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Tips for Year-End Closing

Solutions from SAP

SAP Business One

Release 6.5, 2004, 2005

November 2005

SAP Business One 6.5 / 2004 / 2005 Tips for Year-End Closing

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Contents Introduction............................................................................................................................................ 5 System Requirements and Latest Product Updates.......................................................................... 5 Timing Constraints................................................................................................................................ 5 Preparation............................................................................................................................................. 6

Checks ................................................................................................................................................. 6 Check Document Numbering ........................................................................................................... 6 Checking the Completeness of Documents..................................................................................... 6 Checking for Negative Stock............................................................................................................ 7 Checking for Execution of Payment Runs........................................................................................ 8 Checking Statistical and Clearing Accounts..................................................................................... 8

Inventory .............................................................................................................................................. 9 Preparing for Inventory Tracking...................................................................................................... 9 Posting Count Results.................................................................................................................... 11 Inventory without Continuous Stock............................................................................................... 13

Reclassification of Business Partners with a Negative Balance........................................................ 14 Performing Year-End Closing ............................................................................................................ 16

Reconciliation..................................................................................................................................... 16 Reconciliation of Open Items and Balances for Business Partners............................................... 16 Reconciliation of Fixed Asset Accounts ......................................................................................... 18 Reconciliation of Bank and Cash Accounts ................................................................................... 19 Reconciliation of Allocation and Expense Clearing Account.......................................................... 20 Reconciliation of Stock Account..................................................................................................... 21

Accrual and Valuation ........................................................................................................................ 26 Accrual ........................................................................................................................................... 26 Assets under Construction ............................................................................................................. 26 Depreciation in SAP Business One Fixed Assets.......................................................................... 26 Valuation of Foreign Currencies..................................................................................................... 27 Material Valuation........................................................................................................................... 29 Valuation of Completion of Work Orders and Projects .................................................................. 30 Allowances ..................................................................................................................................... 31

Provisions .......................................................................................................................................... 31 Accruals ............................................................................................................................................. 31

Reporting.............................................................................................................................................. 32 VAT Report ........................................................................................................................................ 32 Tax Declaration Box Report............................................................................................................... 33 Tax Reconciliation Report.................................................................................................................. 33 EU Sales List ..................................................................................................................................... 33 Intrastat .............................................................................................................................................. 33

Documentation .................................................................................................................................... 34

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Balance Sheet.................................................................................................................................... 34 Profit and Loss Statement ................................................................................................................. 35 Trial Balance ...................................................................................................................................... 35 Other Reports .................................................................................................................................... 36

Journal............................................................................................................................................ 36 Account Itemization for Balance Sheet and P&L ........................................................................... 36 Account Statement List for Customers and Vendors ..................................................................... 36 Open Items List .............................................................................................................................. 36 Account Statements ....................................................................................................................... 36 Asset History Sheet........................................................................................................................ 37 Inventory Listing ............................................................................................................................. 37

Valuation According to Other Accounting Principles ..................................................................... 37 Periods.................................................................................................................................................. 38

Document Numbering ........................................................................................................................ 38 Creating New Periods ........................................................................................................................ 38 Period 13............................................................................................................................................ 38 Fiscal Year Change in Fixed Assets.................................................................................................. 39 Period-End Closing ............................................................................................................................ 40 Closing the Period.............................................................................................................................. 40

Checklist............................................................................................................................................... 41 Copyright.............................................................................................................................................. 43

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Introduction The aim of this document is to provide customers and partners with help in carrying out their year-end closing, and to demonstrate how SAP Business One can support the individual steps of the year-end closing process.

The procedures described in this document do not, however, guarantee the accuracy of content or the completeness of the year-end closing. You are responsible for appropriate operation and providing the appropriate documentation to ensure accuracy. You must discuss the procedure in detail with your tax consultant or the person responsible for your year-end closing.

The procedures described in this document represent a concept that is generally applicable. The character of this document should be generic and globally-based on the system procedures. Country-specific regulations and other financial reporting principles are not covered.

System Requirements and Latest Product Updates You can find the most recent information on product details regarding the year-end closing process in SAP Note 800291. This note is updated regularly and is applicable for Release 6.5, 2004 A, and 2005 A. Also refer to this Note for additional queries and tools available for the year-end closing process.

The actual year-end closing should be carried out using Release 6.5, 2004, or 2005 with the latest patch installed. Also check SAP Note 800291 for patch information regarding the year-end closing function.

Timing Constraints We strongly recommended that you back up your production database once all transactions for the previous fiscal year have been entered and completed, but before any new transactions are entered for the new fiscal year.

This is important because it is not always possible to re-construct a report backdated to the cut-off date in SAP Business One. The status of the previous fiscal year is saved in the backup.

With SAP Business One, you cannot access item costs backdated to a specific cut-off date. Therefore, we also recommend that you save the item costs as of the cut-off date in a specific year-end price list. This must be done when all transactions for the previous year have been entered and before anything is entered for the new fiscal year. This price list can then be used for the evaluation of the inventory backdated to the cut-off date.

Until SAP Business One 2004 A PL06 (see SAP Note 80593), you cannot access the open items in a foreign currency backdated to a specific cut-off date when you use the Exchange Rate Differences function. Therefore, you should also perform the foreign currency valuation promptly after all transactions of the previous fiscal year have been entered. Alternatively, you must save the status at the end of the fiscal year in a database backup. Be sure to check the SAP Note 800291 for an update on this function.

To ensure that no transactions are entered into the new fiscal year before the previous one is completed and the year-end price list has been saved, we recommend that you do not create any new periods yet.

You must manually ensure that all figures are reproducible using the appropriate printouts.

This also applies when you use queries. In this case, we recommend that you export the results to Microsoft Excel and print them out.

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Preparation

Checks Check Document Numbering The CHECK DOCUMENT NUMBERING report provides a simple way to check the continuity of all documents and ensure that numbers have not been assigned twice. This report checks for any gaps in numbering and for double assignment of numbers within the document number ranges. If no data is found, the assignment of document numbers is correct and without omissions (within the definition).

Release 6.5: Reporting → Accounting Reports → Check Document Numbering

Release 2004: Administration → Utilities → Check Document Numbering

Release 2005: Administration → Utilities → Check Document Numbering

This report only checks that numbering is correct within the specified document number ranges. If gaps exist in the document number ranges, the system does not recognize these gaps as errors in the report.

It is an organizational responsibility to ensure that the document number ranges have been set up correctly and that authorization settings allow only authorized users to change the number ranges.

Checking the Completeness of Documents You can use the DRAFT DOCUMENTS transaction to check whether all accounting-relevant documents are posted. Examples of such documents include:

• Deliveries

• Returns

• Invoices

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• Credit memos from purchasing and sales

• Stock transfers

• Journal vouchers

At this stage, you should also check documents that are not relevant for accounting, for example, orders and purchase orders.

Sales → Document Drafts

Banking → Incoming Payments → Payment Drafts Report

Banking → Outgoing Payments → Payment Drafts Report

Financials → Journal Vouchers

In regards to completeness, only the documents that meet these criteria are displayed:

• Open

• For all users

If a draft document refers to a period that is already closed, do not reopen the period to post the document. Instead, enter the document with a posting date from the current period.

Checking for Negative Stock Before you take inventory, ensure that there is no negative stock. If there is negative stock, it is very likely that some goods receipt POs, A/P invoices or other receipts into inventory have not been posted. You need to post these before you begin inventory counting and all other year-end activities.

To check for negative stock, use one of the following methods:

Display using the Stock Situation report. In the report, sort by the In Stock column. All negative stock is displayed at the top of the list.

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Use Drag&Relate under Inventory, Item. Then use a filter with the following condition: Qty in Stock < 0.

Checking for Execution of Payment Runs You can use the Payment Assistant to check whether any saved assistants have the status “Recommended“, but should have been executed. This ensures that you have not forgotten saved payment procedures that belong to previous periods.

To sort all payment runs by status, double-click the Status header.

Banking → Payment System → Payment Wizard

Checking Statistical and Clearing Accounts In SAP Business One, you can use statistical and clearing accounts for various business transactions that require a closing balance of zero to guarantee completeness of the business transaction. These accounts must be checked.

Examples for using statistical or clearing accounts include:

• Opening balances

• Making external postings (for example, payroll)

• Making any corrections; all clearing accounts should be closed

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Inventory Preparing for Inventory Tracking First, you must ensure organizationally that no stock posting takes place during inventory tracking. The simplest way to avoid this is to lock document numbering for the following document types:

• Sales: Delivery, Returns, Invoice, Credit Memo

• Purchasing: Goods receipt PO, Returns, AP invoice, Credit Memo

• Inventory: Stock transfer, Inventory Goods Receipt or Goods Issue

• Work Order (6.5) or Production Order (2004)

Even when you lock these documents, you can still enter stock balances as beginning balances or inventory differences. If necessary, you can prevent this by using authorizations.

Administration → System Initialization → Document Numbering

You can use the INVENTORY TRACKING AND STOCK POSTING transaction to prepare lists for counting. You can print the count lists from the Inventory Tracking tab. Here we recommend that you use the selection options corresponding to the logistical organization of the warehouse.

Inventory → Inventory Transactions → Initial Quantities, Inventory Tracking and Stock Posting

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To print the inventory lists without quantities, select the Hide quantity stored option.

You must adhere to the technical GAAP conditions for the inventory. These conditions are not described within this document.

There are three possible scenarios for open production orders by the cut-off day:

1. Open work orders (Release 6.5) or open production orders with component issue method backflush (Release 2004 / 2005)

In this case, even though they have physically been removed from stock into production, SAP Business One shows the components still in stock. Therefore, it is important to adjust the quantities counted in the warehouses by the quantities counted in production.

2. Completed work orders (Release 6.5) or production orders with component issue method backflush (Release 2004 / 2005)

At the time of completion, the components are removed from the warehouse and the finished product is received into stock. This means that only the finished products are shown in the warehouse, as long as they have not been removed for sales delivery.

3. Open production orders with component issue method manual (Release 2004 / 2005)

In this case, components are issued manually as soon as the production order is released. Therefore, you must ensure that all manual issues have been completed. Upon manual issue of components, the quantities are removed from stock and the values are posted from the stock account to the work-in progress (WIP) account. As result, the system no longer shows these items in the warehouse, and they do not have to be taken into account during inventory counting.

Tips for counting open work orders (Release 6.5) or open production orders with component issue method backflush (Release 2004 / 2005):

Determine the components of all open work/production orders, sorted by item, original warehouse, and issue method. Print the result as a count list.

Perform physical counting in production and enter the results into the count lists.

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Print the count lists for the different warehouses.

Perform physical counting in the different warehouses.

Post counting results for each warehouse: Summarize the amounts counted in the warehouse and in production for each item.

If you perform further tasks after the count lists are printed, but before you start the count, we recommend that you document the parameters with which the count lists were created, so that they can be incorporated into the count results at a later stage.

Posting Count Results You also enter the count results on the Inventory Tracking tab.

As soon as you enter an amount in the inventory list for each item, this item is considered to be counted. If the counted quantity is 0, you must manually set the indicator to “counted“; the Quantity field remains blank. You can update the results at any time. This means that you can record the count results one step at a time.

When you have recorded all the stock quantities, go to the Stock Posting tab to post any deviations in quantity.

As soon as the stock evaluation is complete, the system sets the Counted column in the Inventory List to “No“.

Since some accounting legislations have different rules that apply when it comes to assigning and reassigning valuation methods, check with your accountant before you change inventory values.

Release 6.5: This means that you must manually set the valuation to correspond correctly with the basic initialization (moving average, standard price or FIFO).

Release 2004 /2005: You can have different inventory valuation methods for different items. The system takes into account the inventory valuation method for each item when it determines the cost price. To have the system do this, you must choose the price source Cost Price List when you run the stock posting. In this case, the system posts the inventory differences automatically with the applicable item costs.

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The valuation of inventory differences as described above only applies when you perform the inventory counting close to the cut-off date, before transactions for the new fiscal year have been entered.

Therefore, we recommend that you save these item costs in a price list before you enter new transactions. Then, the evaluation basis for the posting of inventory differences has to be this price list.

Also, note the following regarding the posting of inventory differences:

• Depending on local legislation, no manual adjustment can be permitted in the Price column.

• In such cases, you must not select the Allow Posting without Price option.

• You must manually ensure that the figures are reproducible. Before you post the inventory, print the report with the adjusted amounts. After you post the inventory, you will not be able to redisplay the report with the original values.

In the case of Scenario 3 – Open production orders with the component issue method manual (Release 2004 / 2005) – you must post the inventory differences counted in production using manual journal entries. This is necessary because the components have already been removed from inventory. As a result, the offsetting account for the posting of the inventory gain or loss must be the WIP account and not the stock account. Since differences are posted automatically once the production order is completed, this manual posting must be reversed at the beginning of the new fiscal year.

The date of the correction should be the same as the date of the count. If further inventory transactions are performed between the time of the count and the time of posting, update the date and choose Update Quantities. This will update the report to show the quantities on the date entered.

The Update Quantities feature will update the quantities to the backdated date only! The prices used for valuation are not updated and always show the prices as of the current date when you evaluate by item costs. In order to evaluate by item prices valid for a previous cut-off date, you must use a price list as described above.

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Inventory without Continuous Stock If you do not use continuous stock management, you need to post the stock values using a manual posting process in Financial Accounting.

When you perform the inventory counting, you use the INVENTORY TRACKING AND STOCK POSTING report to check and correct any quantity discrepancies. To update the warehouse quantities only, you also need to perform the stock posting process. To do this, run the report with the Allow Posting without Price parameter set to Yes.

Inventory → Inventory Transactions → Initial Quantities, Inventory Tracking and Stock Posting

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Reclassification of Business Partners with a Negative Balance You need to check the balances for business partners and bank accounts at the end of the year and make any necessary reclassifications using manual posting.

This affects, for example, the following business transactions:

• Postings made for the reclassification of customers and vendor with negative balances

• Bank accounts with a negative balance

• Balance extensions based on the condition that the same business partner has a balance as a customer and as a vendor

• Reporting of doubtful, non-collectible receivables or receivable write-offs

Select the Reverse option for automatic reversal in the subsequent period if needed for a specific business case. We recommend using a transaction indicator to identify these postings separately.

You must manually ensure that the figures can be reproduced using the corresponding printouts and posting documents.

If you are using the Doubtful Debts calculation in the AGING report, note that the calculation of this report is based on the gross values (including tax). You can only create a journal entry from the AGING report for doubtful debts when you start the AGING report by Sales Documents.

You can use the Doubtful Debts function to calculate doubtful receivable amounts. Depending on legal requirements, ensure that the definitions for the doubtful debts are set correctly. For example, to show 2% of all open receivables as doubtful on the cut-off date, set the definitions to zero days and 2%.

When you post the adjustment directly from the AGING report, you can only use the separate doubtful debts control account. If you need to reduce the doubtful receivables from the regular control account, you need to perform a manual adjustment journal entry.

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If you select the Display Credit Balance with Negative Sign option in the Basic Initialization, vendors on the debit side are represented by a positive balance and customers on the credit side are represented by a negative balance. If you do not select this option, the values are displayed in the opposite way.

You can use the Account Balance detail view in the Business Partner Master Data for verification.

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Performing Year-End Closing

Reconciliation Reconciliation of Open Items and Balances for Business Partners In SAP Business One, as a rule, customer and vendor postings are written to balance sheet accounts stored to the business partner.

To verify the accuracy of the postings, use the TRIAL BALANCE report. It is helpful to create separate FINANCIAL report templates for both vendors and customers. You can then use these to display all totals and balances for the relevant balance sheet account, and enhance them by adding the individual balances of the customers or vendors when the report is called.

Release 6.5: Reporting → Company Reports → Trial Balance

Release 2004: Reports → Financials → Financial → Trial Balance

Release 2005: Reports → Financials → Financial → Trial Balance

To start the report separately for customers and vendors, select None for each group.

To display individual balances for each business partner, increase the level displayed on the lower right of the screen.

If you run the Trial Balance by G/L Accounts, you need to consider all control accounts that might be assigned to the different business partners (that is, control accounts for assets, doubtful debts, bill of exchange, and so on).

Alternatively, you can use the G/L ACCOUNTS AND BUSINESS PARTNERS report. This report also displays the combination of selected balance sheet accounts and business partners. This report is suitable for processing business partner balances and displaying details.

Release 6.5: Reporting → Accounting Reports → G/L Accounts and Business

Partners

Release 2004: Reports → Financials → Accounting → G/L Accounts and Business Partners

Release 2005: Reports → Financials → Accounting → G/L Accounts and Business Partners

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We recommend that you check the complete reconciliation of business partner accounts at the end of each month. You can use the CUSTOMER RECEIVABLES AGING report to reconcile the open business partner balances.

Release 6.5: Reporting → Customer Receivables by Due Date

Release 6.5: Reporting → Vendor Liabilities by Due Date

Release 2004: Reports → Financials → Accounting → Aging → Customer Receivables Aging

Release 2004: Reports → Financials → Accounting → Aging → Vendor Liabilities Aging



To print the open items backdated to the cut-off date, make sure you set the following parameters:

• Select By Journal Postings.

• Enter the period end closing date (for example, December 31) as the end date in the posting date range.

• Set the Consider Reconciliation Date parameter to Yes.

• Also, select Display BP with Amount Zero. If you do not select this option, the report does not take into account any business partners that may have been completely cleared in the new period.

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If foreign currencies are used, you must select Local Currency in the displayed report to show a total.

If the balances for the business partners do not match the general ledger, we recommend that you start the general ledger reports and the due date reports monthly to reconcile each month separately (if you have not already done so at the end of the month).

If the system displays the following message “Business partner balance does not match journal entries”, check if you have entered an end date for the posting date range in the report parameters.

If you still receive this message, you may have certain business partners with reconciliation differences. This is likely to happen with foreign currencies. It can be resolved with the following procedure:

• Choose Banking → Bank Statements and Reconciliations → Check and Restore Former Reconciliations.

• Select Display Incorrect Reconciliations Only.

• If you have any differences, choose Open Incorrect Only to open the reconciliation. Do not choose Open All.

• After the reconciliation opens, you can redo it manually and post the difference

with a manual journal entry.

Reconciliation of Fixed Asset Accounts If you are not using the Fixed Assets add-on for SAP Business One, you still need to verify that the fixed asset accounts correspond to the values in fixed asset accounting, which is performed externally from SAP Business One.

With the Fixed Assets add-on for SAP Business One, you can decide whether to use gross or net values. Depending on this setting, you might have to post the depreciation reserve manually to show the final asset values.

If there have been any reductions (for example, discounts) or additional costs (for example, freight) that have to be considered for a correction of the acquisition and production costs (APC), check acquisitions and retirements from the last year. You must do this manually.

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In case of an acquisition, the entire value of the Acquisition and the Production Costs (APC) will be transferred as a journal entry to the asset G/L account. If the invoice is paid with a cash discount, you must manually reduce the gross value of the cash discount from the value of the APC of the asset. To do this, create a credit memo in Fixed Assets with the value of the cash discount or bonus in order to reduce the APC of this asset. To add additional charges, for example, freight charges to the acquisition costs, manually create an acquisition related to the original fixed asset.

For the reconciliation of the asset accounts, you can use the Asset History Sheet in the Fixed Assets add-on for SAP Business One. With this report, you can evaluate the asset data by balance sheet account or by asset class. If you are using the net value method, you can see the net book value (NBV) at the end of the fiscal year in the NBV End FY column of the report. For reconciliation using the gross value method, the report shows the APC and the accumulated depreciation separately.

The ASSET HISTORY SHEET report displays the numbers calculated for the date range of the selected fiscal year. If you have discrepancies between this report and the values shown as posted in the Trial Balance, you have to complete the depreciation runs for this fiscal year in Fixed Assets and make sure all depreciation has been posted.

Financials → Fixed Assets → Asset History Sheet

Reconciliation of Bank and Cash Accounts You can use the Process External Bank Statement function for permanent reconciliation of bank accounts with account statements from the bank.

Banking → Bank Statements and Reconciliation → Process External Bank Statement

If you do not use this function, you need to manually check that the account statements correspond to the balances in the bank accounts. In this case you can use the GENERAL LEDGER report, which displays all postings in one (or more) account(s) within a specified time frame.

Release 6.5: Reporting → Accounting Reports → General Ledger

Release 2004: Reports → Financials → Accounting → General Ledger


Here, the system displays the credit and debit postings in a separate column.

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You can also use this report for the reconciliation of petty cash accounts.

If you use clearing accounts for bank postings, you first need to transfer postings for all the reconciled amounts to the appropriate bank account.

This is always the case, for example, when you are using the Cash & Bank function of the Payment Engine add-on for SAP Business One.

Starting with Release 2005 you can assign clearing accounts for each House Bank account. With the Year End they have to be cleared.

Starting with release 2005, you can write off small differences using the over/underpayment function.

Reconciliation of Allocation and Expense Clearing Account If you use the continuous stock system, the system posts purchase documents to one or more allocation accounts. If a purchase transaction has been completed, the corresponding allocation account must have a balance of zero.

Additionally, if you use additional expenses and you mark them as stock relevant (starting with Release 2004), the same procedure applies for the additional expenses. The account used for the additional expenses amount is the Expense Clearing account. Once the purchase transaction has been completed, the balance of this account must also be zero.

The balances of the allocation accounts and the expense clearing accounts must be reconciled at the end of the year. The remaining balances should correspond to the summary of all open goods receipts PO as well as the open goods returns.

With SAP Business One, you perform reconciliations for this kind of account using the Reconciliation function in the Banking module. Generally, you should perform the reconciliation regularly at the end of the month; otherwise, there will be a very high number of transactions left to be reconciled at the end of the year. To simplify the process, you can run automatic reconciliations.

Once the reconciliation for these accounts has been completed, the remaining balance should match the open items in goods receipts purchase orders and returns.

Banking → Bank Statements and Reconciliations → Reconciliation → Internal

This form of reconciliation is only useful if meaningful prices have been used in goods receipts (for example, if prices are not known at the time of the order and dummy prices were entered until the actual prices were entered at the time of invoicing).

You must manually ensure that the figures can be reproduced using the corresponding printouts and posting documents.

The following user actions can cause differences in the Allocation or Expense Clearing account that have to be corrected manually:

1. Manual update of the item definition

The definition of an item is changed from WH Item to Non-WH Item in the Item Master Data (or vice versa) and there were open Goods Receipts or open Returns existing for this item at the time the change was made.

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2. Manual postings

Manual postings with journal entries in the G/L have been made using the Allocation or Expense Clearing account. Identify these by drilling down to the balance from the chart of accounts (ensure that you enter the correct start date) and display all documents. Then double-click the Data Source column, and search for the journal entries (JE).

In an A/P invoice for a Non-WH Item, the allocation or expense clearing accounts were selected in this item row in the G/L Account field.

3. Manual update of the account determination

The allocation or expense clearing accounts were changed manually in the warehouse definition.

4. Redefining additional expenses as Stock-Relevant

The definition of additional expenses have been changed from Stock-Relevant to Not Stock-Relevant (or vice versa) while there are open transactions using this expense definition.

You can only correct these differences caused by user actions using manual journal entries.

Reconciliation of Stock Account The GL Stock Account balance must agree with the stock values when you use Average, Standard, or FIFO costing methods.

In former Year End closing documents you could only use the WH STOCK VALUATION / INVENTORY VALUATION REPORT to reconcile the stock accounts.

The INVENTORY AUDIT report was developed for use in Release 2005. This report shows the details for each stock account. Since the INVENTORY VALUATION report shows only values for other valuation methods per item than the one set, you can no longer use it to determine the stock account balances.

To enable users already in Release 2004 to run a stock valuation report as accurately as possible, five new System Queries were added to the system in Patch 23. They show the stock postings which led to the stock account balances.

Therefore, you should use the following reports to determine the actual stock balance:

• Release 6.5: WH STOCK VALUATION

• Release 2004 before patch 23: INVENTORY VALUATION report

• Release 2004 with patch 23: different System Queries INVENTORY AUDIT report – XX

• Release 2005: INVENTORY AUDIT report

WH Stock Valuation / Inventory Valuation Report When using the WH STOCK VALUATION or the INVENTORY VALUATION report, take into consideration that you can assign different stock accounts to different warehouses or item groups or items. Starting in release 2004, different items can have different stock valuation methods. Therefore, you need to enter the appropriate report parameters to select the items. Additionally, you must choose the correct valuation method. In the Date To field, enter the last day of the period (for example, December 31).

Release 6.5: Reporting → WH Reports → WH Stock Valuation

Release 2004: Reports → Inventory → Inventory Valuation Report

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Ensure that you enter the end date of the fiscal year in the Date To field.

If negative stock is allowed, you cannot use the inventory valuation report for the reconciliation of the stock account.

If you have differences between the Inventory Valuation report and the stock balances in the G/L, we recommend running the report by price list using the price list for which you have selected the saved year-end item costs.

If you manually change the stock valuation method of an item during the fiscal year or adjust the item costs (for example, updating the standard price), it leads to differences in the stock valuation report that you must manually rectify.

Beginning with Release 2004, you can use different inventory valuation methods for different items. In this case, if you are evaluating by item costs, you need to evaluate the stock separately for each method. If all items belonging to one item group share the same valuation method, you can do this by item group. Alternatively, you could assign the item properties according to the valuation method and then select the items for the INVENTORY VALUATION report by item property. You can use the Data Transfer Workbench (DTW) to update the item properties. If you do this, make sure you are using the latest DTW patch.

System Queries Inventory Audit Report

Use the queries in the following sequence:

1. INVENTORY AUDIT REPORT – STOCK ACCOUNT

Get all stock accounts that were used.

2. INVENTORY AUDIT REPORT – SUMMARIZED BY ACCOUNT

Shows the balance per stock account, which should be posted.

Compare the results with the balances on the stock accounts. In case there are differences:

3. INVENTORY AUDIT REPORT – MANUAL

Get all manual postings made to the stock accounts.

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JOURNAL ENTRIES

When all details are checked, use the following query for reporting:

4. INVENTORY AUDIT REPORT – SUMMARIZED BY ITEM AND ACCOUNT

Shows details per stock account – item, quantity, value

If more information is needed:

5. INVENTORY AUDIT REPORT – UNSUMMARIZED

Is a detailed part of the OINM table with all relevant columns

Other than the manual postings to the stock accounts, there are some other reasons for differences:

• Material transactions were made before version 6.2.

• The stock account is not set up properly within Account Determination.

• The account determination was changed during the reporting period.

• The material transactions were started with a negative quantity.

When you use the new System Query INVENTORY AUDIT REPORT – STOCK ACCOUNTS, you get a list with all stock accounts used in the system:

When you use the new System Query INVENTORY AUDIT REPORT – SUMMARIZED BY ACCOUNT, select the relevant accounts and make sure that you enter the dates correctly:

%0 Posting Date Starting date of the reporting period – normally the starting date of the database

%1 Posting Date Date of the Year End closing

%2 Format Code First stock account

%3 Format Code Last stock account

As result, you will get a list with all accounts and the posted values:

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When you use the new System Query INVENTORY AUDIT REPORT– SUMMARIZED BY ITEM AND ACCOUNT, choose the complete range of items and make sure that you enter the dates correctly:

%0 Posting Date Starting date of the reporting period – normally the starting date of the database

%1 Posting Date Date of the Year End closing

%2 Item No. First item of the valuated range

%3 Item No. Last item of the valuated range

As a result, the system displays a list with all items, their stock values, and the related stock account:

The reconciliation of the stock accounts can also cause differences in the stock accounts. You must correct these differences in the stock account using manual journal entries. If the related moving average price must also be corrected, you need to do this

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using the Material Revaluation function, which became available starting with Release 2004.

Release 2004: Inventory → Inventory Transactions → Material Revaluation

Release 2005: Inventory → Inventory Transactions → Material Revaluation

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Accrual and Valuation Accrual Typical examples of accruals include:

• Revenue

• Payments from rent contracts

• Interest revenue and payments

Normally, such revenue and payments are already distributed across periods by recurring entries. If this is not the case, all revenue and payments that are not yet relevant for the corresponding period need to be analyzed in manual adjustment journal entries.

For easier identification, you can assign specific transaction codes to these manual entries and mark the journal entry to be reversed automatically on the first day of the new period.

If you uses reserve invoices in SAP Business One, you may have posted revenue for non-delivered goods. Depending on the local requirements, you may need to manually correct this.

Assets under Construction Assets under construction must be managed outside of SAP Business One. Manual posting is required for correct time accrual.

Depreciation in SAP Business One Fixed Assets We recommend that you process the depreciation run monthly. When you close the year, you need to check that a depreciation run has been processed for each month. You can see the log of each depreciation run in the Depreciation Run window. Double-click one of the depreciation runs to see the details.

Financials → Fixed Assets → Depreciation Run

The depreciation run in the Fixed Assets add-on for SAP Business One currently does not include profit centers. Therefore, after the depreciation run is completed, you have to manually add the profit centers to the journal entries.

If you use the gross value method for depreciation, even though it has a credit balance, the balance sheet account for accumulated depreciation must be included in the balance on the assets side. With this method, the total balance of both accounts – the asset accounts and the accumulated depreciation accounts – represents the actual asset value.

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Valuation of Foreign Currencies The valuation of realized exchange rate differences occurs automatically for payments and receipts. On the closing date, however, the following items normally still need to be valuated according to a period end rate:

• Open receivables

• Open payables

• Bank balances for bank accounts that are held in foreign currencies

• Balances for any other G/L accounts in foreign currencies

You can use the Exchange Rate Differences function to valuate these stocks.

General Ledger → Exchange Rate Differences

In some countries, foreign currencies are valuated according to the imparity principle.

To request that only losses or only profits relating to the current exchange rate are evaluated, choose Gain Only or Loss Only in this SAP Business One function. Select the required option according to the business transaction.

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As mentioned in Section 3 Timing Constraints, Releases prior to 2004 A PL06 do not allow you to select the checkbox Consider Reconciliation Date.

Even if you select Gain Only or Loss Only, the Exchange Rate Differences function does not consider the imparity principle when it selects G/L accounts. In this case, you must check the results in the report and correct them manually for posting.

When you select business partners, the imparity principle is considered. However, it is applied to the total balance of one business partner only and not to every open item separately. Therefore, we recommend that you check the proposal report manually according to the local legislation requirements. You can simply exclude an open item from the selection by deselecting it (clear the checkbox in front of it).

Currently, the execution date is used only to determine the exchange rate from the rate table with this date. The system does not select the open items backdated to this date and it selects the open items based on the system date. Therefore, we recommend that

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you perform the currency valuation promptly after all transactions for the previous fiscal year have been entered or do a manual comparison with the results of the AGING report. For the most recent product and patch information on this function, see SAP Note 800921.

The exchange rates used are those saved in the exchange rate table on the execution date. The current exchange rate that is valid for the valuation must already be entered in the exchange rate table before executing the transaction.

When you perform the valuation for business partners, you must deactivate the selection of the G/L accounts.

For G/L accounts, this transaction displays by default all accounts that have received foreign currencies. However, you can opt to select only accounts relevant for valuation.

We recommend that you create an automatic reverse posting on the first day of the subsequent period.

If revaluation is also required for the system currency, you should perform this separately. SAP Business One provides the Conversion Differences function for this purpose.

General Ledger → Conversion Differences

Material Valuation In most countries, regulations affecting year-end closing dictate how warehouse stocks are valuated.

If you do not use the continuous stock system, you can use the WH STOCK VALUATION / INVENTORY VALUATION REPORT to support the following valuation types:

• Moving Average

• Standard Price

• LIFO

• FIFO

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In some countries, material valuation is generally based on the lowest value principle. To perform material valuation according to this principle in Business One, proceed as follows:

1. Create a list with the lowest value prices manually in Microsoft Excel. Load these prices as a price list into SAP Business One.

2. Perform the valuation of warehouse stock according to this price list.

3. Compare the values determined in the report with the stock values determined in the system, and manually post the difference between them. These accumulated adjustment postings could be entered in specific accumulated adjustment accounts (in balance sheet accounts and P+L) on the last day of the period. Here we again recommend that you identify these values (by defining a transaction code) and reverse them on the first day of the subsequent period.

Depending on your local legislation, if you do not evaluate based on the lowest prices, you can use the same procedure with any other price list.

You must manually ensure that the figures are reproducible using the appropriate printouts.

You must also document the method for determining the valuation price in a manner that it can be reproduced (external to Business One).

As a prerequisite for material valuation, you must complete inventory counting and stock accounts and correct all differences.

Valuation of Completion of Work Orders and Projects As already described for inventory counting, production orders are treated differently in SAP Business One Releases 6.5 and 2004. Depending on the scenario, the WIP has to be recognized by either a manual journal entry or is already posted automatically by the system.

Scenario 1: Open work orders (Release 6.5) or open production orders with component issue method backflush (Release 2004)

In this case, you must post the WIP manually:

1. Determine the components of all open work/production orders, sorted by item, original warehouse, issue method backflush, and evaluated by the correct item costs for each item.

2. Perform a manual adjustment journal entry for the total of all WIP items for each stock account and transfer this value from the stock to the WIP account.

3. Reverse this adjustment entry at the beginning of the new fiscal year.

Scenario 2: Open production orders with component issue method manual (Release 2004)

In this case, each component value has been already posted to the WIP account.

Menu bar: Tools → Queries → System Queries → Production Order Report

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The WIP in SAP Business One only relates to the direct material costs (value of the components). It does not include any overheads or any other production or labor costs. When activated, you must enter the overheads and any production costs manually.

In Release 2004, you can use the PRODUCTION ORDER report as a basis for evaluating the quantities planned, completed, rejected and open of the released (but not closed) production orders.

Menu bar: Tools → Queries → System Queries → Production Order Report

For more complex production orders (including production costs and so on), you may have to include the estimation of production and the corresponding posting of stock changes or goods in progress in the concept, especially if this has not already been taken into account in an add-on.

Allowances You must perform any other allowances manually with an adjustment journal entry, for example, allowances for doubtful accounts receivable.

Provisions There are no functions available to delete or create provisions, for example, pension or vacation provisions. Therefore, you must calculate and post provisions manually.

Accruals To ensure that the balance is represented correctly, you may have to perform additional analyses, for example, of receivables accounts or payables accounts, to be able to classify different maturities. In this case, you may need to transfer postings to a separate balance area using a clearing account.

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Reporting

VAT Report Depending on the localization, you can use the VAT report to help you calculate data for your sales tax return. Afterwards, you must manually transfer the resulting values to the sales tax return.

Reports → Financials → Accounting → Tax → Tax Report

You must manually post the transfer postings from the different tax accounts to one tax payable account. The tax payable account represents a receivable or payable against the tax authority. To be able to perform this manual journal entry in Release 2004, you must deselect the Auto VAT option in the Form Settings window.

When you run the final tax report, select all tax codes and check that the Error Report contains no data.

If you use Down Payment Requests in Release 2004, depending on the existence of open, unpaid final invoices related to down payment requests, you may need to perform a tax adjustment entry at the end of the year. Currently, in SAP Business One 2004, the tax and base amounts for the amount of the down payment request are corrected only upon payment of the final invoice. As a result, you must adjust these tax and base amounts with a manual journal entry by the end of the fiscal year and reversed at the beginning of the new fiscal year. For this adjustment entry, you also need to ensure that the Auto VAT option is deactivated (as shown above).

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Tax Declaration Box Report Depending on the localization, you can also use the TAX DECLARATION BOX report to help you calculate data for your sales tax return. In this case, you must define the tax declaration boxes according to the reporting requirements of your tax form. You then need to transfer the resulting values manually to the sales tax return.

You must post manually the transfer postings from the different tax accounts to one tax payable account. For this manual posting, the same rule applies as described for the VAT report. The tax payable account represents a receivable or payable against the tax authority.

Reports → Financials → Accounting → Tax → Tax Declaration Box Report

Tax Reconciliation Report In SAP Business One 2004, you can use the TAX RECONCILIATION report to reconcile the reported tax amounts with your G/L postings.

Reports → Financials → Accounting → Tax → Tax Reconciliation Report

This report only shows transactions that have been entered with Release 2004. It does not show previous transactions from an upgraded database.

EU Sales List A report is provided for determining data for the EU SALES LIST. After you run the report, you must manually transfer the values to the official form.

Reporting → Financials → Accounting → Tax → EU Sales Report

When you set up the tax groups, it is important that you enter the indicators Triangular Deal and Goods Shipment correctly for the corresponding tax codes.

The values in the EU Sales List consider only the item values. You must manually add any additional freight costs or service values.

Intrastat The Intrastat add-on for SAP Business One enables you to perform the Intrastat declaration for internal European business transactions. Detailed information is provided in the documentation for this add-on.

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Documentation

The prerequisite for accuracy and completeness of reports is that you correctly assign all accounts in the chart of accounts to the hierarchies. The same also applies for the financial report templates.

With Release 2005, you can mention Journal Vouches in the Balance Sheet, Profit and Loss Statement, and in the Trial Balance. Be sure to close all Journal vouchers before you run the Year End Closing.

Balance Sheet You can create a financial report template for displaying the balance sheet that enables you to represent the data in different forms as required. When you print the balance sheet, you can choose between a T-account display and a vertical report form.

Reporting → Company Reports → Balance Sheet

To print the Balance Sheet without journal entries for year-end closing adjustment, select the Ignore Adjustments option.

If you want to print the Balance Sheet at the end of the year, after the year-end closing transaction has been executed, select the Add Closing Balances option. In this way, the Balance sheet shows the balance of the Period-End Closing account.

To print the balance sheet from the previous fiscal year correctly with the posted values of the Year-End Closing account, you must select the Add Closing Balances option. This shows the result of the fiscal year you are closing in the Period-End Closing account. It also shows the balance of the previous fiscal years in the Retained Earnings account.

This occurs because the Period-End Closing transaction posts the result of the period to the period-end closing account with posting date of last day of the fiscal year. Additionally, this routine creates a second posting whereby this result is taken again from the Period-End Closing account and posted to the Retained Earnings account. This is done with a posting date of the first day of the new fiscal year. As a result, the balance of the Period-End Closing account shows the result of the year to be closed, while the balance of the Retained Earnings account shows the result of the previous fiscal years.

To analyze discrepancies in the balance sheet, you can proceed as follows:

i. Start a totals list and a list of balances (Trial Balance) as a monthly report.

ii. Determine in which month the first discrepancies occur:

iii. Start the GENERAL LEDGER report and test the different transactions with the Expanded option selected or the DOCUMENT JOURNAL report, which provides a clearer overview by also allowing you to display totals for credit and debit.

If you are using Down Payment Requests in Release 2004, ensure that you have applied patch 05 or later.

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Profit and Loss Statement To display the Profit and Loss Statement (P&L), you can also create a financial report template to display the data in the format required.

Reporting → Company Reports → Profit and Loss Statement

If you want to print a P&L at the end of the year, after the balance transaction has been executed, ensure that the Add Closing Balances option is not selected. Otherwise, the P&L will be zero since all P&L accounts would be closed by the Period-End Closing routine with the posting date of the end of the fiscal year.

If you print the P&L at the beginning of the new fiscal year after processing the year-end closing transactions, the Add Closing Balances option must be selected in order to show zero balances in the current year.

Trial Balance You can also create a financial report template to display the totals list and list of balances (TRIAL BALANCE) in the format required.

Reporting → Company Reports → Trial Balance

To display the Opening Balances column, you must select the Dis. Opening Balance for Period option. This displays the opening balances after the year-end closing has been processed as of the first day of the reporting period.

The O.B. from Start of Fiscal Year option shows opening balances if they were entered using the Opening Balances Utility.

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Other Reports Journal Here you can use the TRANSACTION JOURNAL report with the All Transactions option.

Reporting → Accounting Reports → Transaction Journal

Account Itemization for Balance Sheet and P&L To view this itemization, print the balance or the P&L with lowest level (account level).

Reporting → Company Reports → Profit and Loss Statement

Account Statement List for Customers and Vendors In the TRIAL BALANCE, you can select the business partners. The individual vendors and customers are displayed in Level 5. The business partners are also displayed according to customer group/vendor group.

If you want to print the customers and vendors separately, select None for the customer group or vendor group that you do not want to print.

Open Items List You can use the aging reports for business partners to generate a list of open items.

Release 6.5: Reporting → Customer Receivables by Due Date

Release 6.5: Reporting → Vendor Liabilities by Due Date





Account Statements You can use the GENERAL LEDGER report to generate account statements for individual accounts and individual business partners.

Release 6.5: Reporting → Accounting Reports → General Ledger



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Asset History Sheet If you are using the Fixed Assets add-on for SAP Business One, you can print the Asset History Sheet for the appendix of the year-end documentation.

Financials → Fixed Assets → Asset History Sheet

Since the Asset History Sheet in SAP Business One shows values calculated according to the depreciation information, you must reconcile the fixed asset accounts before you run the report. In this way, you ensure that the values shown on the Asset History Sheet correspond to the values posted.

To obtain a detailed presentation of all acquisitions, retirements, transfers, and write-ups, you can use the accounting reports based on the journal entries. You can identify journal entries originating in the Fixed Assets add-on by the reference “/SBOFA/” in Ref1 and the detailed description.

Inventory Listing To present a detailed list of your inventory values, use the INVENTORY VALUATION report run on the price list with year-end item costs, with Release 2004A Patch 23 . For details concerning this report, refer to the stock account reconciliation description above.



Release 2004 Patch 23: Tools → Queries → System Queries → Inventory Audit Reports

Release 2005: Reports → Inventory → Inventory Audit Report

Valuation According to Other Accounting Principles You must perform valuation by any other generally accepted accounting principles using manual transfer postings. This document does not cover this procedure.

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Periods

Document Numbering If you want to restart document numbering in the new fiscal year with the same document numbers or a different document number range, define period indicators in SAP Business One before you create the period. Define one period indicator for each fiscal year and assign the corresponding period indicators when you create the document number ranges. You then assign the period indicator to the newly created periods of the next fiscal year.

Administration → Definitions → Financials → Define Period Indicator

If you have documents with the same document numbering in two different periods, you cannot select different period indicators in the selection criteria for document numbering in the different standard reports.

Creating New Periods You must create the periods for the new fiscal year at the end of the year at the latest and before the balance is carried forward.

To prevent accidental postings into the new fiscal year, we recommend that you do not create the new posting periods too far in advance. Otherwise, these periods will be active by default based on the system date.

Period 13 In SAP Business One, you can separate postings that are related to the year-end closing of the whole fiscal year. These should not appear in the operations result of period 12. SAP Business One has no separate adjustment period for this. To separate these postings, you need to mark them as an adjustment posting.

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You can exclude adjustment postings from financial reports such as balance sheets, trial balances, P&L statements, the general ledger, and the document journal.

Fiscal Year Change in Fixed Assets Once you create new periods in SAP Business One, they can be automatically transferred to the Fixed Assets. To do this, access the definition of the fiscal years in Fixed Assets and choose Refresh.

Administration → Definitions → Fixed Assets → Fiscal Years

At the end of the fiscal year, after Fixed Assets have been reconciled, you need to perform a fiscal year change. At this moment, all fixed assets are carried forward into the new fiscal year. When you perform the fiscal year change, select the Close Fiscal Year option to close the previous fiscal year. After you perform the fiscal year change, you can only add transactions in Fixed Assets into a new fiscal year. This fiscal year change is effective for Fixed Assets only; it does not have any effects on other SAP Business One modules.

Financials → Fixed Assets → Change Fiscal Year

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Period-End Closing To carry forward the balances of the P&L accounts to the corresponding account in the balance sheet (or several different balance sheets), you can use the PERIOD-END CLOSING function. You can store the result initially as a report and then post them at a later stage.

If you make postings after the balances carried forward have been entered, you need to restart the period-end closing routine to include these subsequent postings.

Administration → Utilities → Period-End Closing

When the balance is carried forward, the balances of the P&L accounts are posted to a clearing account on the day of carrying forward (the last day of the period). Therefore, the balances are reduced to zero. On the first day of the subsequent period, the clearing account is posted to the corresponding balance carried forward to the account in the balance sheet.

Before the balance is carried forward, check the accounts in the P&L appendix, and, if necessary, do not carry these forward (for example, if they are statistic accounts).

Closing the Period Setting the current period only applies to one work center. This means that you can use the authorization for period definition to control which users can define a period as current.

Administration → System Initialization → General Settings → Posting Periods

You can protect previous periods against accidental postings:

• Active = No → Documents from sales can no longer be posted.

• Locked = Yes → No further journal entries can be made.

After the posting deadline for the sub ledgers, you need to ensure organizationally that postings are no longer performed in the old fiscal year. To do this, all users must set the first period of the new fiscal year as “current”. The last period of the previous fiscal year can be set to “locked” and only opened for year-end postings in a very controlled manner.

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Checklist

No. Task Responsible Date Completed

1 Entry deadline for orders and purchase orders:

• All orders and purchase orders should be entered in the system for the old period.

2 Perform preparation work

• Document numbering

• Completeness of transactions

• Negative stock

• Payment runs

• Statistical and clearing accounts

3 Posting deadline for A/P and A/R • Invoices

• Credit memos

• Deliveries

• Returns

4 Perform inventory counting

5 Posting deadline for all sub ledgers

6 Close period:

Active = No

7 Create new periods for the new fiscal year

Set new period as current.

8 Perform reconciliation

• Business partners

• Fixed assets

• Bank and cash accounts

• Allocation and expense clearing accounts

• Stock accounts

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No. Task Responsible Date Completed

9 Determine accruals and valuation

• Accruals

• Assets under construction

• Depreciation

• Valuation of foreign currencies

• Material valuation

• Work in Progress

• Allowances

10 Provisions and transfer postings

11 Posting deadline for general ledger

12 Period-end closing

• Document numbering

• New periods

• Fiscal year change in Fixed Assets

• Period-End Closing

13 Final closing of the old period: Locked = Yes

14 Reporting Create and print reports

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http://www.apache.org/

http://www.info-zip.org/pub/INFO-ZIP/


and must not be misrepresented as being the original source. Such altered versions also must not be misrepresented as being Info-ZIP releases--including, but not limited to, labeling of the altered versions with the names "Info-ZIP" (or any variation thereof, including, but not limited to, different capitalizations), "Pocket UnZip," "WiZ" or "MacZip" without the explicit permission of Info-ZIP. Such altered versions are further prohibited from misrepresentative use of the Zip-Bugs or Info-ZIP e-mail addresses or of the Info-ZIP URL(s). Info-ZIP retains the right to use the names "Info-ZIP," "Zip," "UnZip," "UnZipSFX," "WiZ," "Pocket UnZip," "Pocket Zip," and "MacZip" for its own source and binary releases. MarketSet and Enterprise Buyer are jointly owned trademarks of SAP AG and Commerce One. SAP, SAP Logo, R/2, R/3, mySAP, mySAP.com, and other SAP products and services mentioned herein as well as their respective logos are trademarks or registered trademarks of SAP AG in Germany and in several other countries all over the world. All other product and service names mentioned are the trademarks of their respective companies. Copyright and Licensing Information for ACE(TM) and TAO(TM) ACE(TM) and TAO(TM) are copyrighted by Douglas C. Schmidt and his research group at Washington University, University of California, Irvine, and Vanderbilt University Copyright (c) 1993-2003, all rights reserved. Since ACE+TAO are open-source, free software, you are free to use, modify, copy, and distribute--perpetually and irrevocably--the ACE+TAO source code and object code produced from the source, as well as copy and distribute modified versions of this software. You must, however, include this copyright statement along with code built using ACE+TAO. You can use ACE+TAO in proprietary software and are under no obligation to redistribute any of your source code that is built using ACE+TAO. Note, however, that you may not do anything to the ACE+TAO code, such as copyrighting it yourself or claiming authorship of the ACE+TAO code that will prevent ACE+ TAO from being distributed freely using an open-source development model. You needn't inform anyone that you're using ACE+TAO in your software, though we encourage you to let us know so we can promote your project in the ACE+TAO success stories.. ACE+TAO are provided as is with no warranties of any kind, including the warranties of design, merchantability, and fitness for a particular purpose, noninfringement, or arising from a course of dealing, usage or trade practice. Moreover, ACE+TAO are provided with no support and without any obligation on the part of Washington University, UC Irvine, Vanderbilt University, their employees, or students to assist in its use, correction, modification, or enhancement. However, commercial support for ACE is available from Riverace and commercial support for TAO is available from OCI and PrismTech. Both ACE and TAO are Y2K-compliant, as long as the underlying OS platform is Y2K-compliant. Washington University, UC Irvine, Vanderbilt University, their employees, and students shall have no liability with respect to the infringement of copyrights, trade secrets or any patents by ACE+TAO or any part thereof. Moreover, in no event will Washington University, UC Irvine, or Vanderbilt University, their employees, or students be liable for any lost revenue or profits or other special, indirect and consequential damages. The ACE and TAO web sites are maintained by the Center for Distributed Object Computing of Washington University for the development of open-source software as part of the open-source software community. By submitting comments, suggestions, code, code snippets, techniques (including that of usage), and algorithms, submitters acknowledge that they have the right to do so, that any such submissions are given freely and unreservedly, and that they waive any claims to copyright or ownership. In addition, submitters acknowledge that any such submission might become part of the copyright maintained on the overall body of code, which comprises the ACE and TAO software. By making a submission, submitter agrees to these terms. Furthermore, submitters acknowledge that the incorporation or modification of such submissions is entirely at the discretion of the moderators of the open-source ACE+TAO projects or their designees. The names ACE(TM), TAO(TM), Washington University, UC Irvine, and Vanderbilt University, may not be used to endorse or promote products or services derived from this source without express written permission from Washington University, UC Irvine, or Vanderbilt University. Further, products or services derived from this source may not be called ACE(TM) or TAO(TM), nor may the name Washington University, UC Irvine, or Vanderbilt University appear in their names, without express written permission from Washington University, UC Irvine, and Vanderbilt University. SAP Library document classification: PUBLIC

December 2005 of 45

http://www.cs.wustl.edu/~schmidt/ACE.html

http://www.cs.wustl.edu/~schmidt/TAO.html

http://www.cs.wustl.edu/~schmidt/

http://www.cs.wustl.edu/~schmidt/ACE-members.html

http://www.wustl.edu/

http://www.uci.edu/

http://www.vanderbilt.edu/

mailto:[email protected]

http://www.cs.wustl.edu/~schmidt/ACE-users.html

http://www.riverace.com/

http://www.theaceorb.com/

http://www.prismtechnologies.com/

http://www.cs.wustl.edu/~schmidt/ACE.html

http://www.cs.wustl.edu/~schmidt/TAO.html

http://www.cs.wustl.edu/~schmidt/doc-center.html

http://www.opensource.org/

http://www.opensource.org/

http://www.cs.wustl.edu/~schmidt/ACE-obtain.html

http://www.cs.wustl.edu/~schmidt/TAO-obtain.html