soloists% duetvs.%solo% -...

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9/9/13 1 MUSICAL TEXTURE Ways to Describe What You Hear Performance Size Soloist No accompaniment Accompaniment Duet Equal importance Small Ensemble / Chamber Music – Trio, Quartet, Quintet, Sextet, Octet Large Ensemble – Orchestra, Band, Choir, ‘Symphony’ Soloists Unaccompanied Accompanied hTp://www.youtube.com/watch?v=EjZXWUtp7Qw hTp://www.youtube.com/watch?v=EjZXWUtp7Qw Undefined meter; Arabic tuned scale Simple meter 4/4 Arabic tuned scale Duet vs. Solo Duet contrapuntal Soloist w/ Accompaniment polyphonic w/ chordal accompaniment hTp://www.youtube.com/watch?v=EjZXWUtp7Qw hTp://www.youtube.com/watch?v=5ZwZJONDPqE Simple meter in 4/4; Western major scale Compound meter 12/8 Western major scale Duets: Alternafng phrases vs. simultaneous phrases Monophonic, vocalists alternate Simple 2/4 Arabic tuning and scale Polyphonic, woman sings harmony on top of male lead Meter of 4 Western influenced scale (minor key) hTp://www.youtube.com/watch?v=GJISfR9S1u4 hTp://www.youtube.com/watch?v=0Z_69WDxiqw Trio – Monophonic hTp://www.youtube.com/watch?v=tVqqr0L84B8 Western influenced Phrygian scale (because of clarinet’s equally spaced keys) Simple Meter of 7/4

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Page 1: Soloists% Duetvs.%Solo% - musi1301.weebly.commusi1301.weebly.com/uploads/4/3/3/1/43315677/musical_texture.pdf · Simple%4/4%meter%Western%influenced%scale%due%to%accordion,%flute,%guitar,%clarinet

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1  

MUSICAL  TEXTURE  

Ways  to  Describe  What  You  Hear  

Performance  Size  

•  Soloist  – No  accompaniment  – Accompaniment  

•  Duet  – Equal  importance  

•  Small  Ensemble  /  Chamber  Music  –  Trio,  Quartet,  Quintet,  Sextet,  Octet  

•  Large  Ensemble  –  Orchestra,  Band,  Choir,  ‘Symphony’  

Soloists  

•  Unaccompanied        Accompanied  

hTp://www.youtube.com/watch?v=EjZXWUtp7Qw  

hTp://www.youtube.com/watch?v=EjZXWUtp7Qw  

Undefined  meter;  Arabic  tuned  scale   Simple  meter  4/4  Arabic  tuned  scale  

Duet  vs.  Solo  •  Duet  -­‐  contrapuntal      Soloist  w/  Accompaniment  

       polyphonic  w/  chordal  accompaniment      

hTp://www.youtube.com/watch?v=EjZXWUtp7Qw  hTp://www.youtube.com/watch?v=5ZwZJONDPqE  

Simple  meter  in  4/4;  Western  major  scale   Compound  meter  12/8  Western  major  scale  

Duets:  Alternafng  phrases  vs.  simultaneous  phrases  

Monophonic,  vocalists  alternate  Simple  2/4  Arabic  tuning  and  scale  

Polyphonic,  woman  sings  harmony  on  top  of  male  lead  Meter  of  4  Western  influenced  scale  (minor  key)    

hTp://www.youtube.com/watch?v=GJISfR9S1u4  

hTp://www.youtube.com/watch?v=0Z_69WDxiqw  

Trio  –  Monophonic  

hTp://www.youtube.com/watch?v=tVqqr0L84B8  

Western  influenced  Phrygian  scale  (because  of  clarinet’s  equally  spaced  keys)    Simple  Meter  of  7/4  

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Trio  –  Mono  and  then  Polyphonic;    (Pseudo-­‐contrapuntal)  Meter  2/4    

hTp://www.youtube.com/watch?v=jFYlgait0MI  

Western  based  Phrygian  scale  because  of  Clarinet  equally  spaced  keys  

Quartet:  “Duophonic”  Bass  clarinet  and  Oud  play  one  melody  together;  Bass  guitar  play  a  ‘bass  line  

hTp://www.youtube.com/watch?v=dvca5hD2wbk  Western  influenced  Phrygian  scale  because  of  clarinet  and  bass  guitar  

Quintet:    Completely  Polyphonic  

Simple  Meter  in  4/4;  Chordal  accompaniment  from  guitar,  Western  influenced  scales  (guitar  and    Clarinet;  Jazz  influenced  harmonies  

hTp://www.youtube.com/watch?v=tGn51ejn0n4  

Larger  Ensembles  –  Monophonic  

Simple  4/4  meter  Western  influenced  scale  due  to  accordion,  flute,  guitar,  clarinet  hTp://www.youtube.com/watch?v=QFWqHUXect8  

Larger  ensemble,  Polyphonic  Contrapuntal,  Some  rhythmic  interest.    

hTp://www.youtube.com/watch?v=7uppqquKdf8  

Music  uses  a  Western  Major  scale  once  the  tuneful  Lafn  melody  Begins  Melody  is  good  Example  of    ‘off  beat’    Syncopafon    Simple  4/4  meter    

Chinese  Large  Ensemble:  Excerpt  is  Monophonic  

In  Simple  4/4,  Minor  scale,  not  a  pentatonic  scale  

hTp://www.youtube.com/watch?v=DzG9a8OE9Ao  

The  enfre  piece  on  the  web  features  non-­‐metrical  secfons,  percussion  solo  and  ensemble    In  addifon  to  monophonic  secfons  

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Chinese  Large  Ensemble:  Monophonic  Pentatonic  scale  with  one  foreign  note  

In  simple  4/4,  Pentatonic  scale  A  C  D  E  G;  an  F  is  played  three  notes  from  the  end  

hTp://www.youtube.com/watch?v=DzG9a8OE9Ao  

The  enfre  piece  on  the  web  features  non-­‐metrical  secfons,  percussion  solo  and  ensemble    In  addifon  to  monophonic  secfons  

Performance  Venues  and  Purposes  

•  Chamber  Music  –  music  meant  for  homes  •  Concert  Music  –  music  meant  for  large  audiences  •  Religious  Music  –  churches,  temples,  houses  of  worship  •  Patriofc  Music  –  music  for  baTle,  polifcal  ceremony,  celebrafons,  

•  Ceremonial  Music  –  weddings,  births,  funerals,    •  Spiritual  Music  –  music  for  healing,  meditafon,  worship  •  Secular  Music  –  music  for  dancing,  entertainment,  celebrafons.  

Tradifonal  Are’are  musicians  from  the  Solomon  Islands  

Living  in  the  remote  Oterama  Village  on  Malaita,  Narasirato  are  farmers  and  fishermen  who  keep  their  musical  culture,  dafng  back  75  generafons,  alive.  Simple  4/4  meter;  Western  major  scale;  simple  I-­‐IV-­‐V  harmonies  

hTp://www.youtube.com/watch?v=FMspIsLEOvY  

Rabbit  Dance  –  Nafve  American  

hTp://www.youtube.com/watch?v=544xzCzj_Uk  Compound  12/8  fme  

Pentatonic  scale  used  

Chinese  Chamber  Music:  This  example  is  monophonic,  in  simple  4/4  meter  

hTp://www.youtube.com/watch?v=S1iAAqQ71P8  Western  major  scale  is  used  

Concert  Music  –  Entertainment  Oye  Como  Va  –  Tito  Puente  

Simple  4/4  meter  

hTp://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Lj_XxBKG53g  Western  minor  scale  (dorian  mode)  used  

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Religious  Chamber  Music  

hTp://www.youtube.com/watch?v=KL9ToBIME7M  

Os  Jusf  –  Anton  Bruckner  

No  clearly  repeafng  meter;  Western  Major  scale  used  

Otumfuo  Opoku  Ware  II  King  of  the  Ashan6  people  in  Ghana  

hTp://www.youtube.com/watch?v=MvuOcMpTQgs  Poly-­‐metrical;  no  melody  

Krishnastakam  -­‐  Pandit  Jasraj  

hTp://www.youtube.com/watch?v=OCk9F6VECDo  Compound  meter  in  12/8;  Western  Major  scale  used  unfl  last  few  notes  

Performance  mixture  

•  Purely  instrumental  music  •  Purely  choral  music  •  Mixture  of  choral  and  instrumental  music  •  Passive  audience  •  Audience  parfcipafon:  – Singing,  – Dancing  – No  audience  –  everyone  involved.  

Instrumental  Dance:  MACHITO  AND  HIS  AFRO-­‐CUBAN  

ORCHESTRA  Sambia  

MACHITO  AND  HIS  AFRO-­‐CUBAN  ORCHESTRA  Sambia  Simple  meter  4/4;  relafvely  syncopated  rhythms;  Western  Major  scale  

Estrella  morente  -­‐  Volver  -­‐  www.estrella-­‐morente.com  

hTp://www.youtube.com/watch?v=upsF0jpz4kg  Relafvely  non-­‐metrical  beginning;  Western  minor  scale  used    

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Soweto  Gospel  Choir  

hTp://www.youtube.com/watch?v=zd6sy5DKpxk  

Simple  meter  in  2/4;  uneven  phrases  of  words;  Western  Major  scale  used  

Melodic,  Harmonic  or  Rhythmic  Emphasis  

•  Music  that  emphasizes  melody  deemphasizes  harmony;  performers  play  in  unison  and  add  ornaments  and  embellishments  to  the  melody.  

•  Music  that  emphasizes  harmony  ouen  deemphasizes  rhythmic  complexity  –  usually  there  are  more  pitched  instruments  than  un-­‐pitched  instruments  

•  Music  that  emphasizes  rhythm  usually  de-­‐emphasizes  harmony  and  somefmes  deemphasizes  melody    

Melodic  Complexity  Monophonic  or  Polyphonic  

•  Monophonic  – Soloist  w/o  accompaniment  – Ensemble  singing  or  playing  in  unison  – Accompaniment  is  purely  rhythmic      or  – Accompaniment  simply  doubles  the  melody      or  – Accompaniment  adds  ornaments  to  the  melody  

Polyphonic:  Homophonic  or  Contrapuntal  

•  Homophonic  –  one  main  melody  with  chordal  or  melodic  accompaniment;  the  other  singers  or  instruments  support  those  singing  the  melody  

•  Contrapuntal  –  two  or  more  (but  rarely  more  than  five)  equal,  independent  melodies  that  take  turns  capturing  the  listener’s  aTenfon.  

•  Much  Western  music  combines  elements  of  homophony  and  counterpoint.  True  contrapuntal  music  makes  all  performers  equal.  

Monophonic:    In  this  example,  even  the  percussionist  seems  to  be  ‘playing’  the  

melody  because  he  imitates  the  rhythms  of  the  melodic  instruments    

hTp://www.youtube.com/watch?v=sWzpyEx4COY  

Meter  alternates  from  one  phrase  to  another.  Scale  similar  to  Western  Major  scale  

‘Classic’  Homophonic  music:  The  singers  say  the  words  together  

hTp://www.youtube.com/watch?v=zd6sy5DKpxk  

Soweto  Gospel  Choir  

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Homophonic:    Once  the  main  melody  begins,  the  musicians  seem  to  be  playing  

together  to  ‘say’  one  thing;  Beginning  is  without  meter;  simple  4/4    meter  when  tempo  begins;  Pentatonic  scale  

hTp://www.youtube.com/watch?v=aiXOspvQTQo  �Pipa  &  Zheng  -­‐  River  Flowers  in  Moonlight  -­‐  Wan  Yeung  &  Jillian  Liao  -­‐  Bowers  Museum�  

Homophonic    (with  hints  of  counterpoint;  the  musicians  seem  to  be  having  a  conversafon)  

Free  meter  –  no  regular  beat  or  pulse;  Western  minor  scale  

hTp://www.youtube.com/watch?v=lOO2drhjmeo  Double  Bass  &  Flamenco  Guitar  |  Arcoluz  

Counterpoint  

hTp://www.youtube.com/watch?v=2owxxWqlsRU  

Begins  with  counterpoint,  then  a  secfon  of  homophony,  then  a  soloist,  then  more  counterpoint  First  secfon  is  in  compound  12/8  (swing)  meter;  switches  to  simple  4/4;  soloist  secfon  is  in  12/8  

‘Classic’  Vocal  Counterpoint  –  words  are  not  sung  together  

hTp://www.youtube.com/watch?v=u3DMEa4LLHE  William  Byrd  Motet:  Sing  Joy:  Western  Major  scale;  Simple  Duple  meter  

More  vocal  counterpoint  

hTp://www.youtube.com/watch?v=NxAX74gM8DY  

Compound  meter  of  12/8;  This  is  called  ‘Swing’  style.    This  example  has  a  bit  of  ‘back  beat’  accent  on  4  and  10  Western  major  scale;  Nofce  that  the  singers  sing  souer  when  another  singer  ‘enters’  with  a  melody;  Counterpoint  makes  it  Difficult  to  understand  the  words.      

Some  instrumental  counterpoint  

hTp://www.youtube.com/watch?v=iiXl8Nq0ePY  

Odd  meter  (3  +  4  +  3)  in  simple  division  –  Arabic  scale  

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Harmonic  Complexity    

•  Harmony  may  be  completely  missing  –  this  results  in  monophonic  music.  

•  Harmony  may  be  stafc  –  Much  of  the  music  of  India  has  stafc  (unchanging).  Pitches  that  do  not  change  are  called  ‘drones.’  

•  Harmony  may  be  simple  –  folk  music  ouen  uses  only  2  or  3  chords.  

•  Simple  harmonies  use  triads  (3  note  chords)  •  Complex  harmonies  (see  next  slide)  

Stafc  Harmony  

hTp://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ldPMifPbngc  

Compound  meter  switching  between  6/8  and  9/8;  scale  is  similar  to  Western  minor  scale  

Stafc  Harmony  (Nofce  that  the  vocalists  don’t  always  sing  the  correct  pitches)  

hTp://www.youtube.com/watch?v=hD445aiu5VU  Compound  ?/8    meter  

Simple  Harmony  –  I,  IV  &  V  chords  

hTp://www.youtube.com/watch?v=PeBz2i-­‐00x0&  

Simple  2/4;  Western  major  scale  

Complex  Harmony  

•  Harmonies  that  use  six  or  more  chords  •  Harmonies  that  change  chords  ouen  (quick  harmonic  rhythm)  

•  Diatonic  harmonies  create  chords  from  one  scale  •  Chromafc  harmonies  create  chords  from  several  scales  

•  Key  Changes  •  Chords  with  more  than  three  notes.  ‘Altered  Chords’  

Complex  Harmonies  –    Autumn  Leaves  Piano  Solo  

hTp://www.youtube.com/watch?v=AO32dVF6fgo  No  clear  meter;  use  of  Bb,  G  minor  and  chromafc  scales