solutions to housing problems cases of mdcs and ldcs cities
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Solutions to housing problems
Cases of MDCs and LDCs cities
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Solutions to housing problems in MDCs
1. development of new town / satellite1. development of new town / satellite town / self town / self – contained settlement– contained settlement
9 new towns of 3 generations in HK9 new towns of 3 generations in HK
2. Urban renewal2. Urban renewalremoveremove slums in the inner city slums in the inner city rehouserehouse over spilling population over spilling population
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New town development
first generation new towns: Tsuen Wan, Shatin, Tuen Mun
second generation new towns: Tai Po, Fanling/Sheung Shui, Yuen Long
third generation new towns: Tseung Kwan O, Tin Shui Wai, Tung Chung
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New Development areas (NDA)
Kwu Tung North, Fanling North, Ping Che/Ta Kwu Ling (3 in 1scheme)
Hung Shui Kiu
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Problems of Setting up new towns1. Tremendous sum of investment funds 1. Tremendous sum of investment funds
- deficits / inflation- deficits / inflation
2. Huge volume of administration and manage work / burder2. Huge volume of administration and manage work / burder
3. Resident in housing estates 3. Resident in housing estates
- gaining for much benefits - gaining for much benefits
4. difficult to resettlement in new town4. difficult to resettlement in new town
- not completed infrastructure - not completed infrastructure
5. transport problems between inner city and new towns 5. transport problems between inner city and new towns social problems social problems
6. 6. new townnew town = juvenile delinquency = juvenile delinquency
inner cityinner city = aging problems = aging problems
7. new houses, rent 7. new houses, rent ↑↑ , housing problem worsened , housing problem worsened
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Urban renewal
It is the redevelopment or regeneration of older It is the redevelopment or regeneration of older districts, whose environmental conditions are districts, whose environmental conditions are considered to be below the current expectationconsidered to be below the current expectation
Change of land uses: residential Change of land uses: residential commercial commercial or industrial or industrial residential / commercial residential / commercial
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Before and after renewal
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Purposes of urban renewal
improvement of urban morphology, i.e. neat arrangement of tall buildings with wider roads and easier accessibility
in line of the principles of sustainable development
reduction in plot ratio / building density
preservation of heritage / skyline / coastline
solution of shortage problems of open space and community facilities
provision of more useful land for the developers
redistribution of urban poulation to new towns in suburbs
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Problems of urban renewal- piecemeal in nature piecemeal in nature
- preserved for cultural and historical preserved for cultural and historical reasonsreasons
- landowners wait for higher market pricelandowners wait for higher market price
- difficult to trace property ownershipdifficult to trace property ownership
- expensive and time-consuming , high expensive and time-consuming , high compensation costcompensation cost
- Requisition by force arouses serious Requisition by force arouses serious political controversies and social unrestpolitical controversies and social unrest
- rehouse / resettlementrehouse / resettlement
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2003 灣仔重建計劃
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2000 Diamond Hill Clearance
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Solutions to housing problems in LDC
1.1. Upgrade the squatters and shanty townUpgrade the squatters and shanty town
-- through financial aids from governmentthrough financial aids from government
-- loans from the World Bank loans from the World Bank
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Case:
In Zambia In Zambia
the city council has cooperated with squatter settlement to provide fresh water supplies
In ColombiaIn Colombia
the low cost housing is being built by the the low cost housing is being built by the poor people with the materials provided by poor people with the materials provided by the governmentthe government
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Kenya, self-help scheme 16
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HoweverHowever
considerable amount of money considerable amount of money
demand for housing high demand for housing high
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2. Increase Job Opportunities in Rural Sector2. Increase Job Opportunities in Rural Sector
- slow down rural – urban migrationslow down rural – urban migration
- stem the growth of slumsstem the growth of slums
- Case:Case:
In ZambiaIn Zambia ,, Operation of food production Operation of food production programprogram
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3. Control the migratory flows
encouraging the foreign investments and encouraging the foreign investments and public expenditure in small citiespublic expenditure in small cities
↓↓ pressure on houses in primate city pressure on houses in primate city ↓↓
4. Birth control4. Birth control
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Case Discussion
Urban Problem (Housing Problems) in LDC
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Functional Zones in LDCs
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a Brazilian city
POOR
RIC
HR
ICH
POOR
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Functional Zonesin LDCs
Inner ZoneInner Zone
Traffic congestion Traffic congestion
Large and luxurious apartments Large and luxurious apartments
Modern high-rise buildings Modern high-rise buildings
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Outer ZoneOuter Zone
lower-class zone lower-class zone
migrants from rural areas live there migrants from rural areas live there
this is shanty town without adequate basic this is shanty town without adequate basic amenities amenities
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CASES – Shanty settlements
CalcuttaCalcutta ,, IndiaIndia
tens of thousands people / 60% population live tens of thousands people / 60% population live in squatters with wattle and mud(in1996)in squatters with wattle and mud(in1996)
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Calcutta
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Rio de JaneiroRio de Janeiro ,, BrazilBrazil
30% of population live in shanty towns 30% of population live in shanty towns in1996in1996
on hillsides (fire/landslides) on hillsides (fire/landslides)
Shanty houses are constructed from wood Shanty houses are constructed from wood corrugated ironcorrugated iron
no running waterno running water ,, electricity electricity
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Other problems
Lack of social welfare and facilitiesLack of social welfare and facilities
Lack of clean drinking water– give rise to Lack of clean drinking water– give rise to choleracholera
Public transport systems is outdated and poorPublic transport systems is outdated and poor
UnemploymentUnemployment / crime/ crime
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