somatotyping
TRANSCRIPT
SOMATOTYPING
PUNITA ADAJANIAMODERATOR:DR.SARAVANAN.M
WHAT IS SOMATOTYPING?
Somatotyping Is A System Of Classifying Body Types In Terms Of Three Categories: Endomorphy, Mesomorphy And Ectomorphy
Three Somatotypes, Named After The Three Germ Layers Of Embryonic
Development: The Endoderm(develops Into The Digestive
Tract ), The Mesoderm , (Becomes Muscle, Heart
And Blood Vessels), And The Ectoderm (Forms The Skin And Nervous
System).
The Technique Of Somatotyping Is Used To Appraise Body Shape And Composition
"SOMATOTYPES" AND THEIR SUPPOSED ASSOCIATED PHYSICAL TRAITS
ECTOMORPHIC •Long and thin muscles/limbs and low fat storage
MESOMORPHIC •medium bones, solid torso, low fat levels, wide shoulders with a narrow waist; usually referred to as “muscular”
ENDOMORPHIC •increased fat storage, a wide waist and a large bone structure, usually referred to as “fat”
MEASURING SOMATOTYPE
MOST COMMONLY MEASURED USING THE HEATH-CARTER MEASUREMENT SYSTEM
THREE WAYS OF OBTAINING THE SOMATOTYPE
THE ANTHROPOMETRIC
METHOD
THE PHOTOSCOPIC
METHOD
THE ANTHROPOMETRIC
PLUS PHOTOSCOPIC
METHOD
BODY COMPOSITION
• Body composition refers to the relative proportion of lean body mass (LBM) and body fat mass (BFM) within the body.
• LBM can further be subdivided into: muscle mass, body water, and bone mass.
• These two approaches are commonly referred to as a two-compartment model (LBM and BFM) or a four- compartment model (BFM, muscle mass, body water and bone mass) for assessing body composition.
BODY COMPOSITION The composition of a human body may be considered
from different perspectives.
The human anatomy model divides the body into the following systems:
• muscular • skeletal • adipose tissue (body fat) • the others (inner organs, etc.)
ANATOMY MODEL
CHEMICAL MODEL
The chemical model consists of: • Water• glycogen • fat storage • proteins • minerals (Ca, P, Mg, Cl, Fe, Cu, etc.)
Anthropometric Measurements
Height Weight
Skin fold thickness Body diameter
Body circumference
THE ANTHROPOMETRIC SOMATOTYPE METHOD
Equipment for anthropometry:• stadiometer or height scale and headboard• weighing scale• small sliding caliper• a flexible steel or fiberglass tape measure• a skinfold caliper
TEN ANTHROPOMETRIC DIMENSIONS NEEDED TO CALCULATE THE ANTHROPOMETRIC SOMATOTYPE
• Stretch stature• Body mass• Four skinfolds (triceps, subscapular,
supraspinale, medial calf)• Two bone breadths (biepicondylar humerus
and femur)• Two limb girths (arm flexed and tensed, calf).
FACTORS THAT MAY INFLUENCE BODY COMPOSITION
AGE GENDER
RACE AND ETHNIC GROUP
PHYSICAL PERFORMANCE
AGE• Many studies have documented an increase in
body weight and percent body fat with increasing age.
• For the majority of people, LBM decreases with age and body fat increases with age, even if body weight does not change.
GENDER• Women have a higher percentage of body fat than do
men.
• “Frisancho” NHANES
• For individuals 25 to 54 years triceps skinfold thicknesses ranged from 11 to 15 mm for men and 19 to 30 mm for women depending on height and weight.
• ranges for subscapular skinfold thicknesses were 13 to 18 mm for men and 12 to 29 mm for women.
RACE AND ETHNIC GROUP
• Differences in body composition based on the socioeconomic status.
PHYSICAL PERFORMANCE
• Studies conducted by Vogel and Friedl, and separately by Harman and Frykman suggested that excess weight diminishes running performance and that, conversely, lower body weight is associated with relatively better running performance.
• Harman and Frykman smaller, lighter-weight individuals do well with tasks of muscular strength and endurance.
TRADITIONAL VS. NEW METHODS
Traditional methods• Total body water• Total body potassium• Urinary creatinine excretion• Densitometry• Anthropometry: Bone measures , Skinfolds, Arm
circumference
New methods Neutron activation analysis• Total body calcium• Total body nitrogen
Muscle Metabolites• Total plasma creatinine• Endogenous urinary 3-methylhistidine excretion
AbsorptiometrySingle-photon absorptiometryDual-photon absorptiometry
• Electrical conductance:Bioelectrical impedanceTotal body electrical conductivity (TOBEC). • Computerized tomography• Subcutaneous adipose tissue thickness• Ultrasound• Infrared interactance• Magnetic resonance imaging• DEXA
Simple measurements or indices:• skinfold thickness• Body mass index (BMI, calculated as weight/
height2)• Waist circumference (WC)
Predictive techniques:
• Skinfold thickness • Bioelectric impedance
BIOELECTRIC IMPEDANCE ANALYSIS
• The principle on which BIA is based is that lean tissue conducts electricity better than does fat tissue.
• Electrodes are placed on the arms and legs, and a low-level current is run through the individual.
• Impedance resistance to the flow of electricity is measured, and the percent body fat is calculated by a formula.
TWO-COMPONENT TECHNIQUES AND MODELS
DUAL ENERGY X RAY ABSORPTIOMETRY: • measure bone mineral mass• calculated from the differential absorption of x rays of two different energies• quick and acceptable for children down to about 4
years, and can also be used in small infants.• Typically used to diagnose and follow osteoporosis• Could be used to measure regional (limb) lean mass• Disadvantage: radiation exposure
DENSITOMETRY(BOD-POD)• The density of the body is measured by weighing the
body in air and under water, with correction made for residual air in the lungs.
• acceptable two-component technique.
• Could provide longitudinal data on both lean and fat mass since its accuracy is less likely to be affected by changes in fatness.
• Does not provide regional data.
SOMATOTYPE AND SPORTS
TRIATHLETE• Triathletes are more muscular than runners but with less leg
development than cyclists and less upper body development than swimmers.
• Low body weight improves the power-to-weight ratio.
HOCKEY • Short legs boost balance and stability, allowing players to
pivot. • They also can prevent back injuries. • Speed and aerobic endurance are musts.
SWIMMERS• Long arms and legs act as levers, allowing swimmers to
produce greater force in the water.• Big hands and feet propel the swimmer faster.
DISTANCE RUNNER • Low body fat levels conserve energy because the runner
carries less weight.• Muscles will ideally be slow twitch (or fatigue resistant),
aiding endurance.
SPRINTER• All over muscle and lower body fat levels give sprinters their
explosive powers• Muscles must be fast twitch(they contract quickly). • Height does not matter, so long as stride length is efficient.
NETBALLER• For mid court players, powerful legs enable leaps to intercept
high passes and sprint speed to chase the ball. • End court players are usually with long arms for shooting and
defending.
WEIGHT LIFTER • Short legs lower the weight lifters centre of gravity (CoG),
improving stability. • Short arms reduce the arc through which the weight must be
lifted.
GYMNAST• Long limbs in relation to the body boost the gymnasts power-
to-ratio. • Low body fat results in better muscle definition.• Broad shoulders and narrow hips promote maximum upper
body strength.
REFERENCES• Body Composition and Physical Performance, Marriott, Bernadette
M.
• The Heath-carter Anthropometric Somatotype, J.E.L. Carter
• Measuring body composition, C K Wells, M S Fewtrell, Arch Dis Child 2006;91:612–617.
• Methods for the assessment of human body composition: traditional and new, Henry C Lukaski, Am J Clin Nutrition 1987;46:537-56
• Body organization and composition.