solutions
DESCRIPTION
Solutions. By: Cash Li. What is a solution?. A solution is a homogeneous mixture of two or more substances on a single physical state. In a solution, the solute is dispersed uniformly throughout the solvent. How it form?. Solvent molecules attracted to surface ions. - PowerPoint PPT PresentationTRANSCRIPT
SolutionsBy: Cash Li
What is a solution?A solution is a homogeneous mixture of two or
more substances on a single physical state. In a solution, the solute is dispersed uniformly
throughout the solvent.
How it form?1. Solvent molecules attracted to surface ions.2. Each ion is surrounded by solvent molecules.3. Enthalpy (DH) changes with each interaction broken
or formed.
Properties of a solution1. The particles in a solution are very small2. The particles in a solution are evenly
distributed or intermingled uniformly on a molecular level.
3. The particles in a solution will not separate no matter how long the solution is allowed to stand under constant conditions
Solute v. SolventA solute is the substance that dissolves
In a lemonade the sugar is a solute Solvent is the substance that does the
dissolving Water is a solvent and it is known as the
universal solvent
Soluble A substance that dissolves in another
substance is said to be soluble.Also a substance is soluble also means that it
is capable of being dissolved.
Factors affecting solubilityThe stronger the intermolecular
attractions between solute and solvent, the more likely the solute will dissolve.
like dissolves like:Polar substances tend to dissolve in polar
solvents.Nonpolar substances tend to dissolve in
nonpolar solvents
Solubility Curve
Solubility Curve Cont. The solubility curve is the most helpful tool in
the reference table that will find the saturation, and solubility of the given substances.
How to use the curve:1. The line of each substances show their
soluble points or their saturation points.2. If number falls above the line then it is super
saturated and there will be precipitants.3. If the number falls below the line then it is
unsaturated and no precipitants will fall.
Types of Solution Solid Solution
They are formed by melting the component metals, mixing them together and then allowing them to cool
Gas If the solvent is a gas, only gases are dissolved under
a given set of conditions. An example of a gaseous solution is air (oxygen and other gases dissolved in nitrogen). Since interactions between molecules play almost no role, dilute gases form rather trivial solutions. In part of the literature, they are not even classified as solutions, but addressed as mixtures.
Types of Solution cont.Liquid
Miscible This means that the liquids of two different substances mix
well together. Immiscible
Two different substances will no mix well together. Ex: water and oil
Aqueous An aqueous solution is a solution in which the solvent is
water. It is usually shown in chemical equations by appending (aq) to the relevant formula, such as NaCl (aq). The word aqueous means pertaining to, related to, similar to, or dissolved in water.
Concentration of SolutionsThe concentration of a solution is the amount
of solute in a given amount of solvent or solution
Concentration MolarityMolality
Molarity The number of moles of solute dissolved on
each liter of solution.Equation
M = m/LAlso volume is temperature dependent, so
molarity can change with temperature change.
Molality The number of moles of solute dissolved in
each kilogram of solventEquation
Molality = mole of solute/ kilogram of solvent
Mole Fraction Equation
Mole fraction = moles of components/total moles of solution
In some applications, one needs the mole fraction of solvent, not solute—make sure you find the quantity you need!
SaturationSaturated solution
Solvent holds as much solute as is possible at that temperature.
Undissolved solid remains in flask.Dissolved solute is in dynamic equilibrium with
solid solute particles
Saturation cont.Unsaturated Solution
Less than the maximum amount of solute for that temperature is dissolved in the solvent.
No solid remains in flask.
Saturation cont.Supersaturated
Solvent holds more solute than is normally possible at that temperature.
These solutions are unstable; crystallization can often be stimulated by adding a “seed crystal” or scratching the side of the flask.
Finished