond the scope of this course and the AP Exam.
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Crystal Structures - Monoclinic
c
ab
Simple End Face-Centered
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Crystal Structures - Tetragonal
c
aa
Simple Body-Centered
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Crystal Structures - Orthorhombic
c
ab
Simple EndFace-Centered
BodyCentered
FaceCentered
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Crystal Structures – Other Shapes
aa a
a120o
c
a
Rhombohedral TriclinicHexagonal
a
c
b
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Closest Packing: Single Layer
Photographer : Thierry Dugnolle
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Closest Packing: MultipleLayers
Model: Packing uniform, hard spheres to best use available space. This is called closest packing. Each atom has 12 nearest neighbors.
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Metal Alloys
Substitutional Alloy: some metal atoms replaced by others of similar size.• brass = Cu/Zn
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Metal Alloys(continued)
Interstitial Alloy: Interstices (holes) in closest packed metal structure are occupied by small atoms.
• steel = iron + carbon
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Network Atomic SolidsSome covalently bonded substances DO NOT form discrete molecules.
Diamond, a network of covalently bonded carbon atoms
Graphite, a network of covalently bonded carbon atoms
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GrapheneGraphene can be described as a one-atom thick layer of graphite.
Source: Wikipedia
High-quality graphene is strong, light, nearly transparent and an excellent conductor of heat and electricity. Andre Geim and Konstantin Novoselov at
the University of Manchester won the Nobel Prize in Physics in 2010 "for groundbreaking experiments regarding the two-dimensional material graphene"
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Semiconductors
Pure silicon is structurally the same as diamond, but is a semiconductor rather than an insulator. The conductivity increases at higher temperature.
Conductivity of silicon can be improved by doping with other elements.
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n-type Semiconductors
Substances whose conductivity is increased by doping with atoms having more valence electrons than the host crystal. Here, silicon (4 valence e-’s) is doped with phosphorus (5 valence e-’s).
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p-type Semiconductors
Substances whose conductivity is increased by doping with atoms having fewer valence electrons than the host crystal. Here, silicon (4 valence e-’s) is doped with aluminum (3 valence e-’s).
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Molecular Solids
Strong covalent forces within molecules
Weak covalent forces between molecules
Sulfur, S8 Phosphorus, P4
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Ionic Solids
Sodium Fluoride
Ionic compounds at room conditions are generally crystal lattices of alternating cations and anions.
Sodium chloride and sodium fluoride form simple cubic crystals.
NaCl Unit Cell
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Ionic Solids
Lithium niobate, LiNbO3
Ionic compounds are represented by empirical formulas, because they do not form discrete molecular structures.