solutions and their properties chapter 14. solutions and their properties a solution is a homogenous...
TRANSCRIPT
![Page 1: Solutions and Their Properties Chapter 14. Solutions and Their Properties A solution is a homogenous mixture of two or more substances in a single phase](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022062517/56649ed15503460f94bdff39/html5/thumbnails/1.jpg)
Solutions and Their Properties
Chapter 14
![Page 2: Solutions and Their Properties Chapter 14. Solutions and Their Properties A solution is a homogenous mixture of two or more substances in a single phase](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022062517/56649ed15503460f94bdff39/html5/thumbnails/2.jpg)
Solutions and Their Properties
• A solution is a homogenous mixture of two or more substances in a single phase.– solute vs. solvent
• The changes that occur when a substance is dissolved in a pure liquid are called colligative properties.
![Page 3: Solutions and Their Properties Chapter 14. Solutions and Their Properties A solution is a homogenous mixture of two or more substances in a single phase](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022062517/56649ed15503460f94bdff39/html5/thumbnails/3.jpg)
14.1 Units of Concentration
• Molarity (mole solute/liter solution) does not work when dealing with colligative properties!– solute molecules take up some volume
• Four units that can be used to calculate concentration of solute per solvent are…– molality, mole fraction, weight percent,
parts per million
![Page 4: Solutions and Their Properties Chapter 14. Solutions and Their Properties A solution is a homogenous mixture of two or more substances in a single phase](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022062517/56649ed15503460f94bdff39/html5/thumbnails/4.jpg)
Mole Fraction
• The mole fraction, X, of a solution is defined as the amount of a given component of a mixture divided by the total amount of all the components of the mixture.
XA = nA / (nA + nB +…)
![Page 5: Solutions and Their Properties Chapter 14. Solutions and Their Properties A solution is a homogenous mixture of two or more substances in a single phase](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022062517/56649ed15503460f94bdff39/html5/thumbnails/5.jpg)
Practice Problem
• If you dissolved 10.0 g of sugar, C12H22O11 in a cup of water, what is the mole fraction of sugar?
![Page 6: Solutions and Their Properties Chapter 14. Solutions and Their Properties A solution is a homogenous mixture of two or more substances in a single phase](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022062517/56649ed15503460f94bdff39/html5/thumbnails/6.jpg)
14.2 Solution Process
• Unsaturated• Saturated• Supersaturated• Solubility is the
concentration of solute in equilibrium with undissolved solute in a saturated solution.
![Page 7: Solutions and Their Properties Chapter 14. Solutions and Their Properties A solution is a homogenous mixture of two or more substances in a single phase](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022062517/56649ed15503460f94bdff39/html5/thumbnails/7.jpg)
Liquids Dissolving in Liquids
• If two liquids mix to form a solution, they are miscible. Immiscible liquids do not mix and exist as separate layers. – Like dissolves like!
![Page 8: Solutions and Their Properties Chapter 14. Solutions and Their Properties A solution is a homogenous mixture of two or more substances in a single phase](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022062517/56649ed15503460f94bdff39/html5/thumbnails/8.jpg)
Solids Dissolving in Liquids
• Once an ion has entered a solution and is surrounded by water molecules, then they are hydrated.
• Heat of solution may be endothermic or exothermic depending upon how much energy is absorbed or lost by the reaction.
![Page 9: Solutions and Their Properties Chapter 14. Solutions and Their Properties A solution is a homogenous mixture of two or more substances in a single phase](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022062517/56649ed15503460f94bdff39/html5/thumbnails/9.jpg)
Heat of Solution
• Heat of solution can be calculated by taking the sum of the standard heat of formation of the products minus the sum of the heat of formation of the reactions.
![Page 10: Solutions and Their Properties Chapter 14. Solutions and Their Properties A solution is a homogenous mixture of two or more substances in a single phase](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022062517/56649ed15503460f94bdff39/html5/thumbnails/10.jpg)
Practice Problem
• Use the data in Table 14.2 (p. 625) to calculated the enthalpy of solution for NaOH.
![Page 11: Solutions and Their Properties Chapter 14. Solutions and Their Properties A solution is a homogenous mixture of two or more substances in a single phase](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022062517/56649ed15503460f94bdff39/html5/thumbnails/11.jpg)
Homework
• After reading sections 14.1-14.2, you should be able to do the following…
• P. 648 (2-4, 6-18 even)
![Page 12: Solutions and Their Properties Chapter 14. Solutions and Their Properties A solution is a homogenous mixture of two or more substances in a single phase](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022062517/56649ed15503460f94bdff39/html5/thumbnails/12.jpg)
14.3 Factors Affecting Solubility
• Solubility of a gas in a liquid is directly proportional to the gas pressure.
Sg = kHPg
where S is the gas solubility, P is the partial pressure of the gaseous solute, and k is the Henry’s Law constant
– carbonated soft drinks; SCUBA tanks
![Page 13: Solutions and Their Properties Chapter 14. Solutions and Their Properties A solution is a homogenous mixture of two or more substances in a single phase](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022062517/56649ed15503460f94bdff39/html5/thumbnails/13.jpg)
Temperature Effects
• Solubility of solids in water increases with increasing temperature
• Solubility of gases in water decreases with increasing temperature– Fish seek lower depths in summer– Thermal pollution
![Page 14: Solutions and Their Properties Chapter 14. Solutions and Their Properties A solution is a homogenous mixture of two or more substances in a single phase](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022062517/56649ed15503460f94bdff39/html5/thumbnails/14.jpg)
Temperature Effects
• Le Chatelier’s Principle– States that a change in any of the factors
determining an equilibrium causes the system to adjust to reduce or counteract the effect of the change.
Gas + liquid solvent saturated solution + heat
increasing temperature shifts reaction left
![Page 15: Solutions and Their Properties Chapter 14. Solutions and Their Properties A solution is a homogenous mixture of two or more substances in a single phase](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022062517/56649ed15503460f94bdff39/html5/thumbnails/15.jpg)
Homework
• After reading sections 14.3-14.4, you should be able to do the following…
• P.649 (20-32 even, 34-36)
![Page 16: Solutions and Their Properties Chapter 14. Solutions and Their Properties A solution is a homogenous mixture of two or more substances in a single phase](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022062517/56649ed15503460f94bdff39/html5/thumbnails/16.jpg)
14.5 Colloids
• Colloids are intermediate between a solution and a suspension. (jello, milk, fog, styrofoam)
• Tyndall effect: colloids scatter visible light when dispersed in a solvent
![Page 17: Solutions and Their Properties Chapter 14. Solutions and Their Properties A solution is a homogenous mixture of two or more substances in a single phase](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022062517/56649ed15503460f94bdff39/html5/thumbnails/17.jpg)
Colloids
• Hydrophilic and hydrophobic• Emulsions are colloidal dispersions of
liquid in liquid (mayo, milk)– emulsifying agents keep colloids from settling
out
![Page 18: Solutions and Their Properties Chapter 14. Solutions and Their Properties A solution is a homogenous mixture of two or more substances in a single phase](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022062517/56649ed15503460f94bdff39/html5/thumbnails/18.jpg)
Surfactants
• Soaps and detergents are emulsifiers.• These substances affect the properties of
surfaces are called surfactants; ones used for cleaning are called detergents.
![Page 19: Solutions and Their Properties Chapter 14. Solutions and Their Properties A solution is a homogenous mixture of two or more substances in a single phase](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022062517/56649ed15503460f94bdff39/html5/thumbnails/19.jpg)
Homework
• After reading Section 14.5, you should be able to do the following…
• P. 650 (41-49 odd)