some medicinal mushrooms of garhwal himalaya, uttarakhand, india

Int. J. Med. Arom. Plants, ISSN 2249 – 4340RESEARCH ARTICLE

Vol. 1, No. 1, pp. 33-40, June 2011

*Corresponding author: (E-mail) [email protected] http://www.openaccessscience.com©2011 Open Access Science Research Publisher [email protected]

Some medicinal mushrooms of Garhwal Himalaya, Uttarakhand, India

M.P. VISHWAKARMA, R.P. BHATT, Sumeet GAIROLA

Department of Botany, H.N.B. Garhwal University (A Central University), Srinagar Garhwal ˗ 246 174, Uttarakhand,

India

Article History: Received 15th May 2011, Revised 4th June 2011, Accepted 10th June 2011.

Abstract: Garhwal Himalaya is glorified by the rich diversity of mushrooms. There is vast scope of study on the medi-cinal mushrooms growing in this region. The wild mushrooms have been used as medicine since time immemorial. Theyare considered and known to be a rich source of proteins and vitamins. In the present paper details of some medicinallyimportant mushrooms collected from the Garhwal region is being given, whose medicinal uses are recorded from Indiaand elsewhere in the world. Medicinally important mushrooms of the Garhwal Himalaya discussed in the present paperare Ganoderma lucidum, Agaricus campestris, Hydnum repandum, Coprinus comatus, Morchella esculenta and Cantha-rellus cibarius.

Keywords: Garhwal Himalaya; Medicinal mushroom; Edible; India.

Introduction

Mushrooms are considered to be a goodsource of digestible proteins with protein con-tent above most vegetables and somewhat lessthan most meats and milk. Protein content canvary from 10˗40% on a dry weight basis. Mu-shrooms contain all the essential amino acids,but can be limiting in the sulphur˗containingamino acids, cystine and methionine (Chang1991; Breene 1990). A large number of mu-shroom species are not only edible and nutri-tious but also possess tonic and medicinal quali-ties. Bahl (1983) reported that mushrooms cureepilepsy, wounds, skin diseases, heart ailments,cholesterol reduction, stress, insomnia, asthma,allergies and diabetes, rheumatoid arthritis, cho-lera besides intermittent fevers, diaphoretic, di-arrhea, dysentery, cold, anesthesia, liver disease,gall bladder diseases and used as vermicides.Mushrooms are also known to have effectivesubstances for antifungal, anti˗inflammatory,antitumor, antiviral, antibacterial, hepatoprotec-tive, antidiabetic, hypolipedemic, antithromboticand hypotensive activities (Wasser and Weis1999). The term “mushroom nutriceutical” isused for a new class of new compounds extract-able from either the mycelium, or the fruitingbody of the mushroom (Chang and Buswell1996). Nutriceuticals are the functional food

enriched/modified and consumed as normal dietto provide health giving benefits. Mushroomnutriceuticals may possess both nutritional andmedicinal properties. Several studies have beencarried out on the medicinal properties of differ-ent species of mushrooms earlier in many partsof the country. Rai (1997) discussed the currentstatus of knowledge on medicinal mushroom,their pharmacologically active principles andmechanism of action. Thekkuttuparambil et al.(2007) studied medicinal mushrooms occurringin South India.

The Garhwal Himalaya represents one of themost fascinating and characteristic vegetation ofthe Indian sub-continent. Marked variations arenoticeable both in the quality and quantity ofvegetation with respect to the different latitudin-al, altitudinal and habitat conditions. The Garh-wal Himalaya consists of widest range of alti-tudes (ca 350 to 7817 m asl), having contrastclimatic conditions viz., warm humid Terai belton the one hand and on the other cold desert atTibetan border. Due to these factors, differingmagnitudes of habitats give rise to several mi-croclimatic pockets thus high diversity of floragrows and exists in this region. Because of itsvast climatic conditions, plant distributions andfield features Garhwal Himalaya is very suitablefor the growth of mushrooms and many medi-

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34Int. J. Med. Arom. Plants Medicinal mushrooms of Garhwal Himalaya

Vishwakarma et al. http://[email protected]

cinal mushrooms grow in this region. Thepresent paper deals with description and medi-cinal properties of some of the medicinally im-portant wild mushrooms of the Garhwal Hima-laya.

Study area

The Garhwal Himalaya lying between thelatitudes 29° 31'9" N and 31° 26'5" N and longi-tudes 77° 33'5" E and 80° 6'0" E with a totalarea of 29,089 km2 is the most frequented andbest known part of the Himalaya, starting fromthe foothills in the south, it covers all three sec-tions of the Himalaya i.e. outer Shiwalik, thelesser Himalaya comprising linear mountainranges and the Great Himalaya covering about40,000 km2 of snowfields. Administratively,Garhwal Himalaya comprises seven districtsnamely, Chamoli, Dehradun, Haridwar, Pauri,Rudraprayag, Tehri and Uttarkashi. The climateis temperate (montane) between 2000 and 3200m asl. The average precipitation in the region is1500 mm varying from 600 to 3000 mm. Mostof the precipitation as much as 75 % in the re-gion is received during monsoon months (be-tween June and September). The range of cli-matic conditions in this region is extremely va-riable because of considerable variation in alti-tudes. The climatic factors i.e. precipitation,temperature, relative humidity and wind, in as-sociation with elevation (valleys or mountainranges from foot hills to montane zones), prox-imity of Great Himalaya, slope aspects vegeta-tion etc. causes variations at local or even at mi-crolevels. Variations are also observed in thesoil characteristics. The nature, colour and tex-ture of soil vary with the slope, vegetation andtopography. The most common features of thesoils include coarse and sandy nature, usuallyless fertile. Generally In densely forested areas,the soil is black with thick layer of humus andlitter. The soil cover under the gymnosperms isleached and acidic. Whereas, in the valleys withthe xerophytic or shrubby vegetation, the soilcover is very thin.

In the study area, the forests are dominatedby Pinus roxburghii (Chir pine) from 1200 to2200 m asl, Quercus floribunda (Banj oak) from

1400 to 2400 m asl, Abies pindrow (Silver fir)from 2000 to 3000 m asl, Picea morinda(Spruce) from 2000 to 3200 m asl, Cupressustorulosa (Himalayan Cypress) from 2000 to3000 m asl, Cedrus deodara (Deodar) from2500 to 3000 m asl, Quercus semecarpifolia(Kharsu oak) and Betula utilis (Birch) from2500 to 3200 m asl. Some mixed hardwoodsfound on the sheltered valleys, often in scatteredareas at the elevation of 2000 to 3000 m aslforming the mixed humid deciduous forests.Some other common tree species of the regionare Acer caesium (Kanjula), Acer pictum(Gad˗papri), Alnus nepalensis (Utees), Buxuswallichina (Papri), Aesculus indica (Pangar),Corylus jacquemontii (Bhotia badam), Juglansregia (Akhrot), Rhus punjabensis (Amlara) andUlmus wallichiana (Mairu).

Material and methods

The extensive field trips were undertakenbetween July and September 2010 in differentlocalities of the Garhwal Himalaya to collect thesamples of macrofungi. During the field sur-veys, the macrofungi samples were collectedwith a great care to avoid damage to the baseand other parts of the samples. Macroscopic de-tails such as shape, size, colour, colour changeon bruising or ageing, taste, odour, spore depo-sition of the fresh specimens (Largent 1977a, b)and ecological characteristics of the samplewere recorded and samples were photographedin their natural habitats. Samples were kept inseparate paper bags to avoid mixing and weretaken to the laboratory. Macro˗and microscopicinvestigations and micro˗chemical reactionswere carried out on the samples. Collected spe-cimens were dried, preserved in paper or poly-thene bags and numbered (Atri and Saini 2000).Identification was made on the basis of criticalobservations of the specimens and perusal ofrelevant literature. All the identified specimenswere deposited in the Garhwal University Her-barium (GUH), Srinagar Garhwal Uttarakhand,India.





Results and Discussion

Some of the medicinally important mu-shrooms along with their botanical name, fami-ly, description, collection place, habitat, collec-tion date and medicinal properties are being dis-cussed hereunder:

1. Agaricus campestris L. ex Fr. (Agaricaceae)

Description: Pileus 3˗6 cm broad, hemispheri-cal to convex becoming plane at maturity, some-times depressed at centre, pure white whenyoung becoming yellowish at centre with age,surface dry, smooth or silky fibrillose or some-times with a few greyish to brown fibrils or fi-brillose scales over the cap surface; margin en-tire extending beyond the gills, often hung withveil remmants. Flesh white, thick, firm, redden-ing on exposure. Taste mild. Odour fungal. La-mellae close, free at maturity, pinkish white inbutton then bright pink, becoming chocolatebrown. Stipe 3˗7 cm long and 0.5˗1 cm diam.,centric, bulbous or attenuated at base, white towhitish, surface smooth above the veil, oftenwith a few fibrils below, silky, stuffed or hol-low, context white reddening slightly on expo-sure. Annulus superior, white, thin, skirt like.Spore print chocolate brown. Spores 5.5˗7 ×3.5˗5 µm. elliptical.

Specimen examined: India, Uttarakhand, PauriGarhwal, Khirsu forest. Solitary to scattered,associated with grasses, especially with Cyno-don spp., commonly found along road side andmeadows. Specimen collected on 15th July 2010(Figure 1).

Medicinal properties: This fungus is common-ly known as field or meadow mushroom. It isfound throughout the Garhwal Himalaya and isconsumed by the local people. The presence ofantihyperglycaemic, insulin˗releasing and insu-lin like activity in A. campestris were reported.The lectins isolated from A. campestris havebeen recorded to enhance insulin release by iso-lated rat islets of Langerhans (Ewart et al. 1975,Ahmad et al. 1984a, b). It has been documentedas a traditional treatment for diabetes by Grayand Flatt (1998).

2. Ganoderma lucidum (Fr.) Karst (Ganoderma-taceae)

Description: Pileus 3˗23 cm broad, kidneyshaped, elongated, more or less fan˗shaped atmaturity, red to reddish brown when mature,when young often with zones of bright yellowand white toward the margin. Tubes up to 2 cmdeep. Pores 0.1 cm, whitish, usually bruisingbrown. Stipe 3˗12 long and 1˗2 cm thick,twisted, cylindrical, smooth, dark red to blackwith a varnished crust, spore print brown.

Specimen examined: India, Uttarakhand, PauriGarhwal, Khirsu forest, Solitary to scatteredsometimes gregarious, on living hardwoods (es-pecially oaks), usually near the base of the tree.Specimen collected on 6th September 2010(Figure 2).

Medicinal properties: Ganoderma lucidum isthe most popular medicinal mushroom of theworld. It is also known as Reishi. It has beenused for a wide range of health benefits frompreventive measures and maintenance of healthto the management and treatment of chronic aswell as acute human aliments (Rai 1997). Tradi-tionally it has been used widely in the treatmentof hepatopathy, chronic hepatitis, nephritis,hypertension, arthritis, insomnia, bronchitis,asthma and gastric ulcer. It is also used by In-dian tribals for treating joint pain (Harsh et al.1993). It is reported to possess very significantmedicinal properties viz., anti˗cancer, anti˗HIV,anti˗atherosclerosis, hepato˗and nephroprotec-tive and very strong immunomodulating effects(Chang 1995). It also has anti˗tumor, cardiovas-cular, respiratory and anti˗hepatotoxic proper-ties (Stamets 2000). Scientific studies have con-firmed that the substances extracted from thismushrooms can reduce blood pressure, bloodcholesterol and blood sugar level as well as in-hibition of platelet aggregation (Thekkuttupa-rambil et al. 2007). It is used to cure cardiovas-cular diseases and contains several major consti-tuents which may lower blood pressure as wellas decrease LDL cholesterol. These constituentsalso help reduce blood platelets from stickingtogether—an important factor in lowering therisk for coronary artery disease. Two controlledclinical trials have investigated its effects onhigh blood pressure in humans and both found





that it could lower blood pressure significantly(Kammatsuse et al. 1985; Jin et al. 1996). Kimet al. (1993) and Liu and Chang (1995) havereported anti˗HIV activity of G. lucidum. It isused for treatment of general fatigue, weakness,asthma, insomnia and cough in traditional Chi-nese medicine (Halpern et al. 2002). It has anti-oxidant and antitumor activities, and Campto-thecin has been found to be responsible for itsantioxidant properties (Zhou et al. 2007). It hasalso been used as an adjuvant in radiotherapy ofcancer (Gopakumar et al. 2010).

3. Hydnum repandum (L. ex Fr.) Gray, Syn.Dentinum repandum (L.) Gray (Hydnaceae)

Description: Pileus 3˗10 cm in diameter, con-vex becoming nearly plane, with a central de-pression, surface dry, smooth to slightly scaly,cream to buff˗orange, or paler; margin inrolledin the beginning, becoming lobed to undulate atmaturity, bruising to orange˗brown. Fleshwhite, often discoloring yellowish when ex-posed or bruised. Odor and taste mild or pep-pery. Hymenophore decurrent, covered withspines or teeth, 2˗6 mm long; pale or dullorange. Stipe 3˗8 cm long and 1˗2.5 cm thick,equal to enlarged at the base, surface dry,smooth, whitish or colored like the pileus, bruis-ing orange˗brown. Spore print white. Spores7˗9×5˗8 µm, broadly elliptical or almost round.

Specimen examined: India, Uttarakhand, PauriGarhwal, Khirsu forest. Solitary, scattered togregarious, mycorrhizal with hardwoods or con-ifers. Specimen collected on 18th August 2010(Figure 3).

Medicinal properties: It is commonly knownas wood hedgehog or hedgehog mushroom. Anextract of the culture mycelia showed 70% inhi-bition against Sarcoma 180 solid cancer in mice,while extracts from the fruit bodies showed 90%inhibition against both Sarcoma 180 and Ehrlichsolid cancer in mice (Ohtsuka et al. 1973). Thecompound repandiol extracted from it showedpotent cytotoxic activity against a variety of tu-mor cell types, especially colon adenocarcimacells (Takahashi et al. 1992). In a study on an-timicrobial activity using the disk˗diffusion me-thod, Yamach and Bilgili (2006) showed that a

chloroform extract of this mushroom has mildantibiotic activity against Enterobacter aero-genes, Staphylococcus aureus, Staphylococcusepidermidis and Bacillus subtilis, while theethanol extract has mild activity only againstBacillus subtilis.

4. Coprinus comatus (Mull. ex Fr.) S.F. Grey(Coprinaceae)

Description: Pileus 4˗10 cm broad, oval to cy-lindrical, then elongate bell˗shaped or conicaland soon becoming torn or revolute at margin,surface white becoming pinkish towards themargin then blackish, centre smooth and ochra-ceous cream, buff or pale fulvous at first withshaggy white to pale brownish scales oftendarkest at tips; margin decurved, inrolled at ma-turity. Taste none or slight, pleasant. Odourmild. Lamellae free, crowded, white, becominggray, then black, and dissolving (deliquescing)with age. Stipe 5˗18 cm long and 1˗2 cm thick,central, cylindrical, hollow, attenuated upwardsfrom the thickened or bulbous sometimes root-ing base, surface white then pinkish, vinaceousor clay˗buff, smooth and shiny but sometimesbecoming brownish fibrillose when handled,base white tomentose. Annulus white, movable,sometimes dropping to the base of the stipe.Spore print fuscous black. Spores 10˗12×6˗8µm, ellipsoid˗amygdaliform.

Specimen examined: India, Uttarakhand, PauriGarhwal, Khirsu forest. Solitary to scattered,sometimes in clusters, lines, or fairy rings onlawns, wood chips, disturbed soil, along road-sides. Specimen collected on 18th August 2010(Figure 4).

Medicinal properties: This fungus is common-ly known as shaggy ink cap, lawyer’s wig orshaggy mane. It is a very commonly found mu-shroom in Garhwal Himalaya and is consumedlocally by the people. Various bioactive func-tions of C. comatus have been reported in recentyears, such as hypoglycemic, consumption of C.comatus can help regulate blood glucose con-centrations. It has immunomodulation, hypoli-pidemic, antitumor and antibacterial effects(Bailey et al. 1984; Fan et al. 2006). Antimi-crobial activity of C. comatus was reported by





Ershova et al. (2001) and antioxidative proper-ties were reported by Wei and Van Griensven(2008). The water extract of C. comatus wasrecently identified as containing potent antitu-mor compounds for breast cancer (Gu and Leo-nard 2006). Antioxidant properties of fruit bo-dies, mycelia and fermentation filtrate of C.comatus were reported by Tsai et al. (2009) andof cap and stipe were reported by Li et al.(2010).

5. Morchella esculenta (Linn.) Pers. (Morchel-laceae)

Description: Pileus 3˗5 cm diameter, 4˗8 cmlong, subglobose to ovoid, pale brownish cream,pale brown to grayish brown, surface coveredwith rounded pits, or irregularly interwoven pitsof various shapes, framed by irregular ridgesfollowing by the pits, the edges rounded, thick,usually whitish or yellowish. Stipe 3˗6 cm longand 2˗4 cm diam., centric, bulbous or attenuatedat base, whitish at first, becoming ochraceouswith age, wrinkled, grooved scurfy tufts just be-neath the pileus, brittle, hollw. Flesh thin, whi-tish. Spore print yellow. Spores 11.5˗14 ×19.5˗23 µm ellipsoid.

Specimen examined: India, Uttarakhand, PauriGarhwal, Nagdev˗Jhandidhar forest. Solitary toscattered or sometimes gregarious on the groundof mixed open wood, pastures. Specimen col-lected on 15th July 2010 (Figure 5).

Medicinal Properties: Morchella esculenta isan edible morel mushroom, locally known asGuchhi. It is a highly prized morel mushroom inGarhwal Himalaya consumed locally by thepeople. Commercial cultivation of this mu-shroom has not been successful till now andhence its mycelium is extensively used as a fla-vouring agent. In the Himalayas, morels arecooked as food and used in medicine and healthcare systems by the traditional societies and alsoused clinically. Negi (2006) discussed the nutri-

tional value and medicinal uses of Morchellaspp. from the Darma valley, district Pithoragarh,Kumaun Himalaya, Uttarakhand. Nitha et al.(2007) reported anti˗inflammatory and antitu-mour activities of ethanolic extract of culturedmycelium of M. esculenta from Thrissur, Kera-la, India. Nitha et al. (2007) confirmed its anti-tumor activity against both ascites and solid tu-mours. Methanolic extracts prepared from themycelia of M. esculenta showed high antioxi-dant activity and relatively high content of totalphenols was suggested to contribute its anti-oxidative capabilities (Mau et al. 2004).

6. Cantharellus cibarius Fr. (Cantharellaceae)

Description: Pileus 3˗10 cm in diameter, con-vex at first with inrolled margin often becomingfunnel shaped with a wavy margin, pale yellowto egg˗yolk yellow to almost orange, with a fewtiny appressed fibers. Taste mildly peppery,Odour fruity. On the lower surface, underneaththe smooth cap, it has gill˗like ridges that runalmost all the way down its stipe, which tapersdown seamlessly from the cap. Stipe 3˗5 cmlong and 1˗2 cm thick in diameter, thin, more orless equal, solid, smooth concolorous the pileus,spore print pale yellow to creamy white. Spores7˗10×4˗6 µm smooth, ellipsoid.

Specimen examined: India, Uttarakhand, PauriGarhwal, Khirsu forest. Solitary to scatteredsometimes gregarious, in mixed broadleavedforest, mycorrhizal with hardwoods especiallyoaks. Specimen collected on 20th August 2010(Figure 6).

Medicinal properties: Cantharellus cibarius iscommonly known as the chanterelle or goldenchanterelle. It has good antioxidant activity.Kumari et al. (2011) determined efficiency ofantioxidant activity from Cantharellus speciescollected from North˗Western Himalayan regionof India.





Figure 1: Agaricus campestris

Figure 2: Ganoderma lucidum

Figure 4: Coprinus comatusFigure 3: Hydnum repandum

Figure 5: Morchella esculenta Figure 6: Cantharellus cibarius





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some medicinal mushrooms of garhwal himalaya, uttarakhand, india

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